Working Time Research Articles

Effect of the filling technique on the filling removal from oval-shaped canals.

This ex vivo study aimed to evaluate the influence of different filling techniques on the filling removal from oval root canals filled with bioceramic sealer. Thirty-six mandibular incisors with single oval canals were filled with bioceramic sealer following the techniques (n = 12): single-cone, modified McSpadden, or continuous wave of condensation, and scanned by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The filling was removed using the Clearsonic ultrasound tip and Reciproc system up to the R40 instrument, and the working time was recorded. The teeth were scanned again by micro-CT. Percentage of remnant volume (mm³) of the filling material, dentin thickness, and root canal transportation were measured. The data was analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests with a significance level of 5%. It took more time to remove the filling material using the continuous wave of condensation technique (p < 0.05), followed by the modified McSpadden and single-cone techniques. There was no difference (p > 0.05) when comparing the percentage of remaining filling material among the three groups, nor did it among the segments of each tooth. There was also no difference in the analysis of dentin thickness and transportation when comparing the groups (p > 0.05). The filling technique did not influence the amount of remaining filling material, dentin thickness, and transportation. The working time was longer with thermoplastic filling techniques. Endodontic retreatment in teeth filled with bioceramic sealers increases with their use. Several techniques are used to fill the root canals, thus, it is important to know whether the filling technique influences the non-surgical endodontic retreatment.

Discretion and Obligation Across Volunteering and Caring: Shining Light on Non-Voluntary Carers in the Retiring Encore Segment

This paper seeks to understand pathways into volunteering in the encore life stage and contribute to policy interventions. There is a need for more clarity regarding the delineation of formal volunteering from informal volunteering and from adult kin-caring. A sample of 4,464 respondents from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey was analysed using a set of logistic regressions, to explore three frames of volunteering —substitution (of former work time), complementary focus (gradual adjustment to less paid work or other change in personal circumstance), and obligation (compulsion to provide care or unpaid labour). Results indicate that formal volunteering was largely discretionary and a result of substitution, that informal volunteering, particularly caring for children, was complementary and partly obligatory, and the area of greatest potential policy intervention, adult kin caring was found to be largely obligatory.

Physical Inactivity Increases Impairment of Daily Activities Due to Pain in Workers: An Ordinal Regression Logistic and Correspondence Analysis.

Background: The evidence for the health benefits of physical activity is growing; however, the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles continues to contribute to the increase in chronic non-communicable diseases. We know that occupational-time physical activity does not provide the same benefits as leisure-time physical activity, which has been shown to reduce mortality and pain. We also know that multiple factors influence pain; however, there are no studies that specifically analyze the impact of type of working time and occupational-time physical activity on the impairment of daily activities due to pain. We aimed to study the influence of both personal and occupational factors on the impairment of daily activities due to pain, assessing whether leisure-time physical activity acts as a protective factor. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based design was used based on the 2017 National Health Survey in Spain (ENSE). Sociodemographic, leisure-time physical activity, and work-related variables were collected. The outcome variable was the impairment of daily activities due to pain. Ordinal logistic regression was applied, and the analysis was complemented with simple correspondence analysis. Results: A total of 1,441 workers between 18 and 65 years of age were studied. Significant differences were found between sexes for all variables except age and leisure-time physical activity. Logistic regression revealed significant associations between sex, primary and secondary education levels, no leisure-time physical activity, and overweight with impairment of daily activities due to pain. Simple correspondence analysis showed that the categories doing leisure-time physical activity several times a week as well as several times a month are closer to the categories of little or no pain. Conclusion: Female gender, low educational level, overweight, and lack of leisure-time physical activity were associated with increases in impairment of daily activities due to pain. Occupational-time physical activity and work shift were not related to impairment of daily activities due to pain. Implications for Occupational Health Practice: Occupational Health Nursing interventions through education and counseling on the importance of leisure-time physical activity promotion programs potentially can reduce the impairment of daily activities due to pain in working populations.

