Solidarity Research Articles

Solidarity is not a dirty word: exploring and locating solidarity as a theory and model for a radical community social work practice

Within this article we highlight that social work is both a political as well as a professional practice. Despite years of technical specialisation and a policy context that has focused social work on risk management and resource allocation, there remains a deep commitment to care, compassion, and solidarity within contemporary social work practice. The article and its analysis make the case for a more politically informed social work practice, one that is based on solidarity; in opposition to a system that isolates individuals and internalises complex social problems. We posit that the application of solidarity within social work delivers a practice that promotes social inclusion and is based on the provision of practical social support. It is from this perspective that we will present evidence from ethnographic research, drawn from community social work practice, to highlight the importance of social solidarity and provide an insight into different ways of working.

Solidarity, marginalised groups, and COVID-19 lockdowns: censoriousness and penal exceptionalism in Norwegian and Danish prisons during the pandemic

Some of the most marginalised and exposed populations during the COVID-19 pandemic have been those incarcerated in penal institutions. In the present article we compare how Norway and Denmark handled the pandemic in their prison systems and analyse these efforts through the lens of how the authorities tried to invoke specific national cultures of social solidarity during the crisis. In both countries we find that increased isolation, inactivity, lack of information, and loss of trust and contact with the outside world aggravated the prison experience. However, in Norway a bigger effort was made, compared to Denmark, to lower the prison population, as well as to create possibilities for maintaining contact with friends and families through video-visits. We then analyse the pandemic prison policies in the context of how both governments through very specific national terminologies appealed to an alleged community spirit. We examine the role and situation of prisoners in connection with these national and cultural projects of social solidarity, and find that in several cases prisoners reacted to the restrictive pandemic regimes by displaying a censorious attitude towards prison staff and authorities much in the manner originally described by Thomas Mathiesen (1965). Prisoners, in other words, held the authorities accountable to their call for community spirit and the values of social solidarity they claimed to represent. This also raises a question concerning the degree to which Danish and Norwegian policies and practices live up to the notion of Nordic penal exceptionalism, or whether the crisis unveiled different penal values.

Деформації інституту соціального діалогу в Україні як чинник суспільної десолідаризації

It is shown that the effect of solidarity significantly enhances the mobilization potential of society, being applied at all levels of social organization, including the family, territorial community, and the business environment. The authors emphasize that the new social reality in Ukraine, which is being formed in the context of a full-scale Russian invasion, as well as the risk of loss of state integrity and statehood as such, determines the need to lay the basic principles of solidarity based on the coherence of actions of all subjects of social organization in the basis of the ideology of national state-building. The authors reveal the social phenomenon of solidarization as a result of reaching joint agreements and making consolidated decisions on the formation and implementation of the State socio-economic policy, which allowed establishing its close connection with the process of social dialogue. The relevance of the societal dimension of the functioning of the national system of tripartite social partnership in the context of military shocks is substantiated. Within the framework of institutional and comparative methodology, the modern role of tripartite social partnership and the impact of the institution of social dialogue in Ukraine on the processes of its social solidarity in the (pre)war period are revealed. It is proved that social dialogue plays a leading role in addressing issues related to achieving the criteria of decent work, ensuring social guarantees, promoting international labour standards, regulating non-standard forms of employment, ensuring equality in the field of labour, as well as digital and "green" transitions. It is established that the imbalance of interests of the parties to social dialogue in Ukraine is characterized by insufficient protection and lack of guarantees of decent work for employees, on the one hand, and the unmet needs of Ukrainian business for qualified and highly productive labour, on the other. It is emphasized that one of the consequences of this imbalance is the desolidating phenomenon of labour poverty. The authors identify and statistically substantiate the main deformations of the institution of social dialogue in Ukraine, which were formed in the pre-war period. On the basis of specific examples from the period of martial law in Ukraine, the contribution to social solidarity of domestic employers' associations and trade unions is shown. Considering social dialogue as an institutional component of the social contract, the article establishes that the deformed system of social dialogue in Ukraine causes the erosion of its social contract – the framework for solidarity of citizens. It is shown that maintaining a high level of solidarity among the population of Ukraine is important in the context of its official status as an EU candidate country in June 2022. The article summarizes recommendations for solving the problems of social dialogue in Ukraine in the post-war period of reconstructive recovery of the Ukrainian economy, based on modern international approaches and practices. The authors propose relevant directions for the development of tripartite social partnership, taking into account current trends in the digitalization of the economy and society, as well as the spread of new non-standard forms of employment, including platform employment.

