Work Week Research Articles

Work- Family Conflict and Absenteeism in Selected Hotels in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria

This study determined the effect of work-family conflict on workers absenteeism in selected hotels in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional research design and convenience sampling technique were adopted. A questionnaire was employed as the research instrument for this study with 73 respondents deemed usable. Spillover theory was employed as the theoretical framework to guide the study. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study revealed that work-family conflict and burnout have positive significant influence on workers’ absenteeism, while work-family balance has no significant effect on workers’ absenteeism in selected hotels in Abraka, Delta State. Thus, the study recommends among others that managers of hotels in Abraka should develop and implement, family-friendly policies such as flexi-time, compressed work week and dependent care assistance in order to eliminate or reduced both involuntary and voluntary absenteeism among the workers.

The Impact of Working Time Modes on the Stability of the Financial Situation of Workers' Households

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of working time modes on the stability of the financial situation of households of Russian employees of organizations, taking into account differences in the level of qualification of employees. There are five variants of working time modes identified based on the length of the working day, working week and the number of working days per week. It was found that the most common employment model is with a standard working time mode - five days a week with a 40-hour working week and an 8-hour working day. It was revealed that the standard mode of working time compared with non-standard working time with employment of 4 or less days a week is associated with lower risks of unstable financial situation of workers' households. It is shown that the opportunities to ensure a stable financial situation of workers' households also differ depending on the level of qualification of employees: a higher level of qualification increases the chances of workers to bring their households out of poverty and low income. It is revealed that the presence of children practically deprives employees of the chances to ensure a stable financial situation in households, regardless of the mode of working time and the level of qualification of employees. When assessing employment opportunities to ensure the financial situation of households, an assessment of the depth of instability determined by the deficit of actual wages relative to its normative boundary was carried out. It is established that the standard mode of working time less often determines the depth of instability of the financial situation of workers' households associated with the risks of monetary poverty.

Can Job Stressors Activate Amoral Manipulation? A Weekly Diary Study

This study investigates whether job stressors such as role ambiguity, procedural unfairness, and perceived competition may prompt high Machiavellian employees to use amoral manipulation at work. We also examine whether these manipulative behaviors are consequently related to their own task performance and affiliative citizenship behaviors. A weekly diary study was conducted among 111 Dutch employees over five consecutive working weeks, resulting in 446 assessed occasions. Using a multilevel moderated mediation model, we found that the relationship between weekly job stressors and weekly amoral manipulation (AM) was contingent on trait AM, when the job stressor was role ambiguity (but not when the job stressor was either weekly procedural unfairness or weekly perceived competition). Our results also revealed significant indirect effects of weekly role ambiguity on weekly task performance and weekly display of courtesy through state AM, when trait AM was high. Our findings suggest that role ambiguity activates high Machiavellian employees’ manipulative behaviors at work, which in turn leads to impaired task performance and less courtesy toward others during the same working week.

Pulling Back from the Brink: A Multi-Pronged Approach to Address General Surgery Resident Clinical Work Hour Adherence

The conflict between prioritizing education for surgical trainees, promoting trainee wellness, and maintaining optimal patient care has remained challenging since the introduction of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) work hour restrictions in 2003. There is still a dearth of research examining which interventions successfully enable duty hour adherence. This study assessed the impact of a combination of strategic interventions on improving clinical work hour adherence. Monthly clinical work hour submission rates were assessed for all general surgery residents at a single university-based residency program over a 3-year period (2018-2021). Interventions targeted 3 domains and were implemented between academic years 2018 to 2019 (control) and 2020 to 2021 (intervention): 1) improving the accuracy and transparency of work hour reporting, 2) facilitating more timely interventions, and 3) structural scheduling changes. All 80-hour work week and continuous work hour violations were assessed. Findings were also compared to the corresponding ACGME Resident Survey results. There was no significant difference in the rate of monthly work hour submissions pre- and postintervention (78% vs 75%, p = 0.057). However, the number of total reported monthly violations decreased significantly (mean 13.8 vs 2.4, p < 0.01), including decreases in both 80-hour work week and continuous work hour violations (mean 4.7 vs 1.6, p < 0.001 and 9.1 vs 0.8, p < 0.001, respectively). Reported compliance also increased on the annual ACGME resident surveys, where 61% vs 95% of residents felt they were compliant with the 80-hour work week and 71% vs 95% felt they were compliant with the continuous work hours (2018-19 vs 2020-21). Innovative strategies addressing schedule changes, the culture of work hour reporting, and early intervention significantly decreased the number of duty hour violations at our institution. Reported resident compliance also improved based on ACGME Resident Survey data. These data may inform similar multifaceted approaches at other institutions to improve overall work hour adherence.

