Work Surfaces Research Articles

Reclaiming History: A Century of Intervention in Edwidge Danticat's The Farming of Bones and Brother, I'm Dying

This essay analyzes Edwidge Danticat's The Farming of Bones and Brother, I'm Dying to reconsider the vexed history of US militarism on the island of Hispaniola. Danticat's work demonstrates that literature has the potential to provocatively examine the lived experiences of multiple histories at once. Countering the rhetoric US administrations have long used to justify intervention, Danticat's literature reclaims the telling of history for those who have lived and felt its consequences. Narrating racialized state violence in hemispheric, transnational, and transtemporal domains, Danticat's work surfaces collective histories of resistance and demands for justice by Haitian and Haitian diasporic communities.

Designing transdisciplinarity for transformative ocean governance

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development sets out a transformative vision which has yet to be realised for SDG14 and oceans. Recognition of the “indivisibility” of the Goals and enhanced integration of ocean governance support this transformation, but require at least multidisciplinary, or probably transdisciplinary, approaches. For regions which are highly dependent on development finance, a powerful leverage point for a transdisciplinary transformation is in the design of development investments. The work presented here identifies design features of ocean development-financed projects involving substantial amounts of research in two Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Fiji and the Solomon Islands. Transdisciplinary approaches were closely aligned to what is established as Mode 2 research modalities which focus on participation and multi-knowledge systems, as opposed to Mode 1 which have a predominantly scientific basis. From the literature an analytical indicator framework was developed which scored projects on their Modes of research within four categories: Product, Process, Policy and People. This framework was applied to five development-financed projects, and permitted the balance of Mode 1 and Mode 2 to be assessed and significant differences between projects identified. The work surfaces project features which can be embedded in the design of ocean investments which promote transdisciplinarity. This tractable and practical recognition of transdisciplinarity has connotations to the UN Ocean Decade in its ability to deliver on its transformation rhetoric. With capacity weaknesses and constrained financial resources in developing countries, and urgent ocean-related challenges especially in SIDS, moving to designed-in transdisciplinary and transformational outcomes remains a priority.

Surface Hygiene Evaluation Method in Food Trucks as an Important Factor in the Assessment of Microbiological Risks in Mobile Gastronomy.

Street food outlets are characterised by poor microbiological quality of the food and poor hygiene practices that pose a risk to consumer health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the hygiene of surfaces in food trucks (FT) using the reference method together with alternatives such as PetrifilmTM and the bioluminescence method. TVC, S. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. were assessed. The material for the study consisted of swabs and prints taken from five surfaces (refrigeration, knife, cutting board, serving board, and working board) in 20 food trucks in Poland. In 13 food trucks, the visual assessment of hygiene was very good or good, but in 6 FTs, TVC was found to exceed log 3 CFU/100 cm2 on various surfaces. The assessment of surface hygiene using various methods in the food trucks did not demonstrate the substitutability of culture methods. PetrifilmTM tests were shown to be a convenient and reliable tool for the monitoring of mobile catering hygiene. No correlation was found between the subjective visual method and the measurement of adenosine 5-triphosphate. In order to reduce the risk of food infections caused by bacteria in food trucks, it is important to introduce detailed requirements for the hygiene practices used in food trucks, including techniques for monitoring the cleanliness of surfaces coming into contact with food, in particular cutting boards and work surfaces. Efforts should be focused on introducing mandatory, certified training for food truck personnel in the field of microbiological hazards, appropriate methods of hygienisation, and hygiene monitoring.

Four-year follow-up of surface contamination by antineoplastic drugs in a compounding unit

ObjectivesThis study aimed to monitor the contamination by antineoplastic drugs on work surfaces in a compounding unit 4 years after its implementation.MethodsThis descriptive study was done in a unit performing...

A Novel Sampling Device for the Quantification of Primary Aromatic Amines on Surfaces.

Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) are a class of hazardous substances where many compounds are classified as carcinogen, mutagen, and reproduction toxin (CMR). PAAs can be taken up by dermal exposure. In the polyurethane industry, a valid and trustworthy method for the quantification of PAAs in the presence of isocyanates that could interfere is of great interest, especially on workplaces where a regular contact to PAAs cannot be excluded. The aim of this work is the development, validation, and verification of a novel sampling device to quantify selectively the PAA load on work surfaces. We describe the synthesis of Cell-ßALA-PEMSA analytical papers and their characterization by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The recovery of TDA and MDA spiked on these filters is satisfactory. An excellent selectivity of Cell-ßALA-PEMSA papers towards PAAs in the presence of isocyanates of almost 100% was found by wipe tests of amine/isocyanate contaminated surfaces. First positive field tests were achieved at certain areas in a Polyurethane Technical Application Department where surface contamination with PAAs was expected, and the Cell-ßALA-PEMSA analytical papers were superior to an established method of surface sampling. However, recovery of these amines from surfaces shows a large variability, and more work is required to address influencing surface properties.

Novel and eco-friendly hydrophobic treatment of cotton and polyester fabrics based-on octavinyl and aminopropylisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (OL-POSS and AM-POSS)

The hydrophobicity of cotton and polyester fabrics plays a significant role in various industrial applications. Anchoring hydrophobic chemicals onto the fabric surface is one of the major strategies. Fluorinated chemicals are widely employed to construct hydrophobic surfaces. However, alternative hydrophobic coatings are urgently sought by researchers due to the potential risks and hazards of fluorinated chemicals. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) are one of the most potential alternatives as they increase the roughness and lower the surface energy through chemical enhancement of the surface. In this work, hydrophobic cotton and polyester surfaces were fabricated anchoring Octavinyl POSS (OL-POSS) and Aminopropylisobutyl POSS (AM-POSS) onto the surface via one-step dip-coating technique. To enhance the surface roughness and the hydrophobicity, Ultraviolet (UV) radiation was employed with Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) initiator. Water contact angle (WCA) of both fabrics increased from 0° to 136° using 5% POSS coatings with initiator and UV present. Water absorption duration (WAD) also increased from several seconds up to 310 min. Furthermore, 5% POSS modified fabrics gave similar or better WAD values when compared to coatings treated with fluorinated chemicals. The findings confirmed that OL-POSS and AM-POSS coatings are eligible environmentally friendly candidates for the replacement of fluorinated chemicals.

Відновлення та зміцнення деталей і робочих органів сільськогосподарських машин, працюючих в абразивному середовищі

The working bodies of tillage agricultural machines (ploughshare, plow shelf, cultivator paw, harrow disc) work in conditions of abrasive operation, shock loads and the impact of external aggressive environment. Their repair is to restore the original size of parts and wear resistance of functional work surfaces. During the operation of tillage machines and units, the working surfaces are subjected to uneven wear, which reduces the life of parts and increases the cost of their replacement and restoration. The working bodies of tillage agricultural machines (ploughshare, plow shelf, cultivator paw, harrow disc) work in conditions of abrasive operation, shock loads and the impact of external aggressive environment. Their repair is to restore the original size of parts and wear resistance of functional work surfaces. During the operation of tillage machines and units, the working surfaces are subjected to uneven wear, which reduces the life of parts and increases the cost of their replacement and restoration. The current level of operation of agricultural machinery is characterized by increased speeds and high productivity, which, in turn, leads to increased wear of parts. accordingly, the reliability of the recovered ensure the restorative parts. Surfacing makes it possible to obtain layers of any thickness and chemical composition on the working surfaces of parts; apply a welded layer with different properties, ie high hardness and wear resistance. In this work we use point (point) hardening, which consists in micro-dripping of the hard alloy into the surface structure of parts that undergo intense abrasive wear. The geometry of the hardening point is a spherical sector, which facilitates the rapid removal of heat from the surfacing bath in the base metal and the environment, so the hardening points harden at high speed and in a short time. At point strengthening of details one of the main conditions providing stable quality of process - coordination of welding current and arc voltage. The sawtooth profile of the ploughshare blade (cultivator paws) is maintained throughout its service life. providing effective cutting even with the blades worked. We will fully consider the welding stress and deformation of the steel and tungsten carbide, to ensure the using performance of products. About tungsten carbide, we use the most advanced production equipment and the most reasonable production process during the material selection, burdening, pressing and sintering. We always fully consider the special requirements of different products on the strength, hardness, grain size of tungsten carbide.

