Principle Of Work Research Articles

Attention Retinex Network(A4R-Net) for face detection under low-light environment

The degradation of recognition rates in low-light environments is a critical issue in terms of security when using object and face recognition technologies in various locations. Existing low-light enhancement models have shown limitations in terms of computational cost and performance. However, this paper overcomes these limitations. The experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves the same performance as existing models with 13 times lower computational cost and a face detection performance of 82.2%.The structure of this paper is as follows: Introduction, which provides the background and explains the limitations of existing models. Proposed Method, which details the structure and working principles of A4R-Net. Experimental Results, which present the evaluation of low-light enhancement performance and the comparison of face detection using YOLOv4 [1]. Conclusion, which discusses the contributions of this research and future research directions.The source code and dataset is https://github.com/Obiru2698/obiru2698.github.io/

Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Opening New Horizons for Breast Cancer Research.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor among women with high heterogeneity. Traditional techniques frequently struggle to comprehensively capture the intricacy and variety of cellular states and interactions within breast cancer. As global precision medicine rapidly advances, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has become a highly effective technique, revolutionizing breast cancer research by offering unprecedented insights into the cellular heterogeneity and complexity of breast cancer. This cutting-edge technology facilitates the analysis of gene expression profiles at the single-cell level, uncovering diverse cell types and states within the tumor microenvironment. By dissecting the cellular composition and transcriptional signatures of breast cancer cells, scRNA-seq provides new perspectives for understanding the mechanisms behind tumor therapy, drug resistance and metastasis in breast cancer. In this review, we summarized the working principle and workflow of scRNA-seq and emphasized the major applications and discoveries of scRNA-seq in breast cancer research, highlighting its impact on our comprehension of breast cancer biology and its potential for guiding personalized treatment strategies.

Application of Three-Dimensional Vision Technology in Dance

The development of science and technology constantly injects new vitality into dance performance and creation. Among them, three-dimensional (3D) vision technology provides novel ideas for the innovation and artistry of dance performances, expands the forms of dance performances and the way to present dance works, and brings a brand-new viewing experience to the audience. Nowadays, 3D vision technology in dance has been widely researched and applied. This review presents the background of the 3D vision technology application in the dance field, analyzes the main types of technology and working principles for realizing 3D vision, summarizes the research and application of the 3D vision technology in dance creation, perception, enhancement, and dance teaching, and finally looks forward to the development prospect of the 3D vision technology in the dance.

Hybrid sand cat‐galactic swarm optimization‐based adaptive maximum power point tracking and blade pitch controller for wind energy conversion system

SummaryAs wind energy is sustainable, pollution‐free, easily available, and free of cost, it has become an efficient source of renewable energy for electricity generation. But, the problem with wind energy is that it varies with time, seasons, and location. This makes the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) unstable as it frequently needs to match the load demands. The balance in power generation by wind energy is essential since it has to be connected to various grids. So, this unbalanced energy production can affect the stability of the associated power grids as well. It also results in expensive regulatory measures, storage options, and load shedding. So, the stable operation of the WECS is highly essential to adapt it as a trustable source of electricity production. The stable operation of the WECS requires a robust and advanced system for control. Better control of the wind power extracting model is achieved by controlling the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and blade pitch. So, an Adaptive MPPT and Blade Pitch Controller (BPC) for the WECS have been developed in this article, with the support of a hybrid optimization algorithm. In order to enhance the working principles of this controller, two effective algorithms such as Sand Cat Swarm Optimization (SCSO) and Galactic Swarm Optimization (GSO) are integrated and named Hybrid Sand Cat Galactic Swarm Optimization (HSC‐GSO). With the help of the recommended HSC‐GSO, the functionality of the controller is enhanced and also at the same time this algorithm helps to optimize the three gains in the Proportional Integral Differential (PID) controller of both MPPT and BPC, respectively. Moreover, with the support of the proposed HSC‐GSO the damping oscillations in the WECS output power and voltage are minimized. In the end, the numerical analysis is conducted for the presented system by comparing it with the traditional techniques. From the overall result analysis, the stability of the recommended adaptive WECS is 97, which is higher than the conventional algorithms such as DHOA, SCSO, GSO, and DA. Thus, it has been proved that the proposed HSC‐GSO algorithm for the parameters optimization in the PID controller of MPPT and the PID controller of BPC attains high robustness, increased steady‐state stability, and efficient transient response than the traditional techniques.

