Part-time Work Research Articles

Nurturing wellbeing: situational demands, learning behaviour and mental wellbeing among working postgraduate students

ABSTRACT Many students are now working while studying at universities. Research on working students has focused mostly on traditional full-time undergraduates who take part-time work. This study investigates the experiences of mature employed postgraduate students, in particular, the combined demands of work and study and their associations with learning and wellbeing. We collected 257 responses to an online survey across three years from two New Zealand universities. Informed by job demands-resources (JD-R) theory, we used regression-based analysis to identify the interplay between perceptions of demands, learning behaviour and mental wellbeing and qualitative analysis to explore what the students consider university educators should do to improve their wellbeing. Regression-based analyses confirmed that: (1) higher perceptions of situational demands were associated with poorer wellbeing; (2) learning behaviour was associated with favourable wellbeing, and; (3) learning behaviour moderated the negative association between situational demands and wellbeing. Qualitative analysis identified student perspectives on having study cater to work-related demands and enable effective learning behaviour. Our work extends JD-R theory to higher education, and demonstrates the interplay between situational demands, learning and wellbeing among mature employed students. University educators who wish to facilitate student wellbeing should consider reducing peripheral demands and enhancing learning-related resources.

Epidemiologic Investigation of Eye Symptoms Related to COVID-19 among Outpatient Population

Background: Since 2019, with the spread of coronavirus and the emergence of new strains worldwide, various studies have identified the effects of this virus on multiple organs of the body. Objective: Individuals with COVID-19 experience various symptoms in their body systems. Some of these symptoms can affect the visual system and lead to blurry vision, dry eyes, foreign body sensations, tearing, etc. These symptoms can cause early eye fatigue and re-duce the quality of academic and occupational performance. Method: This study aimed to investigate the ocular symptoms and treatments in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 at the Vali-e-asr Clinic in Hamadan City. The study was cross-sectional with the ethics code IR.UMSHA.REC.1401.913, and was conducted from April, 2021, until the required sample size was achieved. Patients were selected using an available non-probability sampling method. Results: The findings indicated that the pandemic had a significant impact on the employ-ment status of individuals, particularly full-time and part-time employees or workers, as well as university students. Additionally, in our study, significant increases in various eye symptoms, including blurred vision, fluctuating vision, the need to increase text size while reading, and eye irritation, were reported. Conclusion: Based on our study on the impact of COVID-19 on dry eye, we found a sig-nificant increase in dry eye symptoms among patients with a history of COVID-19. It is essential to raise awareness among individuals, healthcare professionals, and policymakers about the possible consequences of the pandemic on eye health and to implement appropri-ate measures to mitigate these effects.

From research to case study: The Next Generation of Hotel Mystery Shoppers from the Perspective of Gen Z

This case study presents results from a longitudinal mystery shopping study conducted between 2020 and 2023. Data was collected from Gen Z hospitality and tourism students aged between 18 and 25 with part-time and full-time work experience in the hospitality and tourism industry. They visited various hotels across the United States and examined 25 service standards. Our research revealed the operational performance of hotels, the dynamics of interactions between guests and employees, and the specific expectations of Gen Z. This case study provides valuable insights into the rapidly evolving hotel industry in the U.S. from the perspective of Gen Z.

The community optometry workforce in Scotland: supporting sustainable eye care delivery.

In early 2024, NHS Scotland published community optometrist workforce and activity data at a national level for the first time in the UK. These data are now over two years old, and anecdotal reports suggest changes amongst optometrists' work-patterns post-pandemic. To identify if that data continues to be reflective of the community optometrist workforce, the aim of this paper is to provide equivalent data for 2022 and 2023. Anonymised information about the active community optometrist workforce was extracted from routinely collected eye examination claim data, for periods 29th Aug-4th Dec 2022 and 28th Aug-3rd Dec 2023, and compared to equivalent published data (2019/2020). Workforce information included optometrist headcount, working days per week and independent prescribing optometrist activity. During 2022 and 2023, n = 1451 and n = 1489 community optometrists were active respectively, with independent prescribing workforce activity increasing from 24.1% to 26.6%. During 2023, 61.3% and 34.9% of the workforce delivered eye examinations an average of 4 and 5 or more days per week respectively. Since 2019, the proportion of community optometrists who were female increased by 2.9% and over half the active workforce remained <40 years old. The data in this paper indicates a growing, active community optometrist workforce, including an increasing number of active independent prescribers. Working patterns are stabilising after an initial shift towards more part-time working after the COVID-19 pandemic. As well as supporting workforce planning and service design in NHS Scotland, these findings may help provide insight into the wider UK optometrist workforce.