Prospective assessment of stress and health concerns of radiation oncology staff during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction and backgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has required rapid and repetitive adjustment of radiotherapy practice, hospital-level and department-level organization and hygiene measures. To prospectively monitor and manage stress levels and health concerns, employees of a radiation oncology department were invited to participate in weekly online surveys during the first year of the pandemic. Materials and methodsStarting March 31st, 2020, cross-sectional online surveys were distributed to all employees of the Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich. The survey included questions about the profession, the work setting, the global stress level as well as the health concerns during the past work week. Stress levels and health concerns were assessed on a 10-point scale. SurveyMonkey® was used to conduct the survey. Distribution was performed via email. Participation was anonymous and voluntary. ResultsBetween March 2020 and February 2021, 50 weekly surveys were distributed to 127 employees on average and resulted in 1,877 individual responses. The average response rate was 30%. The mean global stress level varied significantly by profession, ranging from 2.7 (±2.5) points for administrative staff to 6.9 (±2.3) points for radiation therapy technicians (p < 0.001). The mean global stress level was highest with 4.8 (±2.9) points for in-hospital work with direct patient contact. Health concerns were highest regarding family and friends with 4.0 (±3.1) points on average. Changes of the stress level varied in correlation with infection waves. ConclusionWeekly online surveys for prospective assessment of stress levels and health concerns were successfully conducted during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating their feasibility and value to monitor profession and workplace specific stress patterns and to allowed for tailored interventions. The physical and mental health of frontline healthcare workers in radiation oncology should remain a top priority for departmental leadership beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

Tox and Detox

Tox and Detox

Understanding the value and impacts of informal care for people living with poor mental health

Introduction Our survey of more than 700 caregivers across Europe and Canada highlights the tremendous and too often hidden value of caregiving. In short informal carers are fundamental to the functioning of any health and social care system; it is critical to therefore to invest in measures to support these caregivers and identify potential risk factors that might lead to a breakdown in caregiving support.ObjectivesTo identify the importance of family care in the context of modern community mental health services.MethodsSurvey questionaire and interview of family members. A survey was developed in consultation with EUFAMI.ResultsThe average length of the caring week exceeds the length of the working week On average informal carers provide more than 43 hours of care every week, well in excess of the average working week.Conclusions Family care needs to be recognised as a significant part of the overall care package in differenct countries. Govenments need to acknowledge the real cost of care. In our report we have highlighted that the average caring week is much longer than the working week, and that this is over 60 hours per week for carers who live with the person that the care for. We have highlighted major detrimental effects on carer quality of life, as well as high levels of loneliness. We have also noted that more than a quarter of all carers have a depression or anxiety disorder. We have seen wider adverse impacts on potential career and education prospects as well as financial worries.DisclosureThis survey and report were possible thanks to the sponsorship of Ferrer Internacional S.A, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Lundbeck A/S and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Europe Ltd. The sponsors did not have any influence over the content

The ups and downs of the week: A person-centered approach to the relationship between time pressure trajectories and well-being.

This study extends previous research on time pressure and well-being by investigating the relevance of distinct time pressure trajectories for indicators of well-being at the end of the working week and start of the next week. Drawing on the Effort-Recovery Model and Conservation of Resources theory, we applied latent class growth analyses and a manual stepwise Bolck-Croon-Hagenaar approach to examine (a) which latent classes of time pressure trajectories occur for employees and (b) how these classes differ from each other regarding indicators of well-being at the end of the working week and the following Monday. Using data on 254 employees in a daily diary study across five consecutive workdays, the findings revealed a four-class solution characterized by qualitatively different time pressure trajectories: a low stable time pressure trajectory and three trajectories with changing time pressure levels (high unstable, medium unstable, and increasing unstable time pressure). Further, the trajectories exhibited class-specific differences in Friday evening and Monday morning positive valence, calmness, and energetic arousal, in addition to Friday night sleep quality. The results indicated that not only did the level of time pressure matter regarding well-being but also the temporal pattern of change across one working week. The present article provides a first step towards understanding different temporal dynamics of time pressure and their relationship to well-being. Additionally, the findings are discussed from the perspective of resource loss and gain, providing practical recommendations for job design, leadership behavior, as well as individual coping with job demands. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