Acceptability and feasibility of using a blended quality improvement strategy among health workers to monitor women engagement in Option B+ program in Lilongwe Malawi

Option B + provides lifelong ART to pregnant and breastfeeding women with HIV to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV (eMTCT) and improve maternal health. The effectiveness of Option B + relies on continuous engagement, but suboptimal monitoring of HIV care hinders our measurements of engagement. Process mapping and quality improvement (PROMAQI) is a quality improvement strategy for healthcare workers (HCWs) to optimize complex processes such as monitoring HIV care. We assessed the acceptability and feasibility of the PROMAQI among HCWs and identified barriers and facilitators for PROMAQI implementation. A cross-sectional study using a mixed method approach was conducted from August 2021 to March 2022 across five urban health facilities participating in PROMAQI implementation n the Lilongwe district, Malawi. We assessed PROMAQI acceptability and feasibility at the end of the study. A 5-point Likert (1 = worst to 5 = best) scale tool was administered to 110 HCWs (n = 15–33 per facility) involved in PROMAQI implementationThese data were analysed using descriptive statistics Among the 110 HCWs, twenty-two (QI team (n = 11) and QI implementers (n = 11)) were purposively selected for in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted using deducted and inductive approaches. The theoretical framework for acceptability (TFA) was used to identify reasons for acceptability. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to characterize the barriers and facilitators of PROMAQI implementation. HCWs recruited had a median age of 37 (32–43) years, 82.0% of whom were female. Most (42%) had completed secondary education, and 84% were nurses and community health workers. The median (IQR) acceptability and feasibility scores for the PROMAQI were 5 (IQR 4–5) and 4 (IQR 4–5), respectively. Reasons for high PROMAQI acceptability included addressing a relevant gap and improving performance. Perceived implementation barriers included poor work attitudes, time constraints, resource limitations, knowledge gaps, and workbook difficulties. The facilitators included communication, mentorship, training, and financial incentives. PROMAQI is a highly acceptable and feasible tool for monitoring engagement of women in Option B + . Addressing these barriers may optimize the implementation of PROMAQI. Scaling up PROMAQI may enhance retention in the Option B + program and facilitate eMTCT.

Why Do Physicians Prescribe Antibiotics? A Systematic Review of the Psycho-Socio-Organisational Factors Related to Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing of Antimicrobials in Europe.

Purpose: Effective antimicrobial use enhances care quality and combats antibiotic resistance. Yet, non-guideline factors influence potentially inappropriate prescribing. This study explores psycho-socio-organisational factors in antimicrobial prescribing as perceived by physicians across primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases from 1 January 2000, to 8 March 2023, with an update search until 30 January 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on studies in Europe exploring psycho-socio-organisational factors for antibiotic prescribing from physicians' perspectives in hospital, inpatient, or primary care settings. Exclusion criteria targeted out-of-office prescriptions or low-quality studies. To evaluate the latter, several quality and risk-of-bias checklists were used. Data were extracted on study characteristics, study design, and methods and identified determinants of antibiotic prescribing. Data was analysed using a narrative synthesis method. Results: Among 8370 articles, 58 met inclusion criteria, yielding 35 articles from 23 countries. Three main themes emerged: personal, psychological, and organisational factors, encompassing seven determinants including work experience, knowledge, guideline adherence, uncertainty management, perceived pressure, time constraints, and diagnostic resource availability. Uncertainty management was key, with work experience and knowledge mitigating it. No additional factors emerged in the updated search. Conclusion: Enhanced uncertainty management decreases perceived patient and/or parental pressure to prescribe antibiotics, contributing to reducing potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP). Therefore, it is imperative to educate physicians on effectively managing uncertainty. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing should be tailored to the specific needs and preferences of the different prescribing physicians.

First iteration of a User-Centered Design process to develop an in-bed leg press.

Physical inactivity is prevalent among hospitalized patients and the daytime spent lying should be utilised for exercise. However, implementing new interventions in hospitals' complex daily routines is difficult and requires a participatory approach. Exploring clinical settings and clinicians' perspectives regarding exercise in hospitalized patients to gauge the potential of further development of an in-bed training device and to formulate development goals. A User-Centered Design approach was employed, consisting of work shadowing and focus groups with physiotherapists and nurses. Content and network analyses of the focus group data were performed. Personas were then developed and used to create clinical scenarios. Some clinicians perceived in-bed exercise counterproductive, while others recognized potential for unsupervised training. The most important design characteristics appeared to be a small size, low weight and simplicity of use to facilitate storage, transportation, and administration, respectively. The scenarios revealed that the device's use could increase the physical activity time by 1.4%, although it would also increase the working time of clinicians. The study highlighted the difficulties in developing a usable training device but encouraged the authors to pursue their efforts under the strict condition of following the formulated development goals.