Концепция создания общей ценности массового спорта

Mass sports is an important socio-cultural phenomenon that influences the formation of values and behavioural attitudes in society. The study of the concept of creating a common value of mass sports is important for understanding its influence on public consciousness and the development of socio-cultural environment. The relevance of this study is due to the importance of the development of mass sports as a means of strengthening the physical and psychological health of the population, the formation of social unity and solidarity, which, in turn, allows us to talk about the creation of a common value of mass sports. The research methods included retrospective literature review, analysis and synthesis, systematization and grouping of data, mathematization in the context of frequency determination and modelling. The paper proposed a conceptual model for creating shared value in mass sports, which describes opportunities for the development of sport organizations through addressing social problems and on this basis creating economic value for organizations, local communities, and the economy of the country. The results of the study showed that the concept of creating shared value in mass sports implies not only the achievement of sports results, but also the formation of favorable sociocultural and socio-economic conditions for the development of society and the economy. An important aspect of the concept realization is the integration of mass sports into public life and the creation of conditions for equal access to sport for all groups of the population. In conclusion, it is necessary to develop mass sports and implement the concept of creating common value to ensure the health and well-being of society. The results of the study can be used to develop strategies for the development of mass sports based on joint value creation. The concept of jointly created value in mass sports is implemented at both the state and local levels of government.

Conflict And Consensus in Fiqh Siyasah: The Practice of Islamic Law Across Various Cultures

The Acehnese in various regions face the challenge of reconciling Islamic teachings with local cultural realities. Addressing religion-based conflicts is particularly difficult because local cultures often contain norms and traditions that differ from Islamic teachings. This research aims to explore how the dynamics of conflict and consensus in fiqh siyasah shape the cultural life of the Acehnese. The research consolidates previous studies using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The findings indicate that the practice of siyasah jurisprudence is highly relevant in fostering social solidarity and tolerance. Local traditions and customs hold deep significance for the Acehnese community; however, conflicts often arise due to differences in approaches and interpretations of Islamic law, leading to tension, mistrust, and suspicion among individuals. Presently, religion-based conflicts are mediated solely by Sharia courts, raising concerns as the prevailing consensus favors a socio-cultural approach. Such resolution methods generate diverse perspectives, as decisions made by customary institutions may not endure in a dynamic socio-cultural context. Although the Acehnese community firmly adheres to a culture-based approach, religious issues remain difficult to compromise. These findings imply a need for harmonization between local customs and interpretations of Islamic law to reduce conflict.

Immigration Causes: Threats And Implication for Europe

EU immigration has therefore caused the formation of a complex and controversial social and political process as a result of interrelated factors that are economic, political and social. Immigration in the European environment is discussed in this thesis through the identification of causes, impacts and challenges. For these reason, comers have arrived in Europe through several reasons like conflicts, poverty, and search for other better opportunities that have impacted societies in Europe, especially in the change of demography which can be seen as opportunities by some and challenges by others. Therefore, the goals of the present study are confined to the social, political, and economic consequences of Immigration in Europe. This paper considers the problem, challenges faced to services, social integration problems, and national security problems on the other side, it also considers the positive face of the immigrants in terms of diversification of culture, as being the economic boosters, and the solution of demography issues. As it turns out analyzing once again the discourses of populism and nationalism that came to the fore with the focus on immigration, the thesis measures the trends thrown up by the above discourses and their impact on shaping the desirable and non-discriminatory immigration policies at both European and national levels. In its economic part, it compares the supplanting of skills, the possibility of immigrants as innovators, and the role of an immigrant in pension schemes on the one hand, and immigrants competing for a job and taking the social welfare of society, on the other. To strengthen the criticism of grassroots utilization, the research emphasizes the need for integrating a hitherto juxtaposition of immigration, namely causes and domestic consequences. In this regard, this paper highlights the need to pursue conscious policies on integration and harmonization for purposes of fostering the development of social solidarity and proper management of implied diversity and inclusion.