0011 Work Hard, Sleep Hard: Vigorous Workdays and Sleep Difficulties

Abstract Introduction It is common in America to work 5 or 6 days as a full work week. This is exhausting, especially for those with a vocation that requires vigorous physical activity during the work day. Sleep is an important factor when assessing workplace efficiency, as those able to obtain regular healthy sleep will perform better. Methods A multinomial logistical regression analysis was conducted on the 2017 - March 2020 data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to explore a relationship between those with self-assessed sleep difficulties and the number of days of vigorous physical activity during work. The specific question used for analysis was, “Does your work involve vigorous-intensity activity that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate like carrying or lifting heavy loads, digging or construction work for at least 10 minutes continuously?” If yes, the number of days during a typical week was recorded. Sleep difficulties were self-reported as difficulties “falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much” within the previous two weeks, categorized as “never,” “less than half the days,” “more than half the days,” and “nearly every day.” Reported results were unweighted; weighted results are forthcoming. Results were adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education level, and relationship status. Results Compared to those with no days of vigorous physical activity at work, those with 2 days were more likely to report having sleep difficulties several days in the past 2 weeks (OR: 1.13, [1.00,1.73], p=0.049). those reporting 6 days per week of vigorous work-related activity were less likely to report sleep difficulties several days (OR: 0.73, [0.59,0.91], p=0.004), more than half the days (OR: 0.67, [0.48,0.93], p=0.016), or nearly every day (OR: 0.68, [0.50,0.94], p=0.018). Those who reported 6 days per week of vigorous work-related activity were less likely to report sleep difficulties several days (OR: 0.75, [0.51,0.98], p=0.038) or more than half the days (OR: 0.57, [0.34,0.96], p=0.035). Conclusion It is possible that a physically demanding job has protective effects on sleep quality when compared to those that did not have any vigorous physical activity related to their profession. Support (If Any)

0203 Rise and shine! The efficacy of a multimodal environmental alarm system on mitigating the effects of sleep inertia

Abstract Introduction Sleep inertia is a temporary period of reduced alertness and impaired physical and cognitive performance that immediately follows waking. Sleep inertia can have devastating consequences necessitating an intervention to successfully mitigate symptoms. Previous work has demonstrated modest benefits for individual environmental interventions which manipulate either lighting, sound, or temperature. The current study sought to expand on previous work and measure the impact of a multimodal intervention that collectively manipulated light, sound, and ambient temperature on vigilance, mood, and sleepiness. Methods 37 adults (M=27.13 years, 19 F) who self-reported taking longer than 30 minutes to wake up for 60% of their work week slept in the lab for four nights. They were woken up each morning with either a traditional alarm sound or the multimodal intervention (two control nights and two intervention nights, counterbalanced across participants). Feelings of sleep inertia were measured each morning through completion of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test and ratings of sleepiness and mood at five different time-points (5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after wake). Results While there was little impact of the intervention on all outcome measures, there were differential impacts depending on a person’s chronotype and the length of the lighting exposure during the intervention condition. Moderate evening-types who received a shorter lighting exposure (£15 min) demonstrated more vigilance lapses (p = 0.04) relative to the control condition whereas intermediate-types demonstrated better response speed (p &amp;lt; 0.005) and fewer lapses (p = 0.002). Conversely, moderate evening-types who experienced a longer light exposure (&amp;gt;15 min) during the intervention exhibited fewer false alarms over time (p = 0.03). Participants who received a longer light exposure also reported marginally lower negative affect the longer they were awake (p = 0.06). Conclusion Collectively, the results suggest that the length of the environmental intervention may play a role in mitigating feelings of sleep inertia, particularly for groups who may exhibit stronger feelings of sleep inertia including evening-types. Results may help inform the efficacy of “smart alarms” that activate based on entering light sleep. Future studies should measure this impact using additional measures of cognitive performance. Support (If Any)

Dairy herd health management activities in relation to training of veterinarians in motivational interviewing