Improved Nursing Workload by Introducing a Traceability System to Manage Medical Materials.

This paper reports a case study in which an improvement in nursing work was achieved through the introduction of a traceability system compatible with radio-frequency identification (RFID) and bar codes for the management of medical materials. In verifying the RFID-based system in an operating room, the work time was reduced to approximately one-tenth of that of barcode reading. In the catheterization laboratory, a system consisting of a cartel management system utilizing bar codes and an RFID-compatible inventory management cabinet was introduced. The system eliminates the need to cut and paste packages onto vouchers after the cases are completed and digitizes the data sent to the medical affairs department for secure billing. We are implementing this system at many facilities, and, in addition to improving the work of nurses, we are taking new steps to improve hospital management through data linkage.

Features of overtime work payment by medical organizations

The problem of rationing the volume of labor activity is one of the urgent for medical workers. Questions regarding the duration of working hours for doctors of various specialties cause difficulties for both the workers themselves and for economists and accountants. One of the greatest difficulties from the point of view of domestic labor and tax legislation is caused by the aspects of registration and accounting in the calculation and reporting documentation of work performed in excess of the normal number of working hours, which is very common in the field of medicine — it is impossible to accurately schedule the time of work of medical personnel with each patient. This article discusses the specifics of recording and processing overtime work in the healthcare sector in compliance with accounting requirements and principles. In accordance with Article 99 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, key legal norms, organizational aspects, and methods of registration of overtime hours worked by employees of medical organizations are outlined and analyzed. On specific theoretical provisions and practical examples, the authors explore the processes of personnel and accounting for overtime work and specifics, proposing possible ways to regulate the process of accounting and tariffication of employees in accordance with the accounting policy of medical organizations.

Bioaerosols emission from source facilities in a wastewater treatment plant: Critical exposure time and sensitivity analysis

Overexposure of sewage workers to bioaerosol released from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can cause serious infections, but practical method for controlling their health risk is lacking. In this study, reverse quantitative microbial risk assessment was used to estimate the daily critical exposure time (CET) of sewage workers exposing to Staphylococcus aureus bioaerosol emitted by three emission sources facilities in a WWTP based on either U.S. EPA or WHO benchmark, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to analyze the influence of various parameters on the outcomes of CET. The results showed that the CET of females was always 1.12–1.29 times that of males. In addition, the CET after wearing face masks was 28.28–52.37 times as long as before. The working time can be determined based on the CET results of male workers wearing face masks exposed to the inverted-umbrella aeration tank (14.73–550.98 min for U.S. EPA benchmark and 55.07–1972.24 min for WHO benchmark). In each scenario, the variable parameter exposure concentration (ec) always showed the most influence on the CET results. After wearing the face masks, the removal fraction by employing face masks also had a significant effect on the results, only second to ec. Therefore, the wearing of face mask is the most convenient and effective measure to prolong the CET. Furthermore, practical methods to reducing bioaerosol concentration in WWTPs exposure are also necessary to extend CET and safeguard worker health. This study enriches the application range of reverse quantitative microbial risk assessment framework and provides theoretical support for stakeholders to establish reasonable working time threshold guidelines, and practical method and novel perspective to protect the on-site health risks of sewage workers exposing to various facilities.

Potentials and pitfalls of using ChatGPT in journalism

The aim of the article is to describe the role of ChatGPT in journalism from two perspectives: academic and journalistic. Academic perspective is provided through bibliometric analysis and literature review. The data from Web of Science and Scopus shows increased scientific interest in LLMs in social sciences and humanities. However, there are still very few publications regarding ChatGPT in journalism. The main findings of those publications are summarized in the article. Journalistic perspective is provided using critical discourse analysis of journalists’ statements, both in news articles and essays as well as in their social media posts. The results of qualitative study reveal that improving the quality and working time is one of the biggest hopes, while disinformation and job loss are one of greatest fears of journalists.