Exploring Buddhist Literature and Philosophical Counseling Techniques: A Pathway to Social and Cultural Resilience in Strengthening Asia

Buddhism, one of the most profound philosophical systems in Asia, has historically influenced the social, cultural, and intellectual fabric of many Asian societies. This study explores the literature of Buddhism and the techniques of Buddhist philosophical counseling, investigating their contemporary relevance and impact on strengthening the socio-cultural cohesion across Asia. The motivations behind this study stem from the need to understand how ancient wisdom can address modern-day challenges such as mental health crises, social fragmentation, and ethical dilemmas. By examining canonical Buddhist texts and contemporary interpretations, this research seeks to demonstrate how Buddhist teachings—particularly those related to mindfulness, compassion, and interdependence—can be applied through counseling practices to enhance individual well-being and foster collective harmony. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of Buddhist literature, along with qualitative analysis of case studies where Buddhist philosophical counseling has been effectively integrated into modern counseling practices in Asian contexts. The major conclusions indicate that Buddhist techniques offer a unique approach to counseling, emphasizing inner transformation and ethical living, which align with the core values of many Asian societies. This study holds significant implications, as it highlights how Buddhist counseling not only addresses individual psychological needs but also promotes social solidarity, cultural continuity, and regional unity in Asia, especially in times of globalization and rapid modernization. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how ancient Buddhist philosophies can be effectively harnessed to address the contemporary issues facing Asia today, reinforcing both personal growth and collective resilience.

REDD+: A fine example of worst practice

Throughout the “Age of Aid” (1944–1989)4 development has been seen as essentially economic in nature. Increasingly, however, it has become apparent that it is economic only in its consequences. It is something else - entitlements, democratization … social capital - that makes development possible. A different paradigm is therefore needed, and we begin by sketching that by way of the various “experiments” - nationalization, privatization and communitization - with Nepal's forests over the past half-century. Nationalization and privatization turned out to be abysmal failures; communitization a great, and continuing, success. We relate all this to the differing patterns of interaction between four fundamental forms of social solidarity - individualism (eg markets), hierarchy (eg governments and aid donors), egalitarianism (eg activist groups) and fatalism (eg carriers of the “double burden”: poverty and social exclusion) - and go on to show that only when each is (a) able to make its “voice” heard and (b) is following its dharma5 (acting according to its distinctive morality rather than undermining it) do we get development. REDD+6, we then show, using examples of its implementation in Africa, is unremittingly hierarchical and does not satisfy these two conditions. We conclude with some suggestions for remedying these policy defects.

Implementation of Inclusivism Values in Religious Education Learning to Build Human Solidarity at Karuna Dipa High School, Palu