Communication has been identified as one constraint for cattle veterinarians to act as proactive health consultants. Motivational Interviewing (MI), an evidence-based client-centered communication methodology, may therefore be a useful tool in veterinary herd health management (VHHM). The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate associations between training in MI and different measures of performance in VHHM. MI skills of 36 Swedish cattle veterinarians randomly assigned to two groups - MI veterinarians (n = 18) who had received six-months training in MI and control veterinarians (n = 18) who were not trained - were assessed using the MI Treatment Integrity coding system. Skills were categorized as untrained, trained_poor, trained_near moderate and trained_moderate. Veterinarians each visited two to six cattle farms for VHHM consultations and revisited the same farms three to six months later to document implementation of recommendations. A gamma model and logistic or ordered logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between MI training and performance measured as: a) proportion of consultations resulting in written herd health plans, b) proportion of recommended measures fully or partially implemented, c) Likert scores of different estimates of client satisfaction and d) total time during 6 months allocated to VHHM visits on cattle farms. We found no evidence of any significant effects of MI training on the eight performance variables analyzed. However, a pattern of numerically higher values (better performance) in trained veterinarians with poor or moderate MI skills than in untrained veterinarians was observed in most variables. Clients were highly satisfied with veterinarians’ attitude, competence and time efficiency. Farms implemented a median of 66.7% (interquartile range: 50–100) of the measures partially or fully. Veterinarians allocated little time to VHHM visits (median: 2.2; interquartile range: 0.65–4.1 h per week of full-time work within cattle). Veterinarians with moderate skills spent 2.14 times more time on VHHM visits than untrained veterinarians, but the confidence interval was wide (0.88–5.21). The pattern of numerically higher values in trained veterinarians supported findings from other studies in the same project indicating a positive effect of MI training on VHHM. Our observations suggest a considerable potential to increase veterinarians’ engagement in VHHM.

MP28-10 10-YEAR OUTCOMES IN WORK LOSS, PHYSICAL FUNCTION, AND MENTAL HEALTH OF 6,693 MEN UNDERGOING PRIMARY TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022MP28-10 10-YEAR OUTCOMES IN WORK LOSS, PHYSICAL FUNCTION, AND MENTAL HEALTH OF 6,693 MEN UNDERGOING PRIMARY TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER Samuel Washington, Peter Lonergan, Janet Cowan, Shoujun Zhao, Scott Greenberg, Jenny Broering, Nynikka Palmer, Robert Parker, Alexander Bell, Matthew Cooperberg, and Peter Carroll Samuel WashingtonSamuel Washington More articles by this author , Peter LonerganPeter Lonergan More articles by this author , Janet CowanJanet Cowan More articles by this author , Shoujun ZhaoShoujun Zhao More articles by this author , Scott GreenbergScott Greenberg More articles by this author , Jenny BroeringJenny Broering More articles by this author , Nynikka PalmerNynikka Palmer More articles by this author , Robert ParkerRobert Parker More articles by this author , Alexander BellAlexander Bell More articles by this author , Matthew CooperbergMatthew Cooperberg More articles by this author , and Peter CarrollPeter Carroll More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002571.10AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Men with prostate cancer (PCa) often consider their work (time off) and health when choosing between management options. Using the CaPSURE database, we examine associations between PCa treatment and work loss, physical function, and mental health within ten years of initial management. METHODS: We identified men with PCa managed with radical prostatectomy (RP), external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), brachytherapy (BT), or active surveillance/watchful waiting (AS/WW), in a longitudinal study of 43 primarily community-based US urology practices. Data on work type [full-time, part-time, or retired/unemployed/disabled)], physical labor (PL, y/n), weeks of work missed, number of clinic visits annually, physical function (PF) and mental health (MH) were collected prior to treatment and 1,3,5 and 10 years after treatment. We examined associations between treatment and work weeks missed, PF, and MH using repeated measures GEE and generalized linear mixed modeling adjusted for clinical, health behaviors, and demographics. Estimates were reported as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals or slope and standard error (SE). A p<0.05 was significant. RESULTS: We identified 6,673 men, with mean age at diagnosis of 64.4 years (SD 8.3). Most were insured (54% private, 43% Medicare), white (90%, 7% Black, 1% Latino) with low- (60%) or intermediate-risk (32%) disease by CAPRA score. Most had paid work (44%) or were retired (45%) and underwent RP (62%, 14% BT, 14% EBRT, 10% AS/WW). Men missed median 5.3 weeks in first year (IQR 1.6-12.2) with up to 2.1 weeks missed at all other time points. Full-time work (RR 1.5, 95% 1.34-1.64), part time work (RR 1.19, CI 1.03-1.38), and PL (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.30) conferred greater risk of long-term work loss. Full time (slope +17.7, SE 0.7) and part time work (slope +8.9, SE 0.9) maintained long-term PF. Treatment was not associated with long term work loss or changes in PF. MH was maintained with full time (slope +1.7, SE 0.5) and part time work (slope +2.3, SE 0.6). AS/WW (slope +1.5, SE 0.7) maintained MH while declining with BT (slope -0.8, SE 0.6) and EBRT (slope -0.9, SE 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Most men undergoing PCa treatment for PCa continued to miss work due to cancer care for years after treatment. Employment maintained MH and PF over time. Compared to RP, AS/WW maintained long-term MH scores while BT and RT noted declines over time. When counseling men, long-term impact of PCa treatment on work and health should be carefully discussed thoroughly. Source of Funding: UCSF Goldberg-Benioff Program in Translational Cancer Biology © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e464 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Samuel Washington More articles by this author Peter Lonergan More articles by this author Janet Cowan More articles by this author Shoujun Zhao More articles by this author Scott Greenberg More articles by this author Jenny Broering More articles by this author Nynikka Palmer More articles by this author Robert Parker More articles by this author Alexander Bell More articles by this author Matthew Cooperberg More articles by this author Peter Carroll More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Exposure assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in refined coal tar sealant applications.