Time and Workload Analysis to Determine Total Labor in the Arabica Coffee Harvesting Process

Farmers verify ripe coffee cherries, pick them individually, and place them in the harvest basket in the coffee harvesting process. This task typically takes 7-8 hours. During harvesting, farmers experience a physical workload that impacts their work capacity. This research aims to measure the qualitative and quantitative workload levels of the coffee harvesting process, determine the working time based on the farmers' Human Output Capacity, and calculate the total number of daily workers needed to achieve daily coffee production targets. The determination of the number of daily workers is based on the work capacity of the farmers. Farmers were categorized into two age groups: productive age (30-40 years) and non-productive age (50-60 years). Data observed included heart rate during harvest, heart rate calibration data, subjects' body characteristics, and coffee productivity. The results showed that the heaviest workload, related to verifying ripe cherries, fell into the medium category, with an energy consumption level of 3,370 Kcal per minute. The optimal working time for the coffee harvesting process is 6 hours for workers of productive age and 4 hours for workers of non-productive age. To meet production targets, 9 workers of productive age and 10 workers of non-productive age are required.

Acute Response of Different High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols on Cardiac Auto-Regulation Using Wearable Device.

The purpose of this study was to compare different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols with different lengths of work and rest times for a single session (all three had identical work-to-rest ratios and exercise intensities) for cardiac auto-regulation using a wearable device. With a randomized counter-balanced crossover, 13 physically active young male adults (age: 19.4 years, BMI: 21.9 kg/m2) were included. The HIIT included a warm-up of at least 5 min and three protocols of 10 s/50 s (20 sets), 20 s/100 s (10 sets), and 40 s/200 s (5 sets), with intensities ranging from 115 to 130% Wattmax. Cardiac auto-regulation was measured using a non-invasive method and a wearable device, including HRV and vascular function. Immediately after the HIIT session, the 40 s/200 s protocol produced the most intense stimulation in R-R interval (Δ-33.5%), ln low-frequency domain (Δ-42.6%), ln high-frequency domain (Δ-73.4%), and ln LF/HF ratio (Δ416.7%, all p < 0.05) compared to other protocols of 10 s/50 s and 20 s/100 s. The post-exercise hypotension in the bilateral ankle area was observed in the 40 s/200 s protocol only at 5 min after HIIT (right: Δ-12.2%, left: Δ-12.6%, all p < 0.05). This study confirmed that a longer work time might be more effective in stimulating cardiac auto-regulation using a wearable device, despite identical work-to-rest ratios and exercise intensity. Additional studies with 24 h measurements of cardiac autoregulation using wearable devices in response to various HIIT protocols are warranted.

Autopsy doesn’t always tell all: The importance of exhuming skeletal remains of cemetery unidentified decedents

The process of personal identification differs according to the state of preservation of the corpse, becoming more complicated when dealing with remains altered by taphonomic variables. Since 2015, the staff of the Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (LABANOF) of the University of Milan has been engaged in recovering the skeletons of 36 unknown people from the cemeteries of the city of Milan, to redraw their biological profiles and give them back the possibility of being identified. Of the 36 starting skeletons, 7 have been identified and therefore are not the object of this study, 25 individuals were previously subjected to an autopsy examination and 4 skeletons were studied for the first time in the present work. The post-mortem data of all the individuals who had previously undergone autopsy and had not yet been identified (n = 25) have been retrieved from the archives of the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Milan and allowed for a comparison with those obtained from the new anthropological study of each exhumed skeleton. The authors aim to present the three most interesting cases to better highlight the results that emerged from the comparison. The autopsy information alone lacked important details. In all cases, the anthropological examination proved to be capable of detailing the biological profile of the unknowns even after a long period of inhumation (even more than 20 years). The limitations of instrumental investigations in achieving the goal single-handedly and the importance of recovering the unknown skeletons from cemeteries for identification purposes are discussed.