Gender and ethnic diversity and wage gaps in the Canadian chiropractic workforce

BackgroundAs health systems worldwide continue to face health workforce challenges exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic, chiropractors can play an important role in meeting increasing needs for rehabilitation services. However, limited evidence from some countries suggests the chiropractic workforce does not reflect the diversity of the population it serves. This observational study quantifies the chiropractor workforce in Canada in gender and ethnocultural composition and earnings, as tracers of equity and inclusion within this healthcare profession.MethodsWe used 2021 population census data with integrated administrative income tax records to identify and characterize chiropractic practitioners aged 25–54. Following a descriptive analysis, multivariate regression and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methods were applied to assess gender and ethnic earnings differences, adjusting for a range of professional and personal factors.ResultsThe chiropractic workforce was underrepresented regarding women (44.5% versus 50.6% of the total population) and visible minorities (20.0% versus 26.5%). Despite similar levels of education, women’s (unadjusted) earnings averaged 77.1 cents for every dollar earned by men in pandemic-affected 2020, narrowing slightly from 76.7 cents in 2019. Regression results showed significant earnings differences by gender and by ethnocultural identity, adjusting for other factors. An unexplainable gender wage gap persisted in the decomposition analysis, with women earning 6% less than men due to factors that could not be explained by differences in age structure or part-time work, pointing to additional contributing but unmeasured structural dynamics.ConclusionSignificant earnings disparities by gender and ethnicity among chiropractors emphasize the need for equity-oriented initiatives in leadership opportunities and compensation structures, to help influence the attractiveness of the profession to new talent.

THE FORTITUDE FACTOR FOR CAREGIVERS: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYMENT AND CAREGIVING ON CAREGIVER WELLBEING

Abstract Shifting support services from community-based facilities to home-based settings has highlighted the dual roles of family/friend caregivers. This study investigated challenges experienced by caregivers of vulnerable adults in one east coast state. A convenience sample (N= 2,129) of caregivers, recruited through state and local agencies, completed an anonymous online survey to enhance understanding of caregiving experiences, challenges, and service utilization patterns. This paper focused on employed caregivers who reported greater service utilization than caregivers who were not employed. Within employed caregivers, we found they made workplace compromises to balance caregiving responsibilities including: going in late, taking a less demanding job, taking a leave of absence, and going from full to part-time work. There were positive associations between the number of compromises made in the workplace with caregiver-reported stress levels, financial strain, and service utilization. To address these challenges, employed caregivers reported using various coping strategies including exercise, mental health support, spiritual practice, hobbies, and support groups. Employer support to caregivers included: flexible hours, remote work options, paid sick days, paid family leave, referral/counseling supports, and unpaid family leave. Mixed results were found for relationships between employer supports and caregiver compromises, stress levels and financial strain. Research shows that multiple demands on employees can reduce worker productivity and efficiency. Responding to trends indicating an increase of informal caregivers in the workforce, this study highlights the needed support to promote caregiver resilience and their ability to remain employed. Implications for employers, community agencies, and government systems will be discussed.

예비 초등교사의 개인, 대학생활 특성에 따른 집단별 교육성과의 차이 분석

This study aimed to categorize pre-service elementary teachers based on their personal and university life characteristics, analyze differences in their educational outcomes (academic achievement, educational satisfaction, and career development), and propose measures to improve these outcomes. Employing latent class analysis, a statistical method used to identify qualitatively different subgroups within a population that share certain characteristics, the study yielded the following key findings. First, the analysis identified three groups: Group 1 (actively involved in school life and highly satisfied), Group 2 (older with part-time work experience), and Group 3 (less satisfied with university life). Second, the study highlights the need for customized support tailored to individual student characteristics. Third, there is a need to expand programs that promote student bonding. Fourth, the overall system should be improved to enhance university satisfaction.

