British Working Research Articles

The subject of Kazakhstan in English minor genres of literary publicist

Relevance. The relevance of the study is that the subject of Kazakhstan can be traced in the history of minor literary genres through the prism of the relationship between English and Kazakh literature, which is most often manifested in the genres of ideological enlightenment and travel. English researchers have published numerous reference books and encyclopedias on the geography, anthropology, and ethnography of the peoples of Asia. The English works of the 19th century contain a large amount of information about the Kazakhs, who at that time lived in Germany, France, England, and other countries. One of the important sources of the subject of Kazakhstan is the corresponding essays and diaries presented in the journals of English literary critics. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to consider artistic materials that reflect the subject of Kazakhstan in English interpretation. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study consisted of the following approaches: historical, retrospective, and systemic. Results. Foreign travellers who visited the steppe lands often wrote travel notes and letters under the impressions, in which they characterised the spiritual, traditional, and everyday creativity of the peoples of those areas, introducing the inhabitants of Europe to the preserved way of life of a distant land located on the territory of the modern Republic of Kazakhstan. Since with the advancement of maritime and economic aspects, the activity in the discovery and development of unexplored countries for the purpose of trade has increased. English merchants of that time actively used the routes through Asia for expeditions, which further expanded trade relations. Kazakh-Anglo-American literary ties in the last century are one of the important facets of the spiritual culture of the people of Kazakhstan. Conclusions. The practical value lies in highlighting the main subjects and materials of the Kazakh people in English minor literary genres.

Groups of Non-Conventional Means Referring to Time in Literary Texts.

The paper is an extensive analysis of literary texts spanning different eras, genres, and languages (including the epic of Gilgamesh, Russian works by A. P. Chekhov, S. Dovlatov, G. G. Demidov, as well as English works by W. Shakespeare, R. P. Warren, W. Faulkner, K. Vonnegut). Through this analysis, the author identified a common poetic feature shared by these works: the utilization of both conventional and non-conventional means to convey the passage of time. The objective of the study was to examine and categorize these non-conventional means according to their respective referential spheres, as well as to elucidate their functions within literary texts. Four main groups were identified, encompassing references to food, human physiology, events or objects in the characters’ living spaces, and processes in nature. The study reveals that non-conventional methods of conveying time in literature are considered archaic; however, they are still widely employed to personalize characters’ perception of time and highlight its psychological aspect. The temporality of these methods is generally reinforced through the use of adverbs, prepositions, or grammatical structures that indicate time. In conclusion, it is established that due to the directional nature of time, its fluidity, and the inevitability of approaching death, authors strive to find ways to capture and define time, giving it tangible forms, and in doing so, the past becomes alive once more.

Hyperplastic, dysplastic and neoplastic lesions associated with a model of carcinogenesis induced by DMBA in the salivary glands of BALB-c mice

The aim of this work was to develop a mouse model of submandibular salivary gland carcinogenesis by chemical induction and to perform a revision of the literature on similar models using the carcinogen 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The descriptive review was carried out on published works in English and Spanish languages, from the period 1977-2023, which included different animal models of chemical carcinogenesis induced by DMBA in salivary glands. Articles were reviewed in order to analyze the effectiveness of the carcinogenesis induction. For our model, BALB/c mice were used. Animals were anesthetized and after surgery to expose the submandibular gland, each mouse was injected with solution of DMBA 2% in corn oil. Mice were monitored weekly until sacrifice at week 12. The samples were processed with the routine histological methods. The results from the descriptive review showed that DMBA is mainly administered by Intraglandular injections into the submandibular glands after surgical exposure, being both pellets and solutions used for the induction, and rats more common than mice. This revision summarizes the research results of previous studies and demonstrates which model has greater reproducibility. Our results showed that one single injection of DMBA directly into the surgically exposed submandibular gland was an optimal technique to induce the tumor at the desired site. Edema was observed in the surgical area during the first 2 weeks. From week 5, the mice presented internal hardness and hair loss in the glandular area; 50% of the animals presented palpable and measurable tumor masses from week 10. Microscopic observations showed that 89% of the mice developed malignant neoplasms: Carcinomas in situ, micro-invasive and invasive (6/8); sarcomas (1/8), and carcinosarcoma (1/8). Associated lesions were atypical ductal hyperplasia; periductal fibrosis, and sarcomatous stroma. This model marks a difference with the subcutaneous injection technique, without surgery, which does not allow the carcinogen to be adequately directed to the gland.

