Optimal Working Research Articles

Time-domain direct capacitive coupling detection technique applicable inside a cavity structure for determination of crossing frequency in a transmission microwave frequency spectrum

Abstract The conventional crossing frequency method for plasma diagnostics measures transmission microwave frequency spectrum, called S_21 spectrum, using transmitting and receiving antennae. It can infer electron density (n_e) from the crossing frequency (f_cross) on which S_21 spectra with plasma generation and vaccum (no plasma generation) intersect. However, this method faces a challenge when it is used inside a cavity, especially a vacuum chamber, due to spike-like peaks in the S_21 spectrum with vacuum. Those peaks disturb the S_21 spectrum and make multiple crossing points, leading to difficulty in determining the f_cross. This paper proposes a method to remove those peaks, named time-domain capacitive coupling detection technique. For preliminary study, a three-dimensional electromagnetic wave simulation was employed and we found the coupling mechanism between antennae and optimum working condition. The proposed method is evaluated in an inductively coupled plasma system. Exepriment results showed the clear removal of spike-like peaks in S_21 spectrum with vacuum inside a cylindrical vacuum chamber. With plasma generation, the n_e from the proposed method shows a good agreement with that from the cutoff probe method, indicating the working in this method. Furthermore, we verified the operation at high pressure in which the cutoff method does not work. As a result, the time-domain direct capacitive coupling detection technique is a technique to measure electron density inside a vacuum chamber, especially at high pressure plasma diagnostics.

The Role of Competency Certification, Motivation and Work Environment in the Performance of the Indonesian Waqf Board, South Sumatra Province

The performance of nazhir plays an important role in optimizing waqf management, so supporting factors are needed that can improve their work quality. This study aims to analyze the role of competency certification, motivation and work environment on the performance of nazhir at the Indonesian Waqf Board in South Sumatra Province. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method to describe the phenomenon in depth and comprehensively. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using NVivo 12 Pro software to identify relevant key themes. The results of the study indicate that competency certification provides a foundation of expertise and confidence for nazhir in carrying out their duties. Motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic, can increase nazhir's work commitment and productivity. In addition, the work environment, both physical and non-physical, also contributes significantly to their performance. Overall, these three factors have a major role in improving nazhir performance in South Sumatra Province. This study concludes that to improve nazhir performance, it is necessary to strengthen the competency certification program, provide ongoing motivation, and manage an optimal work environment. The recommendations of this study are expected to contribute to more effective and professional waqf management.

Catalytic Screening for 1,2-Diol Protection: A Saccharose-Derived Hydrothermal Carbon Showcases Enhanced Performance

A benchmarking study is reported on a series of modified carbocatalysts to efficiently promote the acetalization of 1,2-diols under heterogeneous conditions. Among the catalysts surveyed, a hydrothermal carbon generated from saccharose, a cheap, abundant, and biobased material, showed excellent performance when tested on two representative diols. All catalysts have been thoroughly characterized, focusing on surface acidity and composition. Optimal working parameters such as temperature and catalyst loading could be established. Remarkably, sonication improved the diol protection, which proceeded faster at 25 °C. The catalyst could be easily recycled and reused several times. In addition, the protocol was successfully translated from batch to continuous flow operation using a packed-bed reactor.

Analisis Faktor Ergonomi Terhadap Kinerja Pekerja Las (Studi Kasus Pekerja Las di Daerah Surakarta)

Human resources are one of the factors that influence the progress of the business being undertaken. The Surakarta area has an increasing number of MSMEs every year. One of the MSMEs that is growing is a welding workshop. There are several things that affect employee performance, one of which is ergonomic conditions. Of course, this condition can be described in the task or work factor that is assigned. This study aims to analyze ergonomic factors on the performance of welding workers in the Surakarta area. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The number of respondents or samples in this study was 50 welding workers in the Surakarta area. The data analysis method used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The work environment around the welding workshop actually affects employee performance. One of them is ergonomics. The ergonomic aspect of performance is influenced by several factors, two of which are work organization and workload. This study uses work organization and workload variables as indicators of measuring ergonomic factors on the performance of welding workers in the welding workshop. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the work organization variable as an ergonomic indicator has a positive influence on the performance of workers in the welding workshop. This can be seen from the p values ​​of 0.000 less than the alpha value of 5%. There are three aspects that can optimize employee performance in terms of work organization, namely effective communication between fellow workers, good human resource management and optimal work time task design. Meanwhile, the performance load does not affect the performance of welding workers in the welding Keywords: Ergonomics, Surakarta, Welding, Workers