Refined coal tar sealant (RCTS) emulsions are used to seal the surface of asphalt pavement. Nine of the 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) evaluated in this study are classified as known, probable, or possible human carcinogens. Exposure assessment research for RCTS workers has not been published previously. The overall objective of this study was to develop a representative occupational exposure assessment of PAH exposure for RCTS workers based on worksite surveys. The specific aims were to: 1) quantify full-shift airborne occupational exposures to PAHs among RCTS workers; 2) quantify workers' dermal exposures to PAHs; 3) quantify biomarkers of PAH exposure in workers' urine; 4) identify specific job titles associated with RCTS exposure; and 5) apply these results to a biological exposure index to assess risk of potential genotoxicity from occupational exposures. A total of twenty-one RCTS workers were recruited from three companies. Personal and area air samples were collected using a modification of NIOSH Method 5515. Dermal exposure was assessed by hand and neck wipes before and after shifts. Twenty-two PAHs were quantified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring. Internal dose was estimated by quantifying select PAH metabolites in pre- and post-shift urine samples using on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PAH levels in the worker breathing zones were highest for naphthalene, acenaphthene, and phenanthrene, with geometric means of 52.1, 11.4, and 9.8μg/m3, respectively. Hand wipe levels of phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene were the highest among the 22 PAHs with geometric means of 7.9, 7.7, and 5.5μg/cm2, respectively. Urinary PAH biomarkers for naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were detected in all workers and were higher for post-shift samples than those collected pre-shift. Urinary concentrations of the metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene were greater than the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for this metabolite in 89 percent of post-shift samples collected on the final day of the work week or field survey. Statistically significances were found between concentrations of fluorene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene in the breathing zone of workers and their corresponding urinary PAH biomarkers. Workers were placed in two work place exposure groups: applicators and non-applicators. Applicators had higher total PAH concentrations in personal breathing zone (PBZ) air samples than non-applicators and were more likely to have post-shift hand wipe concentrations significantly higher than pre-shift concentrations. Concentrations of post-shift urinary biomarkers were higher, albeit not significantly, for applicators than non-applicators. The exposure results from RCTS worker samples cannot be explained by proximal factors such as nearby restaurants or construction. Air and skin concentration levels were substantially higher for RCTS workers than previously published levels among asphalt workers for all PAHs. PAH profiles on skin wipes were more consistent with RCTS sealant product than air samples. Last day post-shift urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene greatly exceeded the ACGIH BEI benchmark of 2.5μg/L in 25 of 26 samples, which suggests occupational exposure and risk of genotoxicity. When pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were both detected, concentration ratios from personal exposure samples were used to calculate the adjusted BEI. Concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene exceeded the adjusted BEIs for air, hand wipes, and neck wipes in most cases. These results indicate the need to increase safety controls and exposure mitigation for RCTS workers.