This research examines the implementation of inclusivism values ​​in religious education learning to build humanitarian solidarity at Karuna Dipa High School, Palu. This research uses qualitative methods, and data is collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and analysis of written documents. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, presentation, and verification. The research results show that: First, the values ​​of inclusivism are the basic principles at Karuna Dipa High School Palu, namely Inclusive (open) values, tolerance values, mutual help values, justice values, and brotherhood values ​​(humanism). Second, the implementation of inclusivist values ​​in religious education learning at Karuna Dipa Palu High School follows the inclusive religious education learning model from Jack L. Seymour and Tabita K. Cristiani, namely the "beyond the wall" learning model through several integration efforts, namely: 1) Integrated into the Vision and Mission of Karuna Dipa High School Palu, namely "Achievement, Personality and Competitiveness." 2) Integrated into existing religious education learning materials. 3) Integrated in extracurricular activities. 4) Integrated religious holiday celebration activities. Third, the significance of inclusivism in building human solidarity at Karuna Dipa High School in Palu is the following: 1) Building social solidarity between students with different beliefs. 2) Building an attitude of mutual trust in all elements of the school so that a sense of brotherhood is created between students, educators, and the Karuna Dipa Palu Foundation. 3) Forming a competitive spirit with noble moral character in Karuna Dipa High School students.

Теоретики русского народничества о проблеме нравственной автономии личности

Introduction. The article analyzes the works of Russian populists, which contain a socio-philosophical solution to the problem of moral autonomy of the individual. Theoretical analysis. The socio-philosophical ideal of populist thought was closely connected with the theory of organizing a fair society based on the pattern of social solidarity, which implies socially responsible behavior of citizens who respect other people’s rights and act in the interests of human liberation. Individual autonomy can be achieved through various methods of liberation: through labor activity and the practice of cooperation, socio-political activity in the direction of realizing the social ideal of conscious solidarity. The moral autonomy of the individual, therefore, does not imply moral nihilism, but, on the contrary, is aimed at finding a compromise between private and public interests. Theorists of populism develop the thesis of N. G. Chernyshevsky’s «reasonable egoism», according to which intellectually and morally meaningful individualistic (autonomous) behavior can correspond to collective interests. The moral autonomy of the individual, according to most populists, does not deny the possibility of socially responsible behavior. Conclusion. Populist thought becomes a kind of counterpoint to the development of liberating social thought in Russia, transforming the ideal type of carrier of liberating ideas: a morally autonomous nihilist turns into a socially responsible populist.

Introduction of a guaranteed basic income as a probable consequence of intellctual automation of labor

Objective: to form a holistic view of the unconditional basic income as a tool of social protection, taking into account the changes in the labor sphere and allowing to solve a number of growing problems associated with the consequences of the economy digitalization, as well as to assess the prospects of creating legal regulation on this issue. Methods: the study was conducted using both general and specific scientific methods, including analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method, systemic and comparative approaches, methods of legal forecasting and legal modeling. Results: unconditional basic income can become one of the elements of a new model of social security based on the unstable nature of labor relations, which begins to prevail over the model of sustainable employment traditional for industrial society. If established, this institution will be cross-sectoral within the labor law and social security law, providing social protection simultaneously to all members of society, most of whom in the near future will face an increased risk of being absorbed by technological unemployment. Unconditional basic income as an element of the social protection system will have to comply with the principle of the universal nature of protection based on social solidarity, on the one hand, and to take into account the need to balance the interests of the parties, on the other hand. As experimental models of basic income, which can be put into practice in the coming years, we can name the model of basic income as a measure of social support for persons involved in atypical forms of employment. This model will affect a number of existing provisions of labor legislation and will allow over time, in case of technological unemployment, to expand the circle of unconditional basic income recipients to all people. Scientific novelty: it consists in the fact that the unconditional basic income is analyzed from the viewpoint of its compliance with the fundamental principles of labor, employment, and social security. Practical significance: it consists in revealing the significance of basic income for the implementation of social policy and in forming recommendations for modeling experiments to introduce the unconditional basic income in the Russian Federation.