Working Like a Dog: Canine Labour, Technological Unemployment, and Extinction in Industrialising England

The turnspit dog, an extinct breed, powered English roasting spits from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries by rotating an apparatus comparable to a hamster wheel. It was not merely a working breed, however. It was an animal labourer. Breeders bred it solely for work. Contemporaries conceived of it as an industrious worker intrinsic to food production. Despite its importance, owners treated it contemptuously due to its utilitarian nature. Cooks replaced the dog with a machine, the smoke-jack, once the latter proved reliable. Rather than repackage it as a companion, the English ceased breeding it due to its inextricable connection with a disparaged trade. Industrialisation’s upheaval triggered the turnspit’s extinction by 1850. Examining its decline explicates how technological unemployment wrought catastrophic change on nonhumans. Elucidating comparable disturbances within cottage industry labour for canines and English workers provides scholars with a more-than-human understanding of industrialisation’s ramifications. Furthermore, uniting animal and labour history reconceives current theorisations of historical animals, affirms working animals’ past contributions and highlights their importance as labourers.

A Study on the Compilation and Publication of Lin Yutang’s English Works under Multimedia and the Understanding of Cultural Hedging in the New Era

Abstract The cultural hedging and fusion of the new era embodied in literary works is of great significance to the communication, development, and prosperity of Chinese and Western cultures. This paper selects the English works compiled and published by Lin Yutang as the research object and analyzes the communication value generated in the process of its compilation and publication. After designing a questionnaire qualified by reliability and relevance analysis, the questionnaire is used to investigate the audience’s exposure to English works and the degree of understanding of the newage cultural hedging embodied in the works. The results of the survey show that multimedia has become the main channel for audiences to access Lin Yutang’s English works. The audience’s understanding of the new age cultural hedges embodied in the works is poor; the acceptance of the new age cultural hedges is at a medium level (3.514 points), and there is a significant correlation between the acceptance level and the understanding effect. It is also found that the multimedia communication method consisting of video and text in a compiled publication has the best comprehension effect (4.857 points) on the new age cultural hedging of the audience. This paper provides a reference path for the compilation and publication of Lin Yutang’s English works under multimedia and lays a foundation for deepening the audience’s understanding of the new age cultural hedge.

Ecological education of students of oil and chemical technology majors

Tatarstan is one of the leaders of oil industry in Russia as well as chemical industry but has certain ecological problems such as pollution of the air, earth and water, destroying natural reservations and garbage throwing. The system of forming ecological style of mind of students of the region includes special subjects as well as a list of humanitarian subjects such as “English for special purpose” and “Literature”. The purpose of the paper is to present a system of forming ecological way of thinking of students of oil and chemical technology majors through lessons of English, paying special attention to formation of productive skills. The methodology of the study is based on a set of methods: the research method, the comparative typological method, and the heuristic method. The elements of ecological education are included in any stage of training English skills and the local ecological problems are reflected. The tasks in question are presented in the form of texts of ecological theme with open tasks and partially open tasks following. The climax is the defending of diploma work in English which includes ecological issues.

Speech Features of a Character as a Means of Interpreting a Literary Image

This article analyzes lexical and syntactical expressive means used by the authors of literary works in English and German to create characters’ images. Among the most common means is the use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and elements of expressive syntax. Emotional and evaluative vocabulary and syntactical stylistic devices are widely used in English and German Literature as universal notions inherent in human communication, mental activity and speech activity. It has been proven that a deep and complete interpretation of a work, an understanding of the author’s ideas, social and moral meanings are impossible without the analysis of literary images, and this plays an important role in the development and transmission of basic ideas and concepts of a literary work.