Prediction of quaternary SnGeS2As4 monolayer as a promising photocatalyst for water splitting: a DFT study

Abstract The SnGeS2As4 monolayer was studied by first-principles calculations to estimate its potential for used as photocatalyst in water splitting process. The stability of this structure is confirmed based on the analysis of its phonon dispersion and AIDM simulation. The electronic features including density of state (DOS), band structure, and Bader charge were calculated. These data show the role of each constitute element in the formation of covalent π− and σ−bonds, which play important role in stabilizing the buckled honeycomb structure. Besides, the DOS and band structure also provide information regarding to the high light absorption rate α(ω) of 105–105 cm−1. The positions of valence band maximum (VBM) and conduction band minimum (CBM) are suitable for generation of hydrogen and oxygen gases. The SnGeS2As4 monolayer also has optimal work function 5.16 eV for water splitting process and a rather high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency ηSTH = 13.11%. It is worth to note that SnGeS2As4 monolayers with strains ranging from −2% to 6% are still capable to trigger redox reactions in the water splitting process. Moreover, the tensile trains slightly increase the light absorption rates. Such characteristics not only make SnGeS2As4 monolayer a suitable photocatalyst for water splitting but also ensure its performance in wider range of applications

Dynamic Stiffness Measurements of Road Pavements by Means of Impact Hammer in a Non-Resonant Configuration

The different sources of noise in a vehicle have long been known, and they include noise from the engine and other mechanical parts, aerodynamic noise, and rolling noise. More specifically, the latter concerns the interaction between the tire and the road surface, and so it is also known as Tire–Road Noise (TRN). One of the parameters influencing TRN is pavement stiffness. The empirical measurement of pavement stiffness, and in particular, its frequency spectrum (dynamic stiffness), is not easy to determine, and only in the last decade have studies emerged about this subject. In these works, two different instrumental chains are employed as follows: the impact hammer one and the dynamic exciter (shaker) one, which has established itself over time as a reference. The objective of this work is to develop a system for the dynamic stiffness measurements of road pavements using the impact hammer capable of producing a similar performance to the shaker while minimizing costs. During the work, a measurement aid device named Test Automation Device (TAD) was designed and implemented to increase the quality of the measurements. In line with the practical execution of the measurement, the analysis and the representation of the results were optimized to obtain results that adhere to the stiffness model proposed in the literature. In the present paper, the TAD, the measurement optimization work, the data analysis performed, and the proposed representation method will be described. Finally, we will present the results obtained and possible future perspectives.

Influence of Lubrication Viscosity on Dynamic Characteristics of Full‐Ceramic Bearings

ABSTRACTFull‐ceramic bearings possess numerous exceptional attributes, such as enhanced rigidity and superior resistance to wear. Nevertheless, full‐ceramic bearings consistently encounter elevated temperatures for extended periods of high‐speed operation, which easily affect the processing performance of the equipment. Lubrication viscosity has a significant effect on bearing heat generation, so it is meaningful to approach the effect of lubrication viscosity with respect to the dynamics of full‐ceramic bearings. Full‐ceramic angular contact ball bearings are treated as research objects to analyse their optimal working condition in this article. A coupled fluid–solid simulation model is constructed for analysis of the fluid and solid in the bearing cavity. First, at the conditions of different lubricant viscosity, the oil volume distribution, temperature field distribution in the bearing cavity is analysed. Then, the vibration characteristics of the inner ring is examined by constructing a dynamic model of the inner ring. Meanwhile, temperature and vibration variation of full‐ceramic bearings are verified through experiments under different rotational speeds. The results show that the lubricant volume distribution inside the bearing cavity is nonuniformly distributed, which the lubricant is mainly located in the outer ring groove position. Moreover, elevating the lubricant viscosity within a certain range promotes the enhancement of bearing lubrication properties. The maximum error of the bearing temperature between the simulation results and the experiment is 7.592%. Ultimately, the simulation analysis is validated through experiments, and it provides a theoretical foundation for selecting optimal parameters for the oil–air lubrication of full‐ceramic bearing.