Flatlok šivaće mašine za izradu ravnih šavova

Durable, elastic and flat seams of activewear garments are mostly processed by sewing machines called flatlocks or flatseamers. There create coverstitches 607. The machines use to have differently shaped work surfaces. Feed-off-the-arm machines are preferable for closing narrow, log components. Feed-up-the arm flatlocks are used for small and short tubular item processing. Flat bed sewing machines are designed for joining large size fl at components. Flatlocks use to be equipped with different devices: a fabric edge trimmer, a thread chain trimmer, a tape binder, a tape feeder, others. Fabric edge trimmers are available for both or single fabric edge trimming. A suction device is used to suck up the cut off fabric edges. Thread chain trimmers can be operated manually or automatical way. Tape binders are used on the machines to stitch a tape on men briefs. Advanced flatlocks are equipped with servo motors and use automatic lubrication system.

An experimental study of abrasive waterjet deep hole drilling on Inconel 718

Inconel 718 is the most dominant alloy to manufacture 50% of aerospace components due to its excellent oxidation resistance, and good corrosion and erosion resistance across a wide range of temperatures. These aerospace components require small and micro-holes with high aspect ratios for specific functions. Among all the modern manufacturing processes, Abrasive Waterjet Machining (AWJM) is gaining popularity to produce such holes with its superior potential to machine all kinds of materials in the absence of heat and with minimum damage to the work surfaces. This research work attempted to study the output responses, namely material removal rate, kerf geometry, and surface roughness viz constant water pressure, varied Stand-Off Distance (SOD), and Abrasive Mass Flow Rate (AMFR). This research reveals that AWJM has excellent potential to make deep holes on Inconel 718 with the following outcomes; the material removal rate has been increased with increased mass flow rate and the kerf angle and surface roughness of the drilled holes have been decreased with the increased mass flow rate.

A LC-MS/MS based methodology for the environmental monitoring of healthcare settings contaminated with antineoplastic agents.

Adverse health events associated with the exposure of healthcare workers to antineoplastic drugs are well documented in literature and are often related to the chemical contamination of work surfaces. It is therefore crucial for healthcare professionals to validate the efficiency of safety procedures by periodic biological and environmental monitoring activities where the main methodological limitations are related to the complexity, in terms of chemical-physical features and chemical-biological stability, of the drugs analyzed. Here we describe the evaluation and application of a UHPLC-MS/MS based protocol for the environmental monitoring of hospital working areas potentially contaminated with methotrexate, iphosphamide, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, irinotecan, and paclitaxel. This methodology was used to evaluate working areas devoted to the preparation of chemotherapeutics and combination regimens at the University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona" in Salerno (Italy). Our analyses allowed to uncover critical aspects in both working protocols and workspace organization, which highlighted, among others, cyclophosphamide and iphosphamide contamination. Suitable adjustments adopted after our environmental monitoring campaign significantly reduced the exposure risk for healthcare workers employed in the unit analyzed. The use of sensitive analytical approaches such as LC-MS/MS coupled to an accurate wiping procedure in routine environmental monitoring allows to effectively improve chemical safety for exposed workers.

Модернизация CVD-установки для осаждения карбида хрома на внутренних поверхностях корпуса распылителя форсунки дизельных двигателей