Bleeding Stubs and the Evolution of African Writing: Navigating Standard English and Uncertain Linguistic Futures

Several African novels and short stories have been analysed linguistically. The authors of those analytical articles found that some of the stories employed the linguistic style set by the authors Chinua Achebe and Flora Nwapa. A major characteristic of this writing style is the use of African English or a blend with standard English. Language evolves regionally, so for this article, standard English refers to any English used by the VOA, BBC, British Royal Family, or even Brits in a pub, including UK and US slang relevant to the novel’s setting. It excludes English spoken by learners. The researcher considers this definition broad and lenient. African English refers to varieties of the English language spoken and written across Africa, often influenced by local languages and cultures, resulting in unique expressions and idiomatic usage. It encompasses different forms, including Nigerian English, Kenyan English and South African English, reflecting the diverse linguistic landscape of the continent. African literary researchers often show a strong interest in novels written in African English because these works reflect the linguistic diversity, cultural identity, and lived experiences of African communities. Nevertheless, many African authors write in Standard English. The academic discussion reveals that the debate on language choice in African literature is ongoing. This paper provides an overview of the English styles used by African authors and highlights the uncertainty regarding the future of African literature due to a lack of credible sources on current trends. The paper then analyses the style of African works in standard English alongside African English. For the purposes of this article, the researcher chooses Donald Besong’s Bleeding Stubs, which has not been analysed previously, to represent standard English works. The selection of Bleeding Stubs is based on its brevity, recent publication, and its setting in Cameroon—a country with limited representation in fiction. The paper concludes that the preferred language style for African authors remains fluid. Finally, it recommends fostering improved reading habits on the continent, encouraging greater engagement with the global reading community. This would lead to better career progression in various fields, create more internationally marketable writers, and enable them to use their incomes to support the development of African languages, reducing the reliance on English for expressing African pride.

Means of Representing the Concept of “Travel” as a Concept in Russian, English and Chinese Linguocultures

The article is devoted to the features of the use of means of representing the concept of “travel” as a concept in Russian, English and Chinese linguistic cultures. The empirical basis for the analysis were the texts of literary works of Russian, English and Chinese authors of the 18th century. The choice of this period was made due to the absence of intensive globalization in that time, including linguistics, which allows one to speak about the minimal impact of the external environment on the formation of the same concept and the maximum level of reflection in it of the national specifics of the represented linguistic cultures. Fundamentally different linguistic cultures were chosen as the basis for the study: Russian, English and Chinese. The study reveals the need to use an interdisciplinary approach in linguistics, the possibilities of which can be realized through the study of verbal representatives of the concept in question in languages of different structure. The research is using methods of content analysis, comparative analysis, synthesis, and modeling. A comprehensive analysis consisting of three stages was carried out. At the first stage, the categories of the concept were described, denoting journey, end points, means of transportation, units of measurement, which made it possible to identify the semantic volume of the concept, i. e. its core zone. At the second stage, a contextual analysis of additional features of this concept was carried out, which are determined by the peculiarities of the geographical location and social structure of the three countries. At the third stage, the peripheral zone of the concept under consideration was explored, revealing its representation using expressive means. At the end of the study, it was proven that national linguocultural features determine the specificity of the means of representing the concept of “travel” in the works “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by Alexander N. Radishchev, “Journey to the West” by Wu Cheng’en and “Robinson Crusoe” by Daniel Defoe.