Unveiling collective grief: A qualitative study of X posts reflecting on the Kahramanmaraş earthquake anniversary in Türkiye

This study aims to explore the collective grief manifested on the first anniversary of the earthquake that occurred in Türkiye on February 6, 2023, through the analysis of 10,000 posts on platform X. Designed with qualitative methodology, thematic analysis was conducted, revealing two main themes: “collective grief as a ground for social solidarity” and “politicization of collective grief.” The results indicated that the sharing of emotions as well as rituals, commemoration ceremonies, etc. made collective grief a ground for social solidarity, collective sense-making, and healing. Likewise, the public’s positive or negative reactions to the government’s disaster management emerged as one of the factors politicizing the grief. The reactions to the Syrians and Hatay’s people reveal the public’s perception of “the subject of grief” and “acceptable grief practices.” The study’s main recommendations include but are not limited to, increasing infrastructure work, and developing psycho-social support and social cohesion services.

The impacts of family farming cooperatives on the sustainability of their cooperatives in the municipalities of Umuarama and Dois Vizinhos, PR

The process of globalization, which acts through its webs, permeates world trends, demanding new forms and alternatives of the organization from societies. The reality of the market and its economic and educational links also present new perspectives, potentialities and challenges, which require the effective participation of people in the search for viable economic and environmentally correct alternatives. In this context, family farming cooperatives present forms of mutual help in solving common concerns, creating opportunities from influencing their activities with cooperative members. Thus, this article aims to analyze the impacts of the actions of family farming cooperatives on the sustainability of rural producers in the municipalities of Umuarama and Dois Vizinhos, in Paraná state. To meet the aims, exploratory-descriptive research was used in the Web of Science database. The results move between four main focuses in the analyzed articles: farmers' perception, cooperative practices, quality of life, and management and satisfaction, which directly impact the sustainability of its members. According to the perception of the cooperative members of the two municipalities, cooperative practices are indifferent to their sustainability. Regarding the quality of life and management, cooperatives contribute to social involvement, interaction, integration, and solidarity among members, improve the quality of life and well-being of farmers, and involve members in decision-making in meetings and assemblies, generating sustainability over the quality of life and management. As for the indicator of the satisfaction of its members, the actions of cooperatives have a direct impact on sustainability since these actions are generating profitability and partnership with their members.

Agama dan Identitas Sosial Dalam Praktek Pembelajaran Hadis di Langgar di Kabupaten Malang Jawa Timur

Abstract: This study examines the role of religion in shaping social identity through Hadith learning in the violations of Malang Regency, East Java. This study analyses how the teaching of Hadith in these places of worship affects individuals' perceptions of themselves and their communities. The research methodology involves in-depth interviews with teachers and pilgrims and content analysis of the learning materials used. The results of this study revealed that the practice of Hadith learning in Malang Regency has a significant role in shaping individual social identity. This manifests itself in the influence of religion on social norms, values, and community solidarity. The research also highlights the critical role of teachers in conveying religious messages and how these messages influence individual understanding and identity. This research provides in-depth insights into the complexity of the relationship between religion and social identity in the context of local communities. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the role of religion in shaping social identity and guide learning efforts, as well as a better understanding of religion in diverse societies. Keywords: Religion, Social Identity, Hadith Learning, Langgar, East Java

Association between sexual violence and depression is mediated by perceived social support among female university students in the kingdom of Eswatini

BackgroundGender-based violence is a tool that primarily functions to maintain gendered power hierarchies. Manifestations of gender-based violence, sexual assault and street harassment have been shown to have significant effects on mental wellbeing in the global North, however there is little research centering the experiences and consequences of gendered harassment in the Africa region.MethodsWe analyzed a cross-sectional random sample of 372 women attending a major university in Eswatini in 2017 to measure the prevalence of street harassment among female university students and assess the relationship between experiences of sexual assault, sexualized street harassment, and mental health outcomes in this population.ResultsWe found that in the previous 12 months, women reported experiencing high levels of sexual assault (20%), street harassment (90%), and depression (38%). Lifetime sexual assault, past 12 months sexual assault, and street harassment were all significantly associated with symptoms of depression. We created a structural model to test hypothesized causal pathways between street harassment, previous experiences of sexual assault, and symptoms of depression, with social support as a potential mediator. We found that a history of sexual violence significantly mediated the association between street harassment and depression, and that social support mediated a large proportion of the association between both forms of gender-based violence and depression.ConclusionSexualized street harassment is associated with increased depressive symptomology for nearly all women, however the effects are especially pronounced for women who have previous experiences of sexual violence. Sexualized street harassment functions as a tool to maintain gendered power hierarchies by reminding women of ongoing threat of sexual violence even in public spaces. Social support and solidarity among women is a potentially important source of resiliency against the physical and mental harms of all forms of gender based violence.