Women’s stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany and the Netherlands: a longitudinal perspective on the role of part-time employment and parenthood for different educational groups

ABSTRACT This study longitudinally investigates women’s levels of perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany and the Netherlands, in relation to work- and family stressors. It further examines the moderating role of education as a protective factor against stress. Our country cases represent similar pre-pandemic gender regimes that extensively relied on women’s part-time work but exhibited variation in pandemic governance. Drawing on longitudinal data from population-based samples, we estimate random effects panel models across three time points (pre-pandemic, during or shortly after first lockdown, later stage of the pandemic). For the Netherlands, we find that women initially experienced an increase in stress but later recovered. In Germany, stress initially decreased, but only for women without children. Multivariate models show that working fewer hours protected women against stress in Germany, particularly those with higher education. In the Netherlands, no such moderation effects were found. Instead, in the Netherlands, differences between educational groups were larger than differences between women with varying working hours. These results are discussed in light of country differences in pandemic governance.

Knowledge About HIV-AIDS and Co-infection Rate Among HIV-AIDS Patients: A Study Among Different Community Clinics of Chattogram District, Bangladesh

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. If the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections. Objective: To reveal the Clinical Conditions and Co-infection rates by different infectious agents among the patients of HIV-AIDS. Materials &amp; Methods: It is a descriptive type of cross-sectional study. A pre-tested, semi structured and modified interview administrated questionnaire was used to collect data. Non - randomized, sequential, and purposive and plenitude sampling methods have been tried by following face to face interview of the participants. Results &amp; Discussions: In this study the percentage of male was 63% and the percentage of female was 37%. 49% respondents were in 33-47 years of age groups. In this study 55% respondents were up to primary education. We found out that 36% of the respondents were part-time workers. It was seen that 44% respondents’ monthly family income was between 10,000 – 20,000 BDT. It was observed that 98% of the respondents knew about HIV/AIDS. It was observed that 63% of the respondents knew about the causative agent of HIV/AIDS. Majority of the respondents were HIV positive for more than 3 years.51% of the respondents were informed that HIV/AIDS is not infectious. 82% of the respondents were aware that HIV/AIDS is not curable by drugs. 71% of the respondents knew about the symptoms of HIV/AIDS. 92% respondents in unsafe physical relation HIV/AIDS transmits. Here maximum respondents had different infections. Conclusion: It was seen that the respondents of this study did not have knowledge on HIV/AIDS at satisfactory level. Still a portion of them is wrong and replied incorrect answers or did not know about different issues regarding HIV-AIDS though some of them were replying satisfactorily. Keywords: HIV, Community Clinics, Tuberculosis (TB), Antiretroviral Therapy, Cancer.

How Could It Be Better? Seeking Solutions to the Precarization in the Tourism Workforce

In the tourism industry, businesses have introduced part-time, temporary, and seasonal work arrangements to increase their short-term profits and save on human resources, which are the most significant cost factor. This has led to the formation of a precarious working class in tourism. The question of how to struggle with this emerging problem of precariousness remains unanswered. Strategies to fight against precarious work have become a central focus for academics working in labor and employment and labor organizations. This study aims to reveal the problem of precariousness in the tourism industry and its consequences and offer suggestions. Although there are many studies on the issue of precariousness, there is a noticeable lack of studies focusing on solving these problems in the tourism field. This study addresses this gap by presenting proposed solutions. In the study, a narrative literature review was conducted and a Google Scholar database was used. The concepts of “precarious work”, “precarious employment”, “precarious life”, “precarization”, and “precariousness” were searched and then the concepts of “tourism”, “hospitality”, and “service” were searched together. The study has two main results: (1) The forms of precarious work in the tourism industry and the consequences it creates, and (2) solution proposals to eliminate precarious and adverse working conditions. In this respect, the study aims to contribute to the literature and protect tourism workers' rights.