Corporate financial strategies and performance: Insights from China’s Shanghai Stock Exchange

This study investigated the impact of corporate financial strategies-(CFSs) on the performance of companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange-(SSE) from 2010-2023, analyzing data from 2,269 firms, yielding 31,766 balanced firm-year observations. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach with a quasi-experimental design grounded in pragmatism, the inquiry employed two-step System-GMM technique to address endogeneity, simultaneity, heteroscedasticity, reverse causality and Nickell bias. Fixed effects-(FE) and random effects-(RE) models were applied to handle unobserved heterogeneity, omitted variable bias and guarantee robustness. The results revealed that, total-debt-to-assets-ratio-(TDTAR) and dividend yield-(DY) significantly and negatively impacted firm performance-(FP), measured by return on assets-(ROA) and Tobin’s Q-(TQ). Contrary, cash conversion cycle-(CCC), current ratio-(CR), total-assets-turnover-(TAT), tangibility-(TANG), total-equity-to-total-assets ratio-(TETAR), dividend payout ratio-(DPR), firm size-(SIZE), and firm age-(AGE) had a significantly positive effect on FP-(ROA and TQ). The study emphasizes the importance of effective CFSs in improving FP and offers insights for policymakers, investors, and managers, highlighting the need for corporate deleveraging, capital structure optimization and efficient asset and working capital management. Although focused on China, the study’s framework is applicable to other emerging markets, providing valuable theoretical, conceptual, and methodological insights as it integrates CFS metrics into the resource-based view theory-(RBVT), extending the theory’s scope making it more robust and generalizable.

Increasing the value of jackfruit cobs as agricultural waste materials for syrup production by enzymatic hydrolysis using pectinase and cellulose

This research aimed to investigate the optimal working conditions for pectinase and cellulase, evaluate the quality of jackfruit cob syrup, and assess its physical and chemical properties and consumer acceptance. The study began with exploring the optimal conditions for syrup production from jackfruit cobs. The factors studied were the amount of pectinase in 3 levels: 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08%; the amount of cellulase in 2 levels: 0.1 and 0.2%; and the incubated temperature in 3 levels: 40, 45, and 50 °C; the incubated time in 3 levels: 30, 90, and 150 minutes. All 54 conditions were obtained in Factorial experiments in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The physical and chemical properties were analyzed, and the optimal conditions were determined through hierarchical clustering, along with evaluating the physical and chemical properties and consumer acceptance. It was found that the optimum conditions for extraction of jackfruit cob juice include 0.08% pectinase, 0.2% cellulase, incubated temperature at 40 °C, and a curing time of 90 minutes, respectively. The properties of jackfruit cob syrup were as follows: brightness (L*) of 22.77 ±0.04, (a*) of -0.74 ±0.06, and (b*) of 9.16 ±0.43. The light transmittance was 1.99 ±0.01, viscosity was 14.00 ±0.05 centipoise, and pH was 4.75 ±0.10, indicating prebiotic properties. The overall liking score was 7.96. After being informed about the nutritional benefits of jackfruit cob syrup, 85.00% of consumers indicated a willingness to purchase the product. It will add value to the waste jackfruit cob in agriculture to 86 baht per kilogram. Therefore, jackfruit cob syrup is a value-added product that enhances the utilization of agricultural by-products, reduces agricultural waste, and meets consumer demand for healthy food options.

Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of Inorganic Solidified Foam for Forest Fire

ABSTRACTTo optimize the performance of inorganic solidified foam and apply it effectively in forest fire fighting, three different ionic surfactants were combined with four viscosity‐increasing foam stabilizers. Then, the ratio of inorganic solidified foam was changed to investigate the effects of four factors, namely, water–binder ratio, quick‐setting agent dosing, fly ash dosing, and foam dosing, on the foaming multiple and stability of the inorganic solidified foam. Finally, the fluidity and adhesion ability of the inorganic solidified foam were tested with different quick‐setting agent dosages and foam dosages, and the optimal working condition range of the inorganic solidified foam was determined based on the test results. The results showed that when SDS:APG = 7:1, the foaming multiples of the foam were higher and it could reach 52.5 times when the surfactant content in the solution was 1.2 wt%; among the four viscosity‐increasing stabilizers, the stabilizing effect of xanthan gum was the best. The inorganic solidified foam exhibits an extended foaming time when utilizing a water–binder ratio of 0.45 and a fly ash dosage of 0.5. To ensure optimal mobility and a specific adhesion thickness, it is recommended to maintain a foam dosage of 6 V or higher, with mobility falling within the 11–13 range. The preferred ratio for creating inorganic solidified foam involves a water–binder ratio of 0.45, a 0.6 wt% dosage of accelerating agent, a 0.5 fly ash content, and a foam mixing of 7 V.