Development of the triaxial equipment: a state of art

Triaxial shear testing is one of the most crucial investigations in geotechnical laboratories. It is essential for designing specific projects and understanding soil behavior in geotechnical engineering. Since Casagrande developed the modern shear apparatus at Harvard University, it has been refined to provide a more accurate characterization of shear strength behavior. This research paper aims to offer a concise overview of triaxial equipment development, focusing on apparatus that is easy to set up, prepare, and operate reliably, while remaining cost-effective. The primary objective is to contribute to the accurate determination of suitable techniques and devices that meet specific testing objectives. We review the theoretical background of both the triaxial apparatus and the direct shear box and illustrate the basic working principles of various volume change measurement techniques using triaxial devices. We also present different operational principles employed in designing volume change devices for soil testing. Our analysis reveals that some of these devices require complex operational techniques and equipment, making them challenging to use for repetitive testing. Consequently, we conclude that the ideal volume change device for soil mechanics testing should prioritize robustness and ease of operation.

A novel linear piezoelectric inchworm actuator based on a ratchet mechanism

Abstract A new working principle of inchworm actuator, which converts vibrations of a single piezo actuator into unidirectional step movement of a mover via a ratchet mechanism, was proposed. The proposed working principle has the following priorities: (1) it requires only one piezoelectric actuator which greatly simplifies its driving signals and driving circuits; (2) it can achieve a large driving speed with little compromise of a large force output while maintaining a high positioning precision of piezoelectric actuator and a theoretically unlimited motion range, although it can only achieve unidirectional movement with unidirectional self-locking capability; (3) it could be open-loop controlled with no accumulated step errors. The proposed actuator was designed with compliant mechanism and an analytical model of the design was developed, validated by finite element simulations carried out in Commercial Software ANSYS and used to guide the selection of design parameters. A prototype was fabricated and tested. Experiments show that the proposed actuator achieved a speed larger than 12 mm s−1, a driving load larger than 60 N in the moving direction, a reliable open-loop controllability with no step accumulated errors even under driving load variations of 60 N, and a working range larger than 1 mm with a high positioning precision around 320 nm under closed-loop control, which validated the superiorities of the proposed actuator.

Damage identification of statically indeterminate trusses based on Bayesian updating

Amidst China's rapid development, most structures and edifices have advanced into the mid-service life phase, where components and frameworks gradually undergo aging and deterioration. Ensuring the safety and functionality of buildings necessitates a heightened emphasis on structural health assessments. This study aims to explore a more cost-effective and time-efficient diagnostic strategy for detecting damage in statically indeterminate trusses, while exploring techniques to uphold data precision by reducing loading nodes and measurement parameters. Employing OpenSees for model construction, this paper utilizes Bayesian updating through Monte Carlo rejection sampling to pinpoint damage in statically indeterminate trusses. Moreover, it unveils the fundamental principles behind optimal loading and measurement strategies. Findings from conducted experiments advocate for a comprehensive approach integrating displacement measurements across multiple axes for enhanced accuracy, surpassing single-direction measurements. Validation of the virtual work principle underscores this method's efficacy. Ultimately, this methodology holds promise for curbing engineering expenses and amplifying operational efficiency in real scenarios.

Isogeometric Analysis for Buckling and Wrinkling of Variable-Stiffness Sandwich Plates Under Compression

In this paper, an isogeometric analysis (IGA) framework based on the high-order sandwich plate theory is developed for the first time to deal with both buckling and wrinkling problems of variable-stiffness sandwich plates under compression. The present sandwich plate model is formulated based on the extended high-order sandwich plate theory (EHSAPT). The weak-form governing equations are firstly derived from the principle of virtual work, and afterward the IGA formulations based on the Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) are applied to predict the instability loads and the corresponding instability modes. Both the membrane and non-membrane conditions are integrated into the linear buckling analysis. The novelty of this work lies in that the employment of high-order continuous NURBS basis functions can directly fulfill the [Formula: see text] continuity requirement inherent in the EHSAPT theory, which enables the EHSAPT-based IGA model to be formulated with fewer degrees of freedom. Besides, the developed EHSAPT-based IGA model has also the ability to capture the overall buckling or wrinkling modes of the sandwich plates. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed EHSAPT-based IGA model are verified by comparison with previously published results and those obtained using ABAQUS. Effects of the core thickness and fiber angle on the buckling behaviors of the sandwich plates are also studied in numerical examples. It is observed that the non-uniform in-plane pre-stress over the skin layers is the main reason for the non-periodic wrinkling of constant-stiffness sandwich constructions, whereas the non-uniformity of both the in-plane pre-stress and out-of-plane bending stiffness is responsible for the non-periodic wrinkling of variable-stiffness sandwich constructions. The results presented herein may be beneficial for the design of variable-stiffness sandwich constructions under compression.