Untangling the differential drivers of protest participation: survey evidence from Extinction Rebellion’s arrestable and lawful actions (2019 and 2023)

ABSTRACT Broad-based climate movements are important shapers and signallers of public demand for efficacious policies to tackle climate change and, through demonstrative and disruptive action, creating windows for policy change. Here, we use a unique protest survey dataset to develop a comparative framework for understanding the drivers of protest participation in two tactically different major climate protests in London staged by the same organisation. Crucially, these protests take place at different phases of the policy window and have different action premises: Extinction Rebellion’s (XR) ‘arrestable’ protests in 2019, and its much more conventional and lawful actions in 2023. By focusing on action design we are able to compare across cases and contrast the drivers of participation in arrestable and lawful actions respectively. By disaggregating variables through bivariate and multivariate analysis, we develop an authoritative approach to the drivers of protest, teasing out the respective importance of different elements of biographical, structural and political availability. We find that, aside from part-time working, biographical availability is not a reliable predictor of participation in the different forms of protest. In contrast, structural availability, and bonding capital in particular, matters more. XR’s arrestable 2019 protests, which had significant policy influence, successfully mobilised more strongly committed participants than its lawful 2023 protests.

English Majors’ Application of English Language Skills in Part-Time Jobs: A Quantitative Study

Working part-time while studying is common among Vietnamese university students, particularly English majors seeking both income and practical experience in a market with growing demand for proficient English speakers. This study examines how English majors apply their language skills in part-time jobs, focusing on the types of skills used, the frequency of their application, and the perceived benefits and challenges of using English in the workplace. Based on an online quantitative survey of 82 English majors at a university in Ho Chi Minh City, the findings reveal that the students utilized a wide range of English skills in their part-time jobs, varying usage by job context. The participants identified vital benefits, such as improved communication skills and enhanced employability, alongside challenges, including stress, competition, and navigating linguistic and cultural nuances. The study highlights the intricate relationship between academic training and real-world application, emphasizing the need for context-specific language education that bridges theoretical learning with workplace demands. It provides valuable insights into how part-time work can enhance students’ language proficiency and career readiness, offering a pathway to succeed in an increasingly globalized job market.

Perspectives of female medical students and physicians on professional development in Japan

Introduction: Female physicians often interrupt their careers due to fulfilling family caregiving roles, with childbirth and child-rearing being significant reasons for temporary leave or resignation. The employment rate of female physicians in Japan shows an M-shaped curve, with a low proportion in leadership positions. Female medical students also have anxiety about balancing family and career. While support systems are recognized as necessary, female physicians' experiences and career development perceptions are underexplored. Therefore, this study investigates their career aspirations and challenges. Methods: This study conducted semi-structured interviews with eight fourth-year Japanese female medical students and nine Japanese female physicians with over nine years of clinical experience. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Four main themes related to professional life emerged: work environment, marriage and childbirth, continuation of work, and career development approach. Female students expressed concerns about inadequate support systems and balancing career and family. Female physicians, even with support, worried about burdening colleagues, and experienced gender bias. Both groups cited advanced maternal age as a concern and recognized career development barriers due to part-time work after childbirth. Female students desired to maintain work, while physicians struggled to regain skills and knowledge after extended leave. Conclusions: Female students harbor anxieties about balancing work and family. Integrating learning opportunities about female physicians' experiences into early stages of education is crucial. Establishing communities of practice for career development can address these issues—involving both male and female students and physicians. This study highlights the need for support systems and role models to enhance the career fulfillment of female medical students and physicians in Japan.

The protective role of employment in depression: insights from 2005 to 2018 NHANES information

BackgroundDepression is closely associated with employment status, which serves as a complex social determinant. This study explores the relationship between employment status and depression.MethodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2005 to 2018 were analyzed. The study included 29,452 participants aged 20 and older with complete data on employment and depression. Logistic regression models were applied to examine the association between employment and depression, adjusting for covariates such as age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education, poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), BMI, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and alcohol status.ResultsThe study revealed an overall depression prevalence of 8.61%, with significant variation across employment statuses—non-employed (11.77%), part-time (6.58%), and full-time (4.52%) workers. Employed individuals, particularly those in the 40-59 age group and with lower PIRs, showed reduced odds of depression (OR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.36–0.48, p=0.000). Stratified analyses confirmed lower depression odds for employed individuals regardless of gender or marital status.ConclusionEmployment status has a significant impact on depression risk, with full-time work showing the strongest protective effect against depressive symptoms. The study underscores the role of sociodemographic factors in depression and highlights the need for policies promoting stable employment and mental health support, especially for economically vulnerable groups.