Immobilization of Tyrosinase on Cu Nanostructures Thin Film as a Potential Tool for Catechol Detection

Catechol, a common environmental pollutant and a by-product of many industrial processes, poses a potential threat to the ecosystem and human health. Therefore, the accurate and sensitive detection of catechol is of paramount importance for a wide variety of scientific studies and industrial applications. Immobilized tyrosinase is a valuable tool for facilitating the development of potential phenolic detection applications. This study performed the immobilization of tyrosinase on Cu nanostructures thin film (tyrosinase/Cu NSs-TF) for catechol detection and investigated the optimum working conditions. The successful immobilization process was determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimum pH and temperature for tyrosinase/Cu NSs-TF were 7.0 and 30°C, respectively. Concerning the reusability of tyrosinase/Cu NSs-TF, it retained over 73% of its activity after the first two replicates and 51.67% after the sixth replicate. When the storage stability of tyrosinase/Cu NSs-TF was investigated at 4°C, it was found that 52.42% of the initial activity was retained until the seventh day. A spectrophotometric method was used for catechol detection. Tyrosinase/Cu NSs-TF displayed a linear response to the concentrations of catechol in the range of 2-90 µM. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 7.73 µM and 25.76 µM, respectively. A recovery study was performed with tap water spiked with catechol at concentrations of 30 µM, 60 µM, and 90 µM, yielding recovery rates of 104.44%, 99.58%, and 101.53%, respectively. The results show that tyrosinase/Cu NSs-TF may be a promising approach for catechol detection in water.

Gas Sensor for Efficient Acetone Detection and Application Based on Au-Modified ZnO Porous Nanofoam.

Toxic acetone gas emissions and leakage are a potential threat to the environment and human health. Gas sensors founded on metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) have become an effective strategy for toxic gas detection with their mature process. In the present work, an efficient acetone gas sensor based on Au-modified ZnO porous nanofoam (Au/ZnO) is synthesized by polyvinylpyrrolidone-blowing followed by a calcination method. XRD and XPS spectra were utilized to investigate its structure, while SEM and TEM characterized its morphology. The gas sensitivity of the Au/ZnO sensors was investigated in a static test system. The results reveal that the gas-sensitive performance of porous ZnO toward the acetone can be enhanced by adjusting the loading ratio of noble Au nanoparticles. Specifically, the Au/ZnO sensor prepared by the Au loading ratio of 3.0% (Au/ZnO-3.0%) achieved a 100 ppm acetone gas response of 20.02 at the optimum working temperature of 275 °C. Additionally, a portable electronic device used a STM32 primary control chip to integrate the Au/ZnO-3.0% gas sensor with other modules to achieve the function of detecting and alarming toxic acetone gas. This work is of great significance for efficiently detecting and reducing acetone emissions.

甘薯切蔓机关键部件设计及试验研究

In response to technical challenges such as the difficulty in cutting long sweet potato vines in ridge furrows, low stem crushing rate, long stubble residues, and sweet high potato damage rate with the direct shredding and returning machine for sweet potato vines, this study conducted research on ridge furrow long vine removal and crushing technology, as well as optimization experiments on operating parameters. A ridge furrow boot-type vine picking knife structure, a "dynamic embedding static" shaft end anti-entanglement mechanism, and a ridge-like crushing chamber structure were designed. A high-efficiency sweet potato vine shredding and returning machine was developed, with ridge surface vine length qualification rate and ridge top stubble height as the main control indicators. The study conducted a 3-factor, 3-level orthogonal experiment in typical regions to analyze the factors of machine forward speed, knife roller speed, and ground clearance height, which significantly influence the performance. The results indicate that the optimal working parameters for the sweet potato vine cutting machine are a knife roller speed of 2000 r/min, a forward speed of 0.6 m s-1, and a ground clearance height of 10 mm. The vine crushing length qualification rate reached 94%, and the stubble height of 5.3 cm exceeded the various indicators, meeting the agricultural requirements for sweet potato harvesting.