Fuel injector nozzle parts tend to wear out due to abrasive particles of quartz and aluminum oxide penetrating into the fuel. The hardness of quartz abrasive particles exceeds the hardness of work surfaces in 1.4 times, and that of aluminum oxide – in 2.7 times. Strengthening one part of the fuel injector nozzle does not increase the service life sufficiently, so it is necessary to harden both parts of the precision pair. The CVD method is the most promising technology of wear-resistant coating deposition on steel machine parts. It produces carbide-chrome coating with microhardness up to 19 GPa (in vacuum conditions of 100 to 0.001 Pa) at temperatures above 200°C. The analysis of available devices and the review of patents of known solutions on the coating deposition from a steam phase have shown the impossibility of using these devices for restoration of the nozzle body. In this respect, the author developed a new reactor design and a scheme of the CVD unit for the coating deposition on the inner hard-to-reach surfaces of the nozzle body. The developed CVD unit takes into account the factors affecting chromium carbide deposition: thermodynamic conditions, reagent feed, deposition duration, unit parameters, adhesion and coating properties. The CVD unit upgrade results in making chromium carbide coating on the inner surfaces of the nozzle sprayer body, achieving thermodynamic equilibrium of chemical reaction of chromium hexacarbonyl decomposition at temperatures below 200°C (below the low tempering level of 18Х2Н4ВА, 12Х2Н4А and 40ХН2МА steel), and ensuring a controlled supply of a reaction medium to hard-to-reach areas, where refractory metal coatings are formed.

Microbiological Safety and Quality of Meals and Work Surfaces in Collective Catering Systems in Central Italy: A Five-Year Monitoring Study.

Ready-to-eat (RTE) meals produced and served by the catering system still represent one of the major causes of foodborne outbreaks, especially for susceptible consumers. Despite the great progress in food hygiene and safety, the systematic monitoring of microbial contamination of foodstuff is the most effective tool to ensure food safety and protect consumers' health. The aim of this study was to perform a thorough assessment of the microbial safety and quality of meals and work surfaces of collective catering systems in central Italy, over a five-year period (2014-2018). In total 11,012 microbiological analytical determinations were performed in food matrices (80.1%) and environmental samples (19.9%). The results obtained show a low level of non-conformities ranging from 2.2% to 6.3% of total samples, concerning both hygiene and safety parameters. A decreasing trend of non-conformities during the years was also highlighted (p-value < 0.05), especially for environmental samples. This study suggests that the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and the proper definition of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plans, combined with a thorough evaluation of microbiological monitoring, are able to ensure high levels of food safety and hygiene.

Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat products during 2017–2019 depending on technological factors and seasons

Microbiological examination of contamination of imported and domestic meat products with pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes depending on a meat type, technology and season was carried out during 2017–2019. In total, 2777 product samples were analyzed; the presence of this pathogen was revealed in 8.8% of products (244 positive samples). It was found that the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in meat products increased over three years of observation (2017–2019). The highest occurrence of this pathogen was found in poultry meat (on average 18.7%) followed by products from beef (13.2%). Meat products from mixed raw materials (beef and pork) accounted for 5.3% of tested samples, while in pork semi-finished products L. monocytogenes was found only in 3.2% of cases. It was noted that the technology of semi-finished products significantly affected the level of contamination of meat products with L. monocytogenes. Various technological approaches are used in the production process increasing the risk of contamination of the finished product since there is no timely data on Listeria contamination of raw materials used for production of a particular product. It has been established that a significant role in microbiological studies is played by various approaches to sample preparation of analyzed samples of meat cuts, semi-finished products in large and small pieces, as well as minced semi-finished products. Not knowing the real level of surface contamination with L. monocytogenes of carcasses, half-carcasses, semi-finished products in large pieces, manufacturers use such raw materials for the subsequent production of other types of semi-finished meat products, increasing the risk of manufacturing unsafe products with following contamination of equipment, work surfaces and other objects of the production environment. The highest occurrence of L. monocytogenes in meat products during three years of observation was found in the summer period (14.2%). The proportions of positive samples in the winter, spring and autumn months varied on average within 6.7–7.1%.

Comparison of monoamine oxidase and selected heavy metal levels in the blood and the workplace among e-waste sorting workers in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand.