Time and space flexibility of working time in the countries of the European Union

Time and space flexibility of working time in the countries of the European Union

Hubungan Shift Kerja dengan Kelelahan Kerja pada Radiografer di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Teluk Kuantan

A hospital is a health service institution that operates 24 hours a day. The service is divided into several sections, one of which is the medical support section, including radiology. Radiology workers are referred to as radiographers. In carrying out their duties, the radiographer cannot be separated from the work shift system, at the Teluk Kuantan Regional General Hospital applying morning shifts (07.00-14.00), afternoon (14.00-20.00) and night (20.00-08.00). Shift work time from morning, afternoon and evening can result in work fatigue. The purpose of this study was to see whether there is a relationship between work shifts and work fatigue on radiographers at the Teluk Kuantan Regional General Hospital. This research is a type of quantitative research that is analytic in nature with a cross sectional design through library research, field observations, questionnaires / questionnaires distributed to respondents. This research was carried out at the Radiology Institute of the Kuantan Bay Regional General Hospital from April to June 2022. The results of this study can be known by distributing questionnaires after which the data is processed using univariate and bivariate (Chi-Square) tests. Based on the bivariate test (Chi-Square) it is known that the value of p (value) = 0.003 where p (value) &lt;0.05, meaning that there is a relationship between work shifts and the occurrence of fatigue in radiographers at the Teluk Kuantan General Hospital.

Scientific basis for intelligent of production processes in cattle breeding

Increasing the productivity of livestock and veterinary specialists is an integral part of intensifying the production of animal husbandry products. The solution of multifaceted problems is ensured by the organization of their work. For example, the intelligent of production processes in livestock breeding lies in the fact that the use of innovative technologies, the rate of which on average in the industry reaches 46 %. So far, involves the use of electronic telecommunication devices, which had currently better meet the requirements for the maintenance and operation of breeding animals than traditional standards using analog-digital forms of equipment and document fl ow. The purpose of the research was to study the eff ectiveness of using innovative equipment in terms of time spent on implementing animal science accounting and obtaining animal husbandry products when breeding animals using telecommunication devices for recording technical and technological processes through the integration of data collection terminals using RFID (radio frequency identifi cation) and scanners that allow reading electronic ear (UHF) tags, boluses, electronic chips compared to traditional equipment that is still used in livestock enterprises. It has been established that the use of innovative technologies in animal husbandry meets the requirements of breeding pedigree animals better than using previous standards, i.e. using analog-electronic forms of equipment. Thus, innovative technologies make production processes shorter in time by 16.3 %, and more economical. Analysis of the results of the growth rate of off spring of individual sires using traditional standard technologies showed the loss of working time 10.3 times greater than when using innovations. With traditional breeding technologies, losses in the average daily gain in live weight of young and adult animals by 17.5 and 30.0 %, respectively, were noted. Losses in average daily gain in live weight were noted by 1.1–1.2 times greater when using traditional technologies of registration, identifi cation and control than when using innovations. Therefore, it is necessary to organize professional communication with colleagues in the information fi eld to participate in breeding pedigree livestock in cattle breeding.

A simple model of flexible working time arrangements

AbstractWe offer a simple formalization of different types of flexible working time arrangements. Specifically, we study the distinction between employee‐oriented flexibility and employer‐oriented flexibility. The formal framework we offer can be useful in formulating hypotheses for the growing body of empirical work in the area.