Can an Emergency Surgery Scheduling Software Improve Residents’ Time Management and Quality of Life?

Background: Operating room efficiency is invaluable. Particularly in public health systems, where resources are limited and patient loads are high, efficient systems underpin the continued delivery of high quality care. In addition to impacting patients, the implementation of efficient healthcare tools has the potential to improve staff quality of life. In the face of growing surgical resident attrition and healthcare worker burnout, developments in standard practice, such as the implementation of the 80-hour work week, are necessary to improve quality of life. Materials and methods: A new online scheduling software (ORNET.CA) was created, installed, and piloted in a Level I Trauma Center after instructing users (physicians and nurses) on its use. A 20-item survey was then distributed to all users to assess the effect implementation of the software had on their quality of life. Results: ORnet was shown to improve communication between hospital staff and physicians, reduce workflow interruptions, and improve the quality of the working environment. The survey showed that 60% of residents and 50% of attending staff believed that ORNET.CA improved their quality of life. Conclusions: We present data from a novel emergency operating room scheduling system that allowed surgical residents and attending physicians to better plan their on-call shifts. Staff (resident and physician) reported survey results suggest that implementation of this system resulted in an improved quality of life and a decrease in stress and anxiety levels.

Association of nanoparticle exposure with serum metabolic disorders of healthy adults in printing centers

Printers are everyday devices in both our homes and workplaces. We have previously found high occupational exposure levels to toner-based printer emitted nanoparticles (PEPs) at printing centers. To elucidate the potential health effects from exposure to PEPs, a total of 124 human serum samples were collected from 32 workers in the printing centers during the repeated follow-up measurements, and global serum metabolomics were analyzed in three ways: correlation between metabolic response and personal exposure (dose response exposure); metabolite response changes between Monday and Friday of a work week (short-term exposure), and metabolite response in relation to length of service in a center (long-term exposure). A total of 52 key metabolites changed significantly in relation to nanoparticle exposure levels. The primary dysregulated pathways included inflammation and immunity related arginine and tryptophan metabolism. Besides, some distinct metabolite expression patterns were found to occur during the transition from short-term to long-term exposures, suggesting cumulative effect of PEPs exposure. These findings, for the first time, highlight the inhalation exposure responses to printer emitted nanoparticles at the metabolite level, potentially serving as pre-requisites for whole organism and population responses, and are inline with emerging findings on potential health effects.

Comment on "A National Survey of Motor Vehicle Crashes Among General Surgical Residents".

Comment on "A National Survey of Motor Vehicle Crashes Among General Surgical Residents".

828 The Impact of a Night Float System on Neurosurgery Resident Operative Experience

INTRODUCTION: Traditionally, resident call had been based on alternating call between residents in the call pool, requiring residents to work 24-hour shifts multiple times per week. However, to comply with an 80-hour work week, many programs moved toward different “float” systems, dedicating one resident to be on call for a given period of time. For surgical subspecialities, however, there has been some reticence to adopt night float due to concern for the loss of operative experience. In this study, we describe our training program’s transition to the night float system and its impact on the resident operative experience. METHODS: We conducted a single program study of resident surgical case volume before and after the implementation of night float 3 of the 5 hospitals at our program over a 6-year period from 2014 to 2020. Surgical cases were obtained from the ACGME case log database. Overall surgical cases were collected from individual hospital databases. RESULTS: After the implementation of night float, there was a significant decrease in overnight call burden, specifically for senior residents who saw a decrease in call from 112 calls a year to 16. Across the three hospitals involved in the night float rotation, an average of 33 pages and 5 consults occurred each night, with a case occurring once every once every 2.75 days. Logged procedures significantly increased after the initiation of night float for participating hospitals (p&lt;0.05, t-test), while cases at non-night float hospitals remained the same. This rise was commiserate with a global increase in hospital cases, suggesting that residents were able to take advantage of increasing opportunities. This difference was mainly driven by senior resident cases (p=0.010, t-test), as juniors and chiefs did not show significant differences in case logs (p&gt;0.40, t-test). CONCLUSIONS: The transition to a night float call system improved our residents’ operative experience by increasing their opportunities to participate in cases. In particular, senior residents had fewer night time call requirements and showed a significant increase in logged case volume.