Community pharmacists' readiness for minor ailment services in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study of perceptions, barriers, and facilitators.

Minor ailments are a significant burden on primary care services globally. In Saudi Arabia's evolving healthcare landscape, pharmacists play a crucial informal role, but no coordinated national approach exists. Understanding pharmacists' preparedness is thus vital to optimize successful integration. This study evaluated Saudi community pharmacists' perceptions, barriers, and facilitators related to minor ailment services (MAS) for capacity-building strategies. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to July 2023. Data were collected from participants using a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire with 48 questions. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS v.27. Of the 720 pharmacists invited to participate, 442 completed the questionnaire, yielding an overall response rate of 61.4% (442/720). Most pharmacists recognized the value of accessible self-care support using their skills (92.6%), but 26.9% feared misdiagnosis risks. Most (93.9%) emphasized prudent triage and history-taking, and yet 22.2% were ambivalent on referrals. Key barriers that were identified included the lack of patient information (71.5%), lack of reimbursement for MAS (61.8%), lack of a private/counseling area (59.5%), and lack of knowledge for minor ailment management (48.2%). Pharmacists who work in rural areas, work part-time, and have not attended any training or education programs also tend to display a more uncertain attitude toward delivering services for minor ailments. Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia can play a significant role in managing minor ailments, but the identified barriers must be addressed to integrate their services thoroughly. That can be done through comprehensive training, allocating resources, and establishing structured communication and referral pathways. This integration can improve healthcare accessibility, reduce costs, and better utilize pharmacists' expertise for delivering patient care.

The vulnerable workforce: COVID-19 and the fate of atypical workers

The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly affected the global workforce, with certain occupational groups facing greater challenges than others. Atypical part-time, temporary, and gig job workers are among the most vulnerable. This paper first examines the impact of the COVID-19 health crisis on atypical/ contingent workers by firm size, industry, and region. Second, we explore the factors determining the increase/decrease of the temporary labor force at the firm level. Third, we aim to verify the empirical validity of the Schumpeterian &amp;ldquo;destruction creative&amp;rdquo; hypothesis since any crisis is associated with destroying old jobs and creating new job needs. We mobilized a firm-level database of 12,193 firms from 19 countries and a dynamic logit model methodology. Our empirical results show that atypical workers were among those most impacted by COVID-19. Results by firm size show that small firms raised the probability of increasing the level of the temporary labor force, as opposed to medium- and large-sized firms. Results by sector of activity revealed that firms operating in sectors other than construction (hotels and restaurants, retail trade, IT, transport, machinery, and equipment) were less likely to increase their temporary labor force. Geographic location is a key driver of the increase or decrease in a firm&amp;rsquo;s temporary workforce. Furthermore, insufficiently educated labor and regulations drive temporary labor variations. Finally, the Schumpeterian &amp;ldquo;creative destruction&amp;rdquo; hypothesis was empirically confirmed.