Organizational Metrics of Technology Use and the Transparency Paradox

Metrics are increasingly used by organizations to communicate and evaluate how employees’ actions align with organizational goals. In practice, metrics provide a mechanism for making some work visible, but in doing so can create a paradox whereby it is more difficult to understand what behaviors are contributing to outcomes. This study focused on the use of TechMetric, a composite score reflecting online behaviors at Beta Corp., a large multinational technology-consulting organization. Ethnographic research captured the communication surrounding the introduction of TechMetric. Our findings showed that the implementation of TechMetric created situations in which the use of metrics communicated a shift in what managers prioritized and ultimately discouraged desired behaviors and undermined optimal work routines. This research makes an important contribution to the study of organizational metrics by illustrating how the measurement of workers’ behaviors can enact distinct tensions. Further, the communicative efforts to navigate those tensions can produce paradoxical outcomes.

Design and Testing of a Low-Speed, High-Frequency Straw Chopping and Returning Machine Using a Constant Breath Cam Mechanism

Straw incorporation offers significant advantages in agricultural crop cultivation systems. Mechanized methods constitute the predominant approach, potentially reducing yield costs and enhancing operational efficiency. The imperative to enhance the quality of straw chopping within the field is of particular significance, as suboptimal chopping quality can engender a cascade of issues, particularly seeding blockages. The straw chopping pass rate (CPR) is a pivotal metric for assessing the quality of straw chopping. Therefore, enhancing the CPR during the straw chopping process is necessary. This study introduces a novel maize-straw-chopping device with the ground as its supporting base. This device facilitates the rapid vertical chopping of maize straw through a constant breath cam transmission mechanism. Critical parameters were determined to optimize the performance of the chopping device by establishing mathematical models and kinematic simulation analysis methods. With the help of Rocky 2022.R2 software, the influence of the rotational velocity of the draft, tractor velocity, and blade edge angles on the CPR during the operation of the device was analyzed. The Box–Behnken test methodology was used to carry out a three-factor, three-level orthogonal rotation test to obtain the optimal working parameter combination. The results indicated that the maximum CPR value was achieved with a draft rotational velocity of 245 rpm, a tractor velocity of 3.8 km/h, and a blade edge angle of 20.75°. Finally, field validation experiments were conducted under these optimized conditions, with the average CPR of maize straw reaching an impressive 91.45%. These findings have significant implications for enhancing crop production practices.

Reformation of a Clinical Anti-Drug Antibody Assay to Enable the Immunogenicity Assessment of a Bispecific Antibody Biotherapeutic.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based anti-drug antibody (ADA) assay was developed to support the clinical development of a bispecific antibody biotherapeutic anti-A/B. This anti-A/B clinical ADA Version 1 (V1) assay was successfully validated initially using commercial samples from the target indication. However, applying the validation cut point factors (CPFs) led to a high untreated ADA positive rate in the Phase 1 study baseline sample analysis. While implementing the in-study CPFs was effective to mitigate the high baseline prevalence, this led to unfavorable assay sensitivity with no drug tolerance, which necessitated an assay re-optimization. The re-optimized Version 2 assay (V2) was able to mitigate the matrix interference observed in the clinical sample testing using the V1 assay, proven to be a more suitable method. The V2 assay optimization work was discussed, and the performance of the V1 and V2 assays during validation and clinical sample analysis was compared. Preliminary sample testing results generated using the two versions of the assay were compared and the ADA clinical impact was discussed. Our experience insinuates that a successfully validated method does not guarantee to be appropriate for sample testing. Adjustments of the method may be required to ensure that it performs as expected during sample testing and throughout the assay's lifecycle. This work highlights the importance of verifying the assay suitability during clinical sample testing and making appropriate adjustments as needed, especially in the first clinical study and the first study for a new indication.

Effect of V addition on hot deformation behavior of Fe-8Mn-7Al-5Ni-xV-0.3C low-density steel

In this work, the hot deformation behavior of Fe-8Mn-7Al-5Ni- xV( x = 0, 0.4, 0.8)-0.3C low-density steel has been investigated at 950, 1000, and 1050 °C, along with strain rates of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 s−1. The constitutive equation and processing maps are established, and the microstructure of unstable regions and the influence of V element on DRX are analyzed. The optimum hot working conditions of 0 V steel, 0.4 V steel, and 0.8 V experimental steel fall within a strain rate of 0.01∼0.02 s−1. The optimum deformation temperatures are about 950 °C, 1050 °C, and 950∼970 °C or 1020∼1050 °C, respectively. Adding V element leads to the formation of the VC precipitation phase in ferrite, consuming many carbon atoms and weakening austenite stability in the steel.