E-waste sorting workers usually separate electronic waste. Therefore, they can be exposed to heavy metals. This study compared monoamine oxidase (MAO) levels affected by the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in the blood and their workplace among e-waste sorting workers (EWSW). The exposed group included 76 EWSW, and the non-exposed group included 49 village health volunteers. An interview form was used to assess the risk factors. We measured Pb, Cd, and Ni on the work surfaces and in the blood, and MAO levels as a neurological enzymes. Among the EWSW, 42 were males (55.3%), and the mean age (SD) 48.0 (12.64) years, and income were 156.37 ± 88.08 USD. In the work areas of the exposed group, the concentration of Pb, Cd, and Ni were 245.042 (± 613.910), 0.375 (± 0.662), and 46.115 (± 75.740) μg/100 cm2, respectively, while the non-exposed group, the concentration of Pb, Cd, and Ni were 0.609 (± 0.934), 0.167 (± 1.171) and 1.020 (± 0.142) μg/100 cm2. Pb and Ni concentrations in the workplace of the exposed groups were statistically different from that of the non-exposed group. Pb, Cd, and Ni concentrations in serum were 6.411 ± 1.492 μg/dL, 0.9480 ± 0.350 μg/L, 2.568 ± 0.468 μg/L, respectively, while in the non-exposed group, the heavy metal concentrations were 6.411 ± 1.620 μg/dL, 0.909 ± 0.277 μg/L, 2.527 ± 0.457 μg/L. The MAO in the exposed group was 362.060 ± 97.981 U/L, while that in the non-exposed group was 369.771 ± 86.752 U/L. Moreover, MAO concentration was significantly different from Ni concentration (p < 0.05). The electronic waste sorting workers should clean their work areas to reduce the Pb, Cd, and Ni levels on theworking surfaces, and health surveillance should be performed.

Analysis of Filler Metals Influence on Quality of Hard-Faced Surfaces of Gears Based on Tests in Experimental and Operating Conditions.

Hard-facing as a type of the coating depositing is increasingly used today. Physical-chemical-metallurgical characteristics of contact layers in tribo-mechanical systems depend on the operating conditions and the conditions under which the work surfaces were created. That is the reason the influence of the processing procedures and regime, used in the contact surfaces formation, on development of the wear process of contact elements, is being considered ever more. To determine the influence of the hard-facing technology on characteristics of the gears' working surfaces, the experimental investigations were performed on samples hard-faced on the steel for cementation, by varying the filler metals (FM) and the hard-facing regimes. The samples tested were hard-faced by five "hard" and three "soft" filler metals. Experimental investigations included measuring the hard-faced layers' hardness and determination of their microstructure, as well as the wear resistance in the laboratory conditions, on tribometer and on a specially designed device for tests in the real operating conditions of gears. The wear intensity was monitored by the wear trace's width in the laboratory conditions and by the share of the teeth surfaces affected by the destructive pitting in the operating conditions. The results obtained were compared to results of the base metal (BM) tests, which provided the certain conclusions on which filler metal and which welding procedure are the optimal ones for regeneration of the worn teeth surfaces.

EVALUATION OF GLUTEN CONTAMINATION IN GLUTEN-FREE PRODUCTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition, triggered by gluten ingestion, which affects the small intestine, destroying the villi. It is considered that in recent years CD has undergone a real “metamorphosis” due to the constant increase in diagnosed cases. The only treatment available for BC is to stick to a gluten-free diet throughout your life. Adherence to a GFD requires strict elimination of gluten-containing products, as patients with CD are very sensitive to the toxic effect of gluten. The purpose of the research is to evaluate whether the products marketed on the territory of the Republic of Moldova, labeled as gluten-free products, are safe for people with celiac disease, from the perspective of their gluten content. The identification of gluten in GF products sold in supermarkets in the capital was done using the GlutenToxPro gluten detection kit for food, beverages, and work surfaces (AOAC-RI). Research has shown that both gluten-free products imported with the Crossed Grain logo and those just labeled gluten-free (both imported and local), pose no risk to people with gluten-related disorders: the gluten content of all samples was up to 20 ppm. Local, non-packaged GF products (developed and made available to consumers by the supermarkets concerned) pose an increased risk of contamination.