The dividing question as a hedging tool in the dialogues of the British working class

The subject of the study is the dividing issues-hedges in the speech of the British working class. The purpose of the work is to determine the features of their functioning as a means of speech fencing (hedging). The main communicative tasks for which representatives of the British working class resort to using the structure of the dividing question in order to hedge their statements are identified: expression of opinion, criticism, statement of fact, assumption, proposal, demand, request for information and intention. A number of patterns have also been identified when using ascending or descending nuclear tones in the second half of the dividing questions used as hedges. The material of the study is the dialogues of the characters, representatives of the modern London working class, of the movie "Sorry We Missed You" (2019, directed by K. Loach) in the original language. The work uses linguistic and contextual analysis in order to classify the research material. Audit and electroacoustic analysis of statements were also carried out using the Praat program. The novelty of the study lies in the choice of material and subject of the study: the film "Sorry We Missed You" has not been considered by linguists as a material for analyzing the rhythmic dynamics of English speech, and the features of hedging in communication of the British working class remain extremely poorly studied. The study showed that hedging, allowing communicants to maintain each other's personal boundaries, is not always a means of making a statement polite, as it is often used even in conflict situations. The emotional state of the addressee does not reduce the need to apply a speech separation strategy (including using the structure of the dividing question), but it affects its rhythmic and melodic design. Other important factors in choosing the intonation of hedges are the desire to continue or end the conversation, as well as the gender of the speaker.

Переклад дієслів, що вводять пряму мову, у британській літературі (на прикладі серії романів Дж. Страуда «Агенція «Локвуд і Ко»)

The peculiarities of the Ukrainian translation of verbs that introduce direct speech in the texts of works of British fiction are clarified in the article. The texts of the Ukrainian translations of Jonathan Stroud’s «Lockwood & Co.» series of novels are analyzed by the author. It was found out that the problem of semantic and stylistic interpretation of direct speech and the selection of verbs that introduce direct speech when translating English works of fiction into Ukrainian is a constantly relevant one and causes active discussions among translation experts, linguists and critics. In particular, there are significant differences in the opinions of scientists regarding the expediency and legality of using lexical substitutions to specify verbs when translating into Ukrainian. While some researchers believe that translators do not sufficiently use the synonymous variety of the Ukrainian language in order to diversify it and emphasize the artistic text, other translation experts and critics are convinced that such translation substitutions are unacceptable changes to the original artistic text and demonstrate an incorrect the translator’s approach to their work. Thus, translation techniques, which some scholars consider to be successful and creative tools that help to align the original text with the norms of Ukrainian stylistics, others consider to be a serious violation and unlawful distortion of the original author’s artistic work. It has been proved that the second approach is typical for researchers from Western countries, which is largely caused by the peculiarities of cultures and, as a result, is reflected in the norms of western European languages.

The Impact of Extended Studying Time in the Full-Day School Program on Students’ EFL Learning Concentration

There has been a long-standing debate about the significance of extending school hours in many parts of the world. In Indonesia, an extended school time up to ten hours a day, the so-called Full-Day School (FDS), has been executed by the government for the last few years. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the program particularly on students’ learning concentration. A survey study with the causal comparative design was adopted for this purpose. The study randomly recruited a 15-percent sample of students from two schools (one FDS and one non-FDS), while four teachers of English working at the FDS voluntarily participated in the study. Data were gathered through questionnaire and interview. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was administered to student respondents to collect data on their learning concentration. A semi-structured interview with teachers was conducted to elicit data on their perspective on students’ learning concentration in classroom. Result of questionnaire data analysis has shown that the extended school time in FDS program brings no impact on students’ learning concentration, it has diminished students’ learning concentration instead. Teachers’ pros and cons and two-folded views of FDS program and their students’ learning concentration neither support nor oppose the program with its impact. Thus, the implementation of FDS can be considered fruitless and, therefore, not recommended. However, further studies with larger sample and that utilize observations are encouraged to see consistency of this research finding.