The Application of Traditional Technology and Modern Concept in the Restoration and Protection of Calligraphy and Painting

In recent years, with the development of science and technology, painting and calligraphy mounting technology has added more and more modern science and technology. Under such a background, painting and calligraphy restoration work combines modern concepts and modern technologies, while traditional restoration and protection technologies also occupy an important position. The concept of "repairing the old as the old" has become the key principle in painting and calligraphy restoration work, but after restoration, the state of painting and calligraphy will also be affected. At present, the impact of its effect on the subsequent protection of calligraphy and painting remains controversial, especially the introduction of modern restoration technology in the work of painting and calligraphy mounting puts forward a new proposition for the restoration and protection of traditional painting and calligraphy. Based on this, the article analyzes the application of traditional technology and modern concepts in the restoration and protection of calligraphy and painting, with a view to bringing inspiration to relevant practitioners.

Elastomeric Ionic Hydrogel-Based Flexible Moisture-Electric Generator for Next-Generation Wearable Electronics.

Rapid consumption of traditional energy resources creates utmost research interest in developing self-sufficient electrical devices to progress next-generation electronics to a level up. To address the global energy crisis, moisture-electric generators (MEGs) are proving to be an emerging technology in this field, capable of powering wearable electronics by harvesting energy from abundantly available ambient moisture without any requirement for external/additional energy. Recent advances in MEGs generally utilize an inorganic, metal, or petroleum-based polymeric material as an active material, which may produce sufficient current but lacks the flexibility and stretchability required for wearable electronics. Herein, we prepared an elastomer-based ionic hydrogel as an active material, and an MEG was fabricated by placing the ionic hydrogel on a PET sheet with two copper tapes on both sides of the hydrogel. The preparation of the hydrogel was thoroughly optimized and characterized in terms of spectroscopic analysis, swelling, water retention, and mechanical and rheological studies. The highly stretchable (350%) fabricated MEG is capable of producing a short-circuit current (JSC) of 16.1 μA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.24 V, and a power density of 3.86 μW/cm2. The synergistic effect of the ion concentration gradient and the redox reaction on electrodes can be considered MEG's working principle. Apart from the current generation, this device is also used as a self-powered electronic sensor to monitor different physical activities by measuring breathing patterns. This prepared device is also capable of sensing the proximity of a hand. Therefore, our low-cost, easily fabricable, sustainable MEG device can be a potential aspirant for next-generation self-powered wearable electronics in healthcare applications.

Analysis of Furnace Performance Efficiency 201-H-001 Prefractionation Unit PT Trans-Pacific Petrochemical Indotama Tuban-East Java

Petroleum processing generally begins with a heating process, so equipment is needed to heat the crude oil before entering the fractionation column. This heating is closely related to the separation of fractions based on differences in boiling points. Heating at a fairly high temperature is used by a furnace, where the heat source comes from gas fuel. Based on the discussion above, furnace efficiency is fascinating to calculate as an indication of whether or not the furnace is operational. This efficiency calculation is also a reference for PT. Trans-Pacific Petrochemical Indotama to shut down and repair equipment, especially furnaces. This research aims to understand the furnace's working principles, determine the parameters that influence furnace performance, and calculate the efficiency of Furnace 201-H-001 in the Prefractionation unit. The results obtained in this research are that there are variables used to calculate thermal furnace efficiency. These variables are air temperature, fuel gas temperature, fuel gas flow, flue gas temperature, theoretical air requirements, and excess air in terms of efficiency and combustion reactions. The results of the furnace efficiency calculations were 78.03%, 77.34%, and 77.75% respectively. The minimum thermal efficiency value ranges from 75 - 80%, so it can be said that the furnace in this research is still suitable for use.

Scanning Probe Microscopy of Halide Perovskite Solar Cells.