О кадровом обеспечении здравоохранения Хабаровского края

Relevance of the problem. The shortage of medical personnel is a pressing issue in the world, Russia and Khabarovsk Krai, negatively affecting the availability and quality of medical care for the population. The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation with the provision of personnel for healthcare in Khabarovsk Krai and to develop proposals for the selection, recruitment, training and retention of medical personnel in the healthcare of the region. Materials and methods. The research uses the methods of comparative analysis and content analysis. The source of information was statistical materials published by the Medical Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Krai "Healthcare Institutions of the Khabarovsk Territory Staffing" for 2010–2023. Results and discussion. A comparative analysis has shown that the outflow of doctors and mid-level medical workers from state healthcare institutions subordinate to the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Krai is long-term and has been increasing in recent years; the staffing of state healthcare institutions with medical specialists, even taking into account part-time work, does not cover healthcare needs. The age composition of doctors and mid-level medical workers is characterized by a sharp decrease in their number over 45 years of age compared to the previous age, a "gap" in the age category of 46–60 years and the retention in the industry of about 25 % of workers over 60 years of age from their total number, "committed" to state healthcare. It should be noted that a centripetal nature of the redistribution of specialists towards urban districts has developed in the region. This is confirmed by the data on the population decline in rural municipalities for the period from 2004 to January 1, 2024. The problem of recruitment, training and employment of graduates of medical educational institutions remains in the healthcare of the region. Among the targeted students of the medical university who have completed their studies, approximately 30 % have unilaterally refused their employment obligations in recent years. Among the graduates of the medical college, only 25 % are employed annually. This calls into question the organization of work on recruitment, training and retention of target personnel and, possibly, the practice of targeted recruitment in educational institutions in general. The decrease in the number of school graduates, the limited number of schoolchildren studying in medical schools do not allow for a competition to form a contingent of applicants aimed at entering medical educational institutions of the region. Conclusions. The conducted analysis has allowed the author to form his own point of view on the solution of the problem in the form of the need to develop interdepartmental measures for the selection, recruitment, training and retention of medical personnel in the healthcare of the Khabarovsk Territory. At the same time, the author believes that without a comprehensive socio-economic development of the Khabarovsk Krai and the Far Eastern Federal District as a whole, aimed at improving the quality of life of the region's residents, the problem of reproduction of personnel in healthcare cannot be solved.

COVID-19 risk by work-related factors: pooled analysis of individual linked data from 14 cohorts

BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 infection rates vary by occupation, but the association with work-related characteristics (such as home working, keyworker or furlough) are not fully understood and may depend on ascertainment approach. We...

Part-time working and the teacher mother: panacea or poison?

ABSTRACT Part-time work is often suggested as a panacea to the work/life challenge for teacher parents, and most notably, mothers. This paper reports findings from a wider study on the experiences of Primary and Early Years teachers who are also mothers. Four participant stories are draw upon, collected through unstructured life-history interviews with current teacher-mothers, then analysed using ecological systems discourse analysis (ESDA) to highlight predominant discourses. These include the benefits of flexible working, as well as barriers to accessing part-time work. The barriers include perceptions of flexible working and reticence from school leaders to offer job-share, as well as practical and emotional challenges that securing part-time work can bring. What is not captured in the recent literature is the way school cultures, senior leaders and discourses from the wider system could be an influential resource in supporting women to stay in teaching. It concludes that whilst the option of part-time work may be a supportive measure for some, for others it is an invitation to ‘work full-time effort for part-time reward’, both financially and emotionally. By considering individual demands and resources, part-time working models could be the ‘cure’ for some teacher-mothers; not quite a panacea, but certainly a useful tool in retaining some teacher mothers.

How to remain in working life with hearing loss - health factors for a sustainable work situation.

Persons with hearing loss (HL) are a vulnerable group in working life. Studies have shown that they are more likely than the general population to be in part-time work, to be unemployed, receive disability pension, and to be on sick leave. Many workers with HL also experience unhealthy work conditions, such as jobs where they experience high demands combined with low control as well as safety concerns and social isolation. There is a lack of studies that focus on factors that promote a healthy, sustainable work situation for the target group. To investigate health factors that contribute to a sustainable work situation for employees with HL. The current study was a comparative, observational study with a cross-sectional design including a clinical population of adults with HL. Comparisons were made between workers with HL "in work" and workers with HL on "HL-related sick leave". Seven health factors were identified. Those "in work" experienced a healthier work environment as well as lower levels of mental strain, hearing-related work characteristics and content, cognitively demanding work content, hearing-related symptoms, energy-demanding activities, and bodily aches and pain than those on "HL-related sick leave". The results demonstrate a clear pattern regarding health factors for a sustainable working life. The type of job was not related to whether an individual was on sick leave or working. Rather, the work climate and the content of the work mattered.