The role of nutrition in student life

This article explores the problem of proper nutrition in the life of a modern student. This problem is especially relevant at the present time, because the modern student has become even more purposeful and active. And this means that at the moment, proper nutrition of young people is the most important problem that needs to be addressed. The most important condition for maintaining and improving health is a healthy lifestyle, the formation of which forms the basis for the primary prevention of many diseases. The body of students, especially junior students, is greatly influenced by a change in the usual way of life. An increase in the volume of information, a new form of its presentation compared to school, the need to independently allocate time and organize one's life (especially for students from other cities) increase the load on the psycho-emotional sphere. For the normal functioning of the body in this difficult and responsible period, nutrition plays an important role. This article analyzes the proper nutrition of students in the working day, studying at universities in the city of Krasnodar. In the course of the study, an anonymous survey was conducted on the basis of 2, 3 courses of the specialty Economic Security, which was conducted within one working week. 113 students aged 19–20 took part in it. All students study full-time at the university. According to the study, it was found that most students do not follow proper nutrition, and they also have a predominance of carbohydrate-fat foods, some students have complaints about their diet, lifestyle and health. The article also indicates the ratio of the main components of a healthy lifestyle. The main functions of proper nutrition for students are also presented.

Modelled lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles in occupational scenarios: a comparison to doses used in vitro

Translating particle dose from in vitro systems to relevant human exposure remains a major challenge for the use of in vitro studies in assessing occupational hazard and risk of particle exposure. This study aimed to model the lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles following occupational scenarios and subsequently compare the lung doses to those used in vitro. We reviewed published welding fume concentrations and size distributions to identify input values simulating real-life exposure scenarios in the multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model. The majority of the particles were reported to be below 0.1 μm and mass concentrations ranged between 0.05 and 45 mg/m3. Following 6-h exposure to 5 mg/m3 with a count median diameter of 50 nm, the tracheobronchial lung dose (0.89 µg/cm2) was found to exceed the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose (0.125 µg/cm2) previously assessed by us in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC-3kt). However, the tracheobronchial retention decreased rapidly when no exposure occurred, in contrast to the alveolar retention which builds-up over time and exceeded the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose after 1.5 working week. After 1 year, the tracheobronchial and alveolar retention was estimated to be 1.15 and 2.85 µg/cm2, respectively. Exposure to low-end aerosol concentrations resulted in alveolar retention comparable to cytotoxic in vitro dose in HBEC-3kt after 15–20 years of welding. This study demonstrates the potential of combining real-life exposure data with particle deposition modelling to improve the understanding of in vitro concentrations in the context of human occupational exposure.

The relationship between a numbers of administrative instructions in implementation the process of reducing employees