A cross-cultural study of giving and responding to some compliments in English and in Vietnamese

Complimenting and responding to compliments reflect the
 norms and values of a nation and a country and are also expressed
 differently across cultures. In this article, the author conducts a
 cross-cultural study on giving and responding to compliments in
 English and in Vietnamese. The purpose of this study was to
 investigate how people give and respond to compliments in English
 and in Vietnamese and analyze and compare them to find similarities
 and differences. This analysis and comparison can help learners
 understand and use the target language appropriately so that cultural
 bottlenecks and communication breakdown can be avoided. This
 study used a quantitative technique method and was conducted using
 a questionnaire, focusing on how to give compliments and feedback
 about their appearance, assets, or work in English and Vietnamese.
 The findings of this study on compliments are useful in teaching
 English to Vietnamese as well as teaching Vietnamese to foreigners.
 The act of complimenting and responding to compliments - an aspect
 of communicative competence-needs to be carefully observed in
 order to maintain good relations among people in society.

Worlding Chinese environmental geographies: A systematic, bilingual literature review

This bilingual systematic review captures 10 years (2010–2020) of debates and evidence from human geography research that foregrounds the lived experiences of Chinese citizens in accounts of environmental change. In this first bilingual review of everyday environmental geographies, we analyse 157 papers from 10 English and 10 mainland Chinese journals, using a range of thematic categorisations to capture qualitative environment–society research on China. Given the quantitative disparity between Chinese (128) and English (29) papers, we focus primarily on the Chinese literature but bring this into conversation with work in English, identifying the conceptual and theoretical foundations and empirical insights of both, and considering current debates and gaps in environmental research in, and on China. Our review contributes to calls within geography to recognise the importance of regional knowledge production, the need to move beyond Anglophone linguistic and epistemic privilege, and the need for better knowledge to be produced that represents the diverse lived experience of people in China and pushes for better outcomes. In our discussion, we identify key areas for future theoretical, thematic, methodological, and empirical inquiry in environmental geographies of China.

Prospects for the use of probiotic organisms to develop alternative strategies for disinfection and prevention of infectious diseases

Introduction: An important feature of microorganisms is the ability to adapt to adverse external influences, including the development of multiple antimicrobial resistance, leading to such negative consequences for humans as nosocomial infections, problems with cleaning rooms, medical and industrial equipment. The active use of chemical disinfectants for high-quality disinfection and cleaning has a number of disadvantages, including the risks of pathogens with new mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents. The search for new, effective and safe antimicrobial agents as an alternative to chemical disinfectants is relevant. The use of probiotic strains of microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria, in this capacity may be a promising area of research.Objective: to analyze the literature data on studies of the potential of probiotic organisms, including lactic acid bacteria, to develop alternative disinfection and prevention strategies.Materials and methods: This review of the subject field has been prepared based on the guiding principles of PRISMA-ScR. SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and RSCI databases were used. The works in Russian and English were considered, for the period 1995-2023.Results: The review included 89 articles exploring the disadvantages of traditional disinfection methods and the search for alternative sanitation strategies. The description of various solutions for the introduction of probiotic purification methods is systematized – using bacteriophages, probiotic microorganisms of R. Bacillus and representatives of lactic acid bacteria as active agents.Conclusions: A system of sanitary measures based on probiotic biodesinfectants, including lactic acid bacteria, can be included among the tools for countering pathogens, including their biofilms and forms with multidrug resistance. The introduction of a probiotic hygienic cleaning system, without having a negative impact on the environment, can increase the effectiveness of traditional hygienic preventive measures both in medical institutions and in production.

Who’s Afraid of Italo Svevo? Routes of European Modernism between Trieste and Virginia Woolf’s London

Abstract The Triestine author Italo Svevo spent a considerable amount of time in London and its environs between 1901 and 1926. His experiences there influenced his modernist writing, including Zeno’s Conscience, his most famous novel. Leonard and Virginia Woolf’s Hogarth Press was the first to publish Svevo’s work in English. His story “The Hoax” marked their first translation from Italian and his short story collection The Nice Old Man and the Pretty Girl and Other Stories their second, helping shape the press’s international modernist program. Despite residing in the same quickly changing city in the same period and despite their literary connections, Svevo and Virginia Woolf have rarely been compared. They have been difficult to envision together in part because their gender, backgrounds, and nationalities separate them. By exploring Woolf’s and Svevo’s shared modernist networks, including London’s influence and Hogarth Press, this article reveals Svevo’s significance as an author who has not easily fit Anglophone paradigms of modernist fiction and whose associations with Woolf contribute to the growing challenges to nation-based literary histories.