Monkeypox outbreak in a piercing and tattoo establishment in Spain

Monkeypox outbreak in a piercing and tattoo establishment in Spain

Occurrence and spread of antibiotic‑resistant enterococci in pork processing plants

BACKGROUND AND AIM Enterococci can form biofilms resistant to disinfectants. Moreover, due to their resistance to antibiotics, Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis species are recognized as leading causes of infections worldwide. Detection of their reservoirs requires special attention not only in the context of food safety but also regarding the health of workers in meat processing plants. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of antibiotic‑resistant enterococci in pork processing plants and to evaluate their biofilm-forming potential. METHODS In three pork processing plants, the samples of raw meat, swabs from work surfaces (tabletops, floors, machine parts, tools) and from employees&amp;#x27; hands were collected. Bacteria were identified to species level using both the culture method and MALDI-TOF MS. The predominant enterococci were tested for susceptibility to 15 antibiotics by disc diffusion method. The assessment of biofilm-forming potential was studied by the microplate method. RESULTS The performed analyses indicate that all raw meat samples, plant surfaces and equipment were contaminated with enterococci. The highest level of enterococci was observed for floors, stainless tables and containers (5.7*10³, 8.5*10¹ and 13.5*10¹ cfu/cm², respectively). Enterococcus faecium was the most frequently isolated species followed by E. faecalis. More than 63% of enterococci isolates had the ability to form a biofilm. E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates showed high resistance to penicillin (89%), vancomycin (71%), cefotaxime (68%), erythromycin (57%), rifampicin (56%) and imipenem (21%). CONCLUSIONS Resistance to several antibiotics and high adherence ability of enterococci isolates suggest that these agents may play an important role in the spread of drug resistance in the meat production chain through contaminated surfaces, raw meat and workers&amp;#x27; hands. Controlling the contamination and antimicrobial resistance patterns of enterococci in meat processing plants is essential to public health and food safety. KEYWORDS Enterococcus; pork processing plants; antimicrobial resistance; VRE

Surface Metrology for Process Diagnostic of Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Grinding

The applicationof electroplated diamond in ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding can be a candidate to replace the manual mirror finishing of the stainless-steel surface and the ability to characterize the tool and work surfaces is important for understanding the tool-work interaction during the grinding process. In this study, an ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding on stainless steel surface using the electroplated diamond tool is performed for the tool-work surface interaction diagnostic. The experiment used constant machining parameters, leaving the electroplated diamond tool as the only input variable. The experiment produces nine tool-work pairs for the analysis. A combination of the reversal method and areal surface metrology is introduced to capture and prepare the topography data for characterization. The analysis results show that the combination of the reversal method and areal surface metrology can be used for the electroplated diamond tool working surface characterization in explaining its effect on the ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding of stainless-steel surface for a mirror finish.

Developing a technological complex for restoring the properties of rolled rolls reduced in the process of grinding

Problem. The problem of increasing the resource of equipment for rolling production is on time. Rolling mills are a piece of equipment for rolling objects made of metals and alloys. They work in difficult operating conditions: at considerable loading, friction and the raised temperatures. As a result, there is a rapid wear of their work surfaces, which leads to defects. Due to the predominantly high cost of rolled rolls, it is better to restore them than to replace with new ones. This is more profitable economically and can be realized by using different methods of influencing the structural condition of the products’ surface. The use of, for example, TFH technology [1,2] or other methods of surface strengthening is possible to solve such problems. Goal. The purpose of the work is to develop a technological complex to restore the properties of rolled rolls, which were reduced in the process of grinding. The subject of the research are the samples in the form of rolled rolls, which are made of 40X steel. To achieve this goal, heat treatment of natural samples was carried out in different modes. Metallographic analysis and measurement of hardness of natural samples after their heat treatment in different modes was made. The optimal mode was selected, which provided the necessary properties. Heat treatment of rolled rolls in need of restoration was carried out according to this mode. Methodology. Two heat treatment modes were used to restore the required hardness of the rolling rolls hardening with heating to 860ºC and cooling in water; hardening with heating to 860ºC and cooling in 10% aqueous NaCl salt solution. Results. The cooling properties of the saline solution are higher than those of water. This ensured greater completeness of the martensitic transformation and the formation of a fine-needle martensitic structure with a small amount of Cr carbides. Therefore, a technological complex for restoring the properties of rolled rolls, which were reduced during grinding, was proposed. It consists of quenching from a temperature of 860°C with cooling in 10% aqueous solution of NaCl salt. After hardening it is necessary to carry out low-temperature release at a temperature of 180ºC for 2 hours with accelerated cooling.