Since 1992, KRG-IRAQ has been established to governing the northern region of Iraq (Kurdistan), with small number of employees and moderate governmental administrations. However, with passing of time this statues changed, especially after 2004, as new central Iraqi government great budget effluent for KRG-IRAQ, that drags with itself recruitment of hundreds thousands of officials. Then, in 2014, political conflicts occurred between central government of Iraq and KRG-Iraq and together with terrorist organization of ISIS war and crude oil price depression makes KRG-IRAQ not be able to pay full monthly employee's salary. This research tries to introduce a guideline for government rightsizing through using of three administrative regulations of; (Reduced work week), Job sharing and Early retirement. A quantitative research methodology has been chose to analyze a specimen of governmental high officers' opinion through questionnaire approach to know how these 3 independent variables effects rightsizing as dependent variable. A questionnaire form created after making case study interview and checking both validity and reliability, three hypotheses were been estimated (H1, H2 and H3). Data analyzed after checking the reliability through frequency and correlation (Bivariate analyses method), the results show high significant correlation of all three administration regulation with the possibility of rightsizing implementation for KRG-Iraq's employees. Reference: Andy field. (2005) Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics, fourth edition. 4th edn. London: SAGE Publications. Alchemer (2021) Collecting Personal Information with Surveys Should Be Handled Delicately. [Online]. Available at: https://www.alchemer.com/resources/blog/how-to-collect-personal-information-with-surveys/, (Accessed: 26 Sep 2021). Akhunov eta el. (2006) Employees trust in managers in a downsized organization. KRISTIANSTAD UNIVERSITY, pp. 60. By Bart L. Weathington, Christopher J. L. Cunningham, David J. Pittenger (2012) Understanding Business Research, A JOHN WILY &amp; SONS, INC., PUBLICATION. Beata Megyesi. (2002) Data Driven Syntactic Analysis Methods and application for Swedish. Dissertation. KTH University. Cecil A. Clabaugh. (2001) Downsizing: an analysis of organizational strategies and human resource management outcomes. Edith Cowan University, pp. 291-292. Husam Aldeen Mustafa Al-Khadash. (2015) COSO Enterprise Risk Management Implementation in Jordanian Commercial Banks and its Impact on Financial Performance [Online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication (Accessed: 1 Oct 2021). L. Morrow Jr., Richard A. Johnson, Lowell W. Busenitz. (2004) The Effects of Cost and Asset Retrenchment on the Firm Performance, Journal of management, 30 (2), pp. 189-208. Kim S. Cameron, Sarah J. Freeman, and Aneil K. Mishra. (1993) Downsizing and Redesigning Organizations, academia.edu. Kurdistan Regional Government. (2021) Kurdistan Regional Government. [Online]. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government (Accessed on 15 Dec 2021). Kurdistan Regional Government (2021) Government Entities. [Online]. Available at: www.gov.krd (Accessed: 20 May 2021). Kuder, G.F., Richardson, M.W. (1937) the theory of the estimation of test reliability, Psychometrika, 2 (3), pp.151–160. Lee J. Coronbach. (1951) Coefficient of Alpha and Internal Structure of Test, Psychometrika, 16(3) Manfred, F. R. Kets de Vries and Katharina Balazs. (1997) The Downside of Downsizing, Human relation Vol. 50, No 1. Ozlem Ozkanli, Mete Bumin. (2006) the relationship between downsizing and financial performance of Turkish banks, Banks and Bank system, (1)3. Pallavi Chopade. (2012) An Impact of Rightsizing on Existing Employee’s Commitment and Morale: Study of Indian Companies, International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research, 1(2), pp.6-10. Qualtrics (2022) Determining sample size: how to make sure you get the correct sample size. [Online]. Available at: https://www.qualtrics.com/experience-management/research/determine-sample-size/ (Accessed: 27 Jan 2022). QuestionPro- a (2021) Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples. [Online]. Available at: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/ (Accessed: 6 Sep 2020). QuestionPro-b (2021) Correlation analysis. [Online]. Available at: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/ (Accessed: 5 Nov 2021). SmartSurvey (2021) Likert Scale Questions. [Online]. Available at: https://www.smartsurvey.co.uk/survey-questions/likert-scale (Accessed: 15 April 2021) Statistical analysis (2021) Sample Size Table. [Online]. Available at: https://www.research-advisors.com/tools.php (Accessed: 10 June 2021). Statistics Solutions (2021) Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient [Online]. Available at: https://www.statisticssolutions.com/free-resources/directory-of-statistical-analyses/pearsons-correlation-coefficient/ (Accessed: 8 June 2021). The Jordan times (2020) Royal Jordanian Airlines readies for staff cuts, offers incentives for ‘voluntary dismissal. Feb 09. Thomas D. Lynch, Peter L. Vruise. (1999) Can The Public Sector Leviathan Be Reformed? Rightsizing Possibilities for the Twenty-First Century, M@n@gement, 2(3). Thomas K. Tiemann, Mohammad Mahbobi, (2010) Introductory Business Statistics with Interactive Spreadsheets 1st Canadian Edition. [Online] Available at: http://open.bccampus.ca (Accessed: 30 Sep 2021). Typeform (2021) Likert scale surveys: what are they and why should you use them? [Online]. Available at: https://www.typeform.com/surveys/likert-scale-questionnaires/ (Accessed: 10 May 2021). USC Libraries (2021) Research Guide [Online]. Available at: https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/variables (Accessed: 10 June 2021). Wayne Goddard, Stuart Melville. (2001) Research Methodology an Introduction, second edition. Juta and Company Ltd. William McKinley., Carol M. Sanchez. and Allen G. Schick. (1995) Organizational Downsizing: Constraining, Cloning, and Learning, Academy of management executives, 9(3), pp.33-44. Word bank group (2016) Kurdistan region of Iraq, reforming the economy for shared prosperity and protecting the vulnerable. Word bank, IFC. Zakira Sayed. (2013) the Impact of Downsizing on the Remaining Employees in the Organization. Master Baccalaureus in Commerce. University of the Westren Cape.