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has enabled significant new insights into the nanoscale and microscale properties of solar cell materials and underlying working principles of photovoltaic and optoelectronic technology. Various SPM modes, including atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy, piezoresponse force microscopy, and scanning near-field optical microscopy, can be used for the investigation of electrical, optical and chemical properties of associated functional materials. A large body of work has improved the understanding of solar cell device processing and synthesis in close synergy with SPM investigations in recent years. This review provides an overview of SPM measurement capabilities and attainable insight with a focus on recently widely investigated halide perovskite materials.

Crack propagation arrest by the Joule heating in micro/nano-sized structures

The Joule heating technique is utilized to arrest the crack propagation so to protect some important structures being further damaged. In this approach there are created compression stresses at the crack tip vicinity due to a specific temperature distribution induced by the electric current. The Joule heating is amulti-physical problem which is applied here to micro/nano-sized structures. The size-effects are considered for description of both the elastic and the thermal fields. The heat conduction can’t be well described by classical Fourier’s law in nano-sized structures. A novel gradient theory is developed in such structures adopting the size effect of heat conduction. Besides, the strain gradients and double stresses are introduced into the constitutive laws. Then, the governing equations are given by partial differential equations with order of derivatives being higher than in classical theory. The principle of virtual work is the base of weak formulation and derivation of the discretized finite element equations for ageneral 2d boundary value problem with cracks. The collocation mixed FEM with large strain gradients is developed for numerical solution, where the C0 continuous approximation is applied independently to displacements and strains and also to temperature and temperature gradients. Kinematic constraints between strains and displacements are satisfied by the collocation method at selected interior points. The collocation mixed FEM is applied to solve 2D crack problems with Joule heating.

Modeling and static analysis of porous functionally graded and FG-sandwich plates

The present work is emphasized towards the development of models for the porosity occurring in the functionally graded (FG) structures. The porosities are modeled across the thickness for the FG plate as well as for the FG core of the sandwich plate considering three different types of porosity distribution i.e. symmetric center enhanced, top enhanced, and bottom enhanced. The influence of the porosities on the material properties is examined and the properties are evaluated in the presence of porosities. Further, the influence of the porosities on the static behavior of FG and FG-sandwich plates is investigated quantitatively wherein the considered structures are modeled in the framework of an inverse hyperbolic shear deformation theory. The governing equations are obtained through principle of virtual work considering linear structural kinematics and generalized Hooke’s law. These equations are solved in the closed form for the simply supported boundary conditions and the response is obtained. The results are verified with the existing literature wherever possible and are in good agreement. The effect of various parameters such as porosity distribution, porosity parameter, core-thickness distribution, span-thickness ratio, power-law index, and loading conditions on the static response is examined and, on those basis, noteworthy conclusions are made. The results indicate that the plate with top enhanced porosity distribution possess lowest deflection while the plate with bottom enhanced distribution possess the highest deflection.

Memory effect: From membrane-based towards membrane-less and membrane-free faradaic deionization

“Memory effect” is a unique characteristic exclusive to Faradaic Deionization (FDI) systems. It allows electroactive materials to maintain their ion-capturing/ion-delivering state even when the charging/discharging operation is interrupted due to power supply discontinuation. This article elucidates the comprehensive working principle of the “memory effect” using an FDI system as an illustrative example. Furthermore, it outlines several advantages conferred by the memory effect, including the reduction of membrane usage to decrease costs and operational benefits enabling easy switching of water sources without additional contamination. Additionally, potential applications leveraging the memory effect are suggested. By offering a fresh perspective on conventional FDI systems, this article paves the way for enhancing the performance and expanding the applicability of next-generation FDI technologies, potentially establishing them as practical desalination solutions in the future.

An investigation of the electrical dynamics in electroactive polymer transducers with resistive electrodes

To pursue a variable-capacitance working principle, transducers based on soft electroactive polymers (EAPs) need deformable electrodes that match the compliance and stretchability of the EAP polymeric substrates. A variety of manufacturing procedures are available to create conductive materials that can achieve this, including solutions that can provide remarkably low resistivity. However, the simplest and most feasible options often involve the use of particle-filled (e.g. carbon-filled) polymer composites, which, while easy to produce, tend to exhibit relatively high resistivity. This high level of resistivity, combined with the inherent capacitance of EAP transducers, introduces dynamic effects in the devices electrical activation, which may affect performance. This paper investigates the impact of electrode resistivity on the electrical dynamics of EAP devices, combining continuum models and experimental validations. We use a continuum generalisation of known resistive-capacitive (RC) transmission line models to accurately predict voltage gradients on the surfaces of electrostatic transducers subject to rapidly varying voltages. We then present an experimental validation by measuring the spatial voltage distributions over carbon-based polymeric electrodes of dielectric elastomer (DE) transducers, and find a good agreement with our model predictions. We use our validated model to provide general estimates of the typical charging time and limit working frequency ranges of DE devices as a function of their dimensional scale and electrode sheet resistance. Our model provides useful indications for designing compliant electrodes in EAP transducers given target performance, or to understand the working limits of devices with given geometry and dielectric-electrode properties.