Predicting circadian phase in community-dwelling later-life adults using actigraphy data.

The accurate estimation of circadian phase in the real-world has a variety of applications, including chronotherapeutic drug delivery, reduction of fatigue, and optimal jet lag or shift work scheduling. Recent work has developed and adapted algorithms to predict time-consuming and costly laboratory circadian phase measurements using mathematical models with actigraphy or other wearable data. Here, we validate and extend these results in a home-based cohort of later-life adults, ranging in age from 58 to 86 years. Analysis of this population serves as a valuable extension to our understanding of phase prediction, since key features of circadian timekeeping (including circadian amplitude, response to light stimuli, and susceptibility to circadian misalignment) may become altered in older populations and when observed in real-life settings. We assessed the ability of four models to predict ground truth dim light melatonin onset, and found that all the models could generate predictions with mean absolute errors of approximately 1.4 h or below using actigraph activity data. Simulations of the model with activity performed as well or better than the light-based modelling predictions, validating previous findings in this novel cohort. Interestingly, the models performed comparably to actigraph-derived sleep metrics, with the higher-order and nonphotic activity-based models in particular demonstrating superior performance. This work provides evidence that circadian rhythms can be reasonably estimated in later-life adults living in home settings through mathematical modelling of data from wearable devices.

Design and Analysis of an Electric Integrated Work Vehicle for Corn Intertillage Fertilization and Pesticide Spraying

In response to the situation in the Huanghuai region, where corn fertilization and pesticide application primarily rely on manual methods such as hand broadcasting fertilizer and using manual backpack sprayers, resulting in low levels of mechanization, this study designed an electric integrated work vehicle in line with the trend of developing new energy. The vehicle is powered by six 12 V, 100 Ah lead-acid batteries and integrates the functions of fertilization and pesticide spraying. It can achieve precise hole-fertilization, applying fertilizer to a depth of 100 to 150 mm near the roots of corn, and can also perform multi-row pesticide spraying. The vehicle’s electronic control system is divided into two functional areas: 220 V and 24 V. The walking system uses a 220 V, 2 kW AC servo motor, which is driven by converting the voltage of the 72 V battery group into a 220 V sine wave AC through an inverter, and the motor speed can be adjusted. The working width is adjusted by two fixed electric cylinders at the top of the rear wheel frame. The user can preset the width through the control panel, and during operation, the electric cylinders can be automatically controlled to the optimal working width via a whisker-type limit switch. Analysis using ADAMS software shows that when the vehicle speed is 2, 3, and 5 km per hour, the opening angles of the duckbill controller are 66°, 58°, and 48°, respectively, indicating that the higher the speed, the smaller the opening angle. This shortens the fertilization interval time and makes the fertilization spacing more stable. The maximum opening angle of the adjacent duckbill is 25°, indicating that the fertilization amount remains stable. When the vehicle is moving in reverse, the duckbill always remains closed, and at different speeds, the opening angle change curve of the duckbill controller is smooth and regular. This vehicle significantly improves the efficiency and precision of corn planting. However, improvements are still needed in battery technology, control system optimization, and the high cost of electric agricultural machinery to promote the widespread application of agricultural mechanization.

Hot Deformation Behavior and Hot Processing Map of 50CrVA Spring Steel

It is important to explore the hot deformation behavior and establish the hot processing map of steel to design and optimize the hot rolling process. In this paper, 50CrVA spring steel was used as the experimental material. Single-pass compression tests were performed at 850–1150 °C and 0.01–5 s−1 on an MMS-300 thermo-mechanical simulation testing machine to investigate the hot deformation behavior and establish the hot processing map. The results show that as the strain rate increases and the deformation temperature decreases, the flow stress of 50CrVA spring steel increases. The constitutive equation of 50CrVA spring steel is ε˙=1.01×1014[sinh(0.0094σp)]4.53exp(−364,470RT). The dynamic recrystallization critical strain model is εc=4.19×10−3Z7.31×10−2. A hot processing map of 50CrVA spring steel was constructed to determine the plastic instability region and optimal hot working region.