Community Empowerment Through PPK Ormawa To Strengthen Interest In Reading Rural Communities

Community service is a key activity of student organizations (Ormawa) to foster social awareness, empathy, and solidarity through science, technology, arts, and culture. The Student Organization Capacity Strengthening Program (PPK Ormawa), funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, aims to enhance Ormawa's quality and develop students' soft skills and competencies. In 2023, HIMA PGSD/HIMMI of Alma Ata University received a grant to implement PPK Ormawa in Kalurahan Muntuk-Dlingo, Bantul Regency, focusing on boosting reading interest in rural communities. The activities included learning guidance to strengthen literacy and numeracy, utilizing the Service-Learning (S-L) method. Over four months, the program created a reading-friendly environment, formed regular reading groups, and developed STEAM-based learning modules. Post-test results showed significant improvement, with mastery levels increasing from 35% to 96% and the class average score rising from 64.28 to 89.96. PPK Ormawa successfully enhanced participants' literacy and numeracy understanding and built a lifelong learning environment. Future recommendations include updating literacy content, providing continuous training, conducting literacy campaigns, collaborating with educational institutions and local communities, and regular evaluations.

Venezuelan migration to Brazil: teachers and students co-constructing multicultural education inside classrooms

PurposeThis study aims to show the complexities of engagement between students - Venezuelan and Brazilian - and their teachers. This qualitative ethnographic study documents the everyday pedagogies and practices that take place in elementary schools with high levels of refugee and immigrant children. While Brazilian law ensures the basic right to public education, forbidding discrimination based on nationality or immigration status (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação, 1996), the barriers remain. Through the frameworks of multicultural (USA) and intercultural (Brazil) education, this paper shows how Brazilian teachers and students of Venezuelan and Brazilian backgrounds engage, learn from one another and build welcoming spaces, but also how stereotypes are reinforced inside classrooms and schools.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study uses ethnography to understand how recent Venezuelan migratory flow influences Brazilian and Venezuelan children’s educational experiences in elementary education. Participants were Venezuelan (N = 57) and Brazilian (N = 76) children in two elementary schools in the city of Boa Vista. Data sources for the study are school observations in four elementary classrooms (1st and 2nd grade) and semi-structured interviews with caregivers, teachers, administrators and other educators. This paper also collected children’s drawings and writings and documents like curricula, strategic planning, guidelines, policies, grades, reports and any other textual or photographic material made available at the city level.FindingsIn the field of education, there is a critical need for understanding children’s education experiences. This paper focuses on the experiences of teachers and students in two elementary schools in Brazil. This paper focus on two findings: first that teachers promote the learning of Portuguese to show care toward their Venezuelan students. Second, children in the classroom show solidarity with one another and resist some of the more rigid Portuguese-only practices enacted by teachers. This work uses the frameworks of intercultural (more commonly used in Brazil) and multicultural education to inform the analysis.Research limitations/implicationsIn this study, this paper puts these frameworks of interculturalism, multiculturalism, language use and solidarity into conversation to understand the dynamics of two elementary classrooms in the city of Boa Vista, Brazil. While this paper shows the shortcomings of a seemingly multicultural and multilanguage classroom, it also shows how children actively resist the rigidity of teaching and learning in elementary schooling.Originality/valueThis study is a response both to the increasing South–South migration trend in Latin America and its consequences on public education systems. Through multicultural and intercultural lenses, this research highlighted the complexity of interactions within multicultural classrooms by delving into a two-year ethnographic study conducted in Boa Vista, Brazil, focusing on Venezuelan and Brazilian children in two local elementary schools. This paper focused on two main observations this paper refers to as “Teaching Portuguese as a Way of Caring” and “Children's Solidarity Work.” Teachers primarily centered their instruction on teaching Portuguese to migrant children, believing it to lead to quicker integration in the classroom and beyond – thus as a way of caring for their migrant students.