Complete Algorithm for Solving the Scripting Problem on Multi-Task Enabled Arcs

Objective: This paper presents algorithms designed to support a linear model capable of optimizing the routes taken by meter readers to measure the instruments installed in a hydroelectric power plant. Theoretical Framework: The study conducted by Tirkolaee was used as a reference point to address the challenge of determining the most efficient routes, serving as one of the foundations of this work. In addition to solving the PCARP, the article also focused on minimizing the number of vehicles required for the task. However, it does not include a predefined frequency approach as in Chu, nor does it address multiple tasks as in Cleverson and Fausto. Cleverson's work, in turn, is a generalization of Chu's, considering that the edges can have different demands, representing distinct tasks such as reading instruments like Thermometer, Pendulum, Seismograph, and Piezometer. This study distinguishes itself from the others by analyzing the subcycles that may arise during the resolution of the exact model and determining the feasibility of solving the model with constraints that eliminate the subcycles in the first iteration or adding them as necessary. Due to computational advancements, this work presents various methods to achieve the best solution for the PCARP. Method: Develop a model that considers the following characteristics: selection of the combinations of days of the week to perform the tasks assigned to the meter readers; selection of the meter readers who will traverse route y, which includes gallery x and the instruments to be read; the meter reader must pass through the route at least once to perform the task but may need to traverse the edge without performing any specific action to maintain the route's flow; not all meter readers may be qualified to perform all tasks due to a lack of knowledge in handling the equipment required to read certain instruments; the meter reader must start their journey at the depot, represented by vertex "0," and return to this point at the end of the day; the total time to leave the depot, perform the instrument readings, and return must not exceed the meter reader's daily working hours. Results and Conclusion: The results indicate that the Complete Algorithm demonstrated significant efficiency. In tests with various instances, it obtained a solution without subcycles in the first iteration 68% of the time. Additionally, in 63% of the cases, the time taken to reach this solution was shorter, without increasing the distance traveled, the number of vehicles required, or the number of days the vehicles were used. In cases where the meter reader's work time was "t/2," the Complete Algorithm achieved the best results: in 90% of the cases, it obtained solutions without subcycles, compared to 63% using the algorithm described in [11]. In 50% of the cases tested, a solution with zero GAP was achieved. This difference observed when the meter reader's work time was "t/2" is especially relevant in real-world situations, where the time needed to traverse the graph and perform the tasks, as suggested in the article, can be significantly longer than the meter reader's workday. Therefore, determining all subcycles is the best approach to achieving a feasible solution without subcycles. Implications of the Research: A model that can be applied to determine the optimal route for meter readers as well as in other real-world situations, such as analyzing the routes for equipment inspections within an industry and for waste collection. Originality/Value: The Complete Algorithm, in addition to the linear model, brings originality in its construction and compilation, as it provides a method to find a feasible solution without subcycles in the first iteration. With the Complete Algorithm, it is possible to achieve a feasible solution that determines the shortest distance and the minimum number of meter readers, ensuring resource savings and effective monitoring of auscultation instruments.

The time-space-energy nexus in the gig economy: the work and everyday lives of migrant food delivery ‘walkers’ in Venice

ABSTRACT The intersection of migrant labour and the gig economy is a field of growing interest. Although there is no comprehensive public data on the topic, current studies show that platform labour in urban gig economies is often carried out by migrants. While uberised work has been quite extensively analysed, the dimensions of everyday life and time are still little studied. This paper aims to fill this gap, looking at the convergence of migrant labour, the gig economy, everyday life, and time. The authors present a time-space-energy nexus to illustrate the constant assembling of working and non-working times by workers and the potential tensions arising from the algorithmic managerial model of work. Specific attention is given to how migrant couriers organise the times and spaces of their everyday lives within platform-mediated food delivery in Venice. To explore this topic, a qualitative-ethnographic investigation was carried out in the historic centre of Venice from January to June 2022. This article highlights the features and tendencies of the food delivery sector in Venice, in order to show how the particular forms that migrant worker/runners’ living and working conditions take contradict the supposed flexibility proposed by digital platforms.

Workplace factors affecting migrant workers' health

Introduction. Migrant workers are individuals who relocate from their country of origin to another to engage in economic pursuits. Working conditions, the work environment and process, lifestyle and habits of workers have an impact on the results of work and the health of workers. These factors are called risk factors and cannot be completely eliminated, but they can be controlled. The aim of the study was to examine the actual factors affecting the health of migrant workers at the workplace. Materials and methods. Eighty Korean compatriots from different countries who resides in “Korean Compatriot Village” were interviewed using a questionnaire. To analyze the survey results, the SPSS Statistics program, version 25, was used. Results. Migrants who work more than 12 hours a day have worse health over time. Noise can cause health problems and diseases. Time for work and rest, work responsibilities affect weight gain and lead to health changes. Limitation. Migrant workers weren’t asked about home country work experiences and start of work in Korean factories. The researcher didn’t know Korean factories well, hence detailed questions couldn’t be formulated. Conclusion. Most respondents were young Korean compatriots who came to Korea to work. They experienced stress and fatigue due to the burden of responsibility and worry for their relatives. For elderly migrant workers it’s difficult to find work in home country and the problems with the musculoskeletal system occur due to their lack of work experience in such production and their advanced age.