Analyzing the Emotional Characteristics of British and American Literature by Combining Semiotics and the Operational Model of Thinking

Abstract This paper first analyzes the emotional features of English and American literary works by combining semiotics of interactivity, language class emotional context and thinking operation model. Then, a B-Feature-BP text emotion feature construction model is constructed on the basis of the BRET model combined with the BP neural network, and the emotion features of English and American literary works are constructed by combining semiotics and the thought operation model. Then, based on the multi-task learning method in deep learning, a multi-task MT-GSU model is proposed to classify and recognize the emotional features of constructed text. Finally, the performance of constructing, classifying and recognizing the emotional features of English and American literary works in this paper is analyzed so as to analyze the emotional features of English and American literary works. The results show that the performance of the constructed emotional features is all greater than 0.8, and the emotional features of the characters, the environment, and the whole of the English and American literary works are above 0.87, and the classification time is between [0.338,0.721]s. The intensity of tendency of the characteristics of the emotions of the works of English and American literature is [0.68,0.78], the intensity of stability is [0.6,0.74], the intensity of profundity is [0.71,0.79], and the intensity of efficacy is [0.72,0.82]. This study has a positive impact on the appreciation and translation of English and American literary works.

Translation as an Ideological Practice in Abulhawa’s Mornings in Jenin

This paper adopts Mona Baker’s narrative theory to examine the translation of Susan Abulhawa’s Mornings in Jenin. In her work in English, Abulhawa provides her autonomous account of the story of the Israeli occupation of Palestine. The paper uses narrative theory to explore how the translator reframes the conflict by accentuating the parts portraying Palestinians as victims and by changing certain aspects in the representation of the Palestinian culture in Arabic. The researchers detect some patterns of interferences that influence readers’ reception of the Israeli occupation following the 1948 events (The Nakba). The translator seems to bring the text back to its original homeland by making amendments compatible with her own views and with the norms of target Arab readers. Keywords: Translation; Narrative Theory; Reframing; Activism, Ideology.

The Significance of Teaching English literature in Schools in Iraq

The teaching of English literature in schools in Iraq has been a topic of debate for a long time. While some believe that teaching English literature is not important, others argue that it is crucial for the development of students' language skills, critical thinking abilities, and cultural awareness. This article presents an analysis of the importance of teaching English literature in schools in Iraq, highlighting the benefits that students can derive from the study of literary works in English. The article also discusses the challenges that teachers face in teaching English literature in Iraq and suggests possible solutions to address these challenges. English literature is a valuable field of study that plays an important role in the development of language and communication skills. Despite its significance, English literature is often overlooked in the Iraqi education system. This article aims to highlight the importance of teaching English literature in schools in Iraq, and the benefits that it can offer students. The article presents a problem statement, objectives, findings, and a conclusion based on a thorough analysis of relevant literature and studies.

REACT MODEL and Teaching the Area of English Literature Focus

The REACT methodology has been used to teach literary works in English. Students should be able to apply new knowledge and abilities to real-world circumstances, discuss and exchange information (work in pairs) in order to address problematic issues as a result of teaching. This methodology is intended to aid students in evaluating their prior knowledge and, as a result, improve their ability to comprehend the text at hand. Learning about English through literature is a common goal of English language education. It gives students a better understanding of the societal and political context of the target language society, as well as how a particular community communicates. This study highlights the significance of employing the REACT approach while educating students about literature. In other words, there are two parts to it: information on the REACT paradigm, and information on literature. In the end, the researcher reaches some findings.