Influence falling income inequality for social stability: Case study of four European countries

AbstractThis study aims to assess the relationship between income inequality and social solidarity as a measure of societal stability, using European countries as a case study. Data from 20 European countries were included in the research. The primary dependent variable was defined as social solidarity, serving as an indicator of societal stability. The analysis of social solidarity was conducted concerning various social groups, including overall solidarity and solidarity towards vulnerable societal categories. Responses to questions were evaluated using the Likert scale. Income inequality within each country, measured by the Gini coefficient, was designated as the explanatory variable. Control variables were incorporated, including GDP per capita and the percentage of social expenditure relative to a country's GDP. The conducted analysis demonstrates a negative correlation between income inequality and the manifestation of social solidarity. The analysis of individual characteristics reveals that specific groups exhibit greater social solidarity compared to others. The conclusion drawn is that both lower and higher household income levels lead to a decrease in the overall manifestation of social solidarity in the face of increasing income inequality. The study's findings contribute theoretically to the discourse on income inequality and its impact on societal stability.

Индивидуализация защиты от социальных рисков как проявление человекоцентризма в сфере социального обеспечения

The article examines the individualization of protection against social risks in the social security system through the prism of human-centrism in law. Human-centrism, based on constitutional provisions about a person, his rights and freedoms as the highest value, sets appropriate value-target guidelines for the entire legal system. The instrumental component of human-centrism can be represented through individual legal regulation, which is characterized by specifics of branch of law. Social security law regulates social relations that mediate public legal models of protecting citizens from social risk based on the constitutional principle of social solidarity. Such protection always has a personalized result in the form of the emergence of social obligations as relative legal relations of the state represented by its bodies or institutions with individually defined participants (citizens - recipients of social provision). Individualization of protection against social risk manifests itself at the stage of formation of the right to certain types of social security, for example, through individual (personalized) accounting in the compulsory pension insurance system. It is also used to determine, within normatively established limits, the amount of social security guaranteed to a specific person based on his specific needs (individual program for rehabilitation or habilitation of a disabled person, individual program for the provision of social services). In addition, the prevention of social risk and compensation for its consequences can be based on civil contracts or social partnership agreements, ensuring increased individualization of protection against social risks through additional social provision.

The animo Timpag people in the development of tourism villages in Bali

The goal of this study is to identify possible areas for tourism development in Tabanan Regency, Bali namely in Timpag Village. In Tabanan, It’s a relatively new tourist destination. The success of other tourists villages in Bali seem to inspire the Timpag villagers to enhance their tourism potential. This research aims to reveal the factors that make Timpag villagers interested in building a tourist village and inventory the tourism potential. Therefore, the sample is those selected in Timpag village by purposive sampling. The research was conducted using qualitative methods. Data was gathered through observations and literature reviews. Each data set was analyzed using qualitative techniques. This research found that animo as a social interest is an important factor in the development of tourist villages. The research findings indicate that: First, the Timpag people are eager to develop the village’s tourism potential and have shown social solidarity by prioritizing the creation of tourist infrastructures. Many forms of tourism solidarity were not caused by the role of the pokdarwis. The tourism animo has become a huge internal factor for the Timpag people for their tourism village; Second, Timpag Village has potential for natural tourism, cultural tourism, ecotourism, and special interest tourism. It has developed based on capital and social commitment based on their tourism animo. Some of the tourism potential hasn’t developed optimally due to the lack of support from pokdarwis, resistance from some Timpag communities, and lack of local government assistance for tourism development in Timpag village.