Light-Driven Ionic and Molecular Transport through Atomically Thin Single Nanopores in MoS2/WS2 Heterobilayers.

Nanofluidic ionic and molecular transport through atomically thin nanopore membranes attracts broad research interest from both scientific and industrial communities for environmental, healthcare, and energy-related technologies. To mimic the biological ion pumping functions, recently, light-induced and quantum effect-facilitated charge separation in heterogeneous 2D-material assemblies is proposed as the fourth type of driving force to achieve active and noninvasive transport of ionic species through synthetic membrane materials. However, to date, engineering versatile van der Waals heterostructures into 2D nanopore membranes remains largely unexplored. Herein, we fabricate single nanopores in heterobilayer transition metal dichalcogenide membranes with helium ion beam irradiation and demonstrate the light-driven ionic transport and molecular translocation phenomena through the atomically thin nanopores. Experimental and simulation results further elucidate the driving mechanism as the photoinduced near-pore electric potential difference due to type II band alignment of the semiconducting WS2 and MoS2 monolayers. The strength of the photoinduced localized electric field near the pore region can be approximately 1.5 times stronger than that of its counterpart under the conventional voltage-driven mode. Consequently, the light-driven mode offers better spatial resolution for single-molecule detection. Light-driven ionic and molecular transport through nanopores in van der Waals heterojunction membranes anticipates transformative working principles for next-generation biomolecular sequencing and gives rise to fascinating opportunities for light-to-chemical energy harvesting nanosystems.

Recent Progress on Flexible Self-Powered Tactile Sensing Platforms for Health Monitoring and Robotics.

Over the past decades, tactile sensing technology has made significant advances in the fields of health monitoring and robotics. Compared to conventional sensors, self-powered tactile sensors do not require an external power source to drive, which makes the entire system more flexible and lightweight. Therefore, they are excellent candidates for mimicking the tactile perception functions for wearable health monitoring and ideal electronic skin (e-skin) for intelligent robots. Herein, the working principles, materials, and device fabrication strategies of various self-powered tactile sensing platforms are introduced first. Then their applications in health monitoring and robotics are presented. Finally, the future prospects of self-powered tactile sensing systems are discussed.

Nurturing Black Male Mental Health Through the Black Church: A Conceptual Approach from a Social Work Perspective

ABSTRACT This article introduces a conceptual framework rooted in social work principles to support the mental well-being of Black males within the nurturing and supportive setting of the Black Church. It addresses how historical trauma, societal views of Black masculinity, and social determinants of health have made Black men more likely to experience mental health challenges. The framework combines vulnerability theory and social work theory to focus on Black men’s strengths and cultural sensitivities. It emphasizes the Black Church as a critical resource for promoting mental wellness and resilience. The approach includes implementing effective interventions to challenge stigma, improve the availability of mental health services, and encourage Black men to seek assistance. This article presents a holistic approach aimed at addressing mental health disparities experienced by Black males. It proposes using the strengths of the Black Church to promote resilience, facilitate healing, and encourage Black men to prioritize their mental well-being.

Sodium compensation: a critical technology for transforming batteries from sodium-starved to sodium-rich systems.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted wide attention from academia and industry due to the low cost and abundant sodium resources. Despite the rapid industrialization development of SIBs, it still faces problems such as a low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) leading to a significant decrease in battery energy density (e.g., 20%). Sodium compensation technology (SCT) has emerged as a promising strategy to effectively increase the ICE to 100% and drastically boost battery cycling performance. In this review, we emphasize the importance of SCT in high-performance SIBs and introduce its working principle. The up-to-date advances in different SCTs are underlined in this review. In addition, we elaborate the current merits and demerits of different SCTs. This review also provides insights into possible future research directions in SCT for high-energy SIBs.