Sum Of Words Research Articles

Specific Language As Constituents of Intelligence

The Article This article presented evidence for empirical associations between specific units of language units (distinct from global verbal ability) and cognitive abilities. The authors provided a principal hypothesis that specific language units (precise words and phrases) might function as units of analysis for understanding individual differences in global cognitive abilities, including intelligence. The study revealed that productive use of specific language in persuasive essays predicted cognitive ability scores on the Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT). A modest sum of particular words used (range: 0-7) correlated with cognitive factors almost as highly as the ability tests intercorrelated.

Ewolucja znaczenia słowa w matematyce jako problem dydaktyczny

Ewolucja znaczenia słowa w matematyce jako problem dydaktyczny

Effects of ageing on prefrontal temporal cortical network function in healthy volunteers as assessed by COWA: An exploratory survey

The prefrontal temporal cortical network (PFTCN) is a crucial part of a widely distributed neural network which has been shown (a) to subserve language function; (b) to modulate the cognitive circuits that are linked with work production; and (c) to organise thinking and develop word-search strategies. Dysfunction of the PFTCN has been reported in very early states of the dementing process. However, the functional state of the PFTCN during ageing in healthy volunteers remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of ageing, total years of education and use of caffeine and nicotine on Controlled Word Association Test (COWA) performance, a measure of PFTCN function. All subjects were mentally and physically healthy based on self-report and history, and were free of any medication at the time of the test. The COWA (also known as the Verbal Fluency Test or the FAS test) was used to investigate the functional state of the PFTCN. The total score is presented as the sum of all acceptable words generated. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the data. COWA scores did not correlate with caffeine or nicotine intake. However, there was a significant linear relationship between total years of education and COWA scores. Age-related changes were noted. A significant quadratic trend was observed in which subjects at both extremes of the age spectrum demonstrated poorer COWA performance. Due to limitations of our data, findings are suggestive of this trend in females but inconclusive vis a vis a possible ageing-related effect for males. These results might suggest that normal ageing-related changes as they involve the PFTCN are observed in females and, pending further studies, may differentially affect males and females. Furthermore, demographic variables such as education must be taken into account in studies in which the COWA is used. However, further studies are required in order to investigate the functional state of the PFTCN in dementia-related disorders.

Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the CVLT (Dementia Version)

This study investigated the convergent and discriminant validity of the 9-item “dementia version” of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-9) in a sample of 130 geriatric patients evaluated for memory complaints. Moderate correlations were observed between the CVLT-9 sum of words recalled for trials 1–5 (Trial 1–5 Recall) and Long-Delay Free Recall (LDFR) measures and the immediate and delayed Logical Memory (LM I and LM II) and Visual Reproduction (VR I and VR II) subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). However, the CVLT-9 Trial 1–5 Recall and VR I measures demonstrated significant correlations with a number of additional measures of language and visuospatial ability. The CVLT-9 LDFR, and the WMS-R LM I, LM II, and VR II showed less overlap with non-episodic memory functioning. A principal components analysis yielded a three-component solution consisting of a general or “g” component, a specific memory component, and a mood component. The CVLT-9 Trial 1–5 Recall and VR I loaded on both the “g” and the memory components, whereas LM I, LM II, and VR II loaded on only the memory component. We conclude that the CVLT-9 Trial 1–5 Recall and VR I demonstrate low discriminant validity, suggesting diminished specificity as memory measures.

Line Codes for Optical Fibre Communication Systems

In this paper, different line codes used for digital optical fibre communication have been reviewed. The required minimum redundancy and the bound on the digital sum of the code words of block codes which use alternate coding technique have been given. Code tables and the properties of 1B2B, 3B4B, 5B6B and 7B8B block codes have been included. Continuous power spectra of these codes have been plotted, although the derivations of these spectra are not provided. Bit insertion codes: mB1C, DmB1M and PFmB(m + 1)B, have also been described. Finally, the implementation details of a 5B6B line coder-decoder have been given.

Nonworded Words and Unmentionable Pharmaka in O'Neill and Valle-Inclán

Since by critical consensus Eugene O'Neill is our leading dramatist and Long Day's Journey into Night his masterpiece, it is odd that Harold Bloom, when contemplating the play's nonverbal art, should be tempted to dismiss it summarily by reflecting that insofar as O'Neill's art is nonverbal it must also be nonexistent.1 Although Bloom then moves to amend this reflection by admitting that gestures supplement language and by noting O'Neill's extraordinarily effective stage directions, strictly it is correct since without the playwright's words there would be no play. What is overlooked by this uncompromising stance is not so much the nonverbal aspects of any stage performance as the characters' avoidance of words by allusion, ellipsis, metalanguage, periphrastic gambits, and anacoluthon which during their absence are as nonverbal as they are nonworded. To be sure, I have only replaced Bloom's tautology with an oxymoron (nonworded words) but a useful one because it plays up the contrast between words of a text and words sum-

Systematic construction algorithm of fixed block‐length multitrack (d, k) Codes

AbstractThis paper notes the fact that the recording code often takes the form of a multitrack code, as well as the fact that the k‐constraint in the (d, k)‐constraint is considerably relaxed, which increases the capacity. Then the paper proposes a systematic construction algorithm for the fixed block‐length multitrack (d, k) code and discusses the coding characteristics. A simple idea is applied in the code construction to apply the (d, ∞) code to all tracks except for one in order to reflect the relaxation of the k‐constraint on the improvement of the coding rate. the (d, ∞) code is applied to the left track if the vector obtained by the elementwise logical sum of the code words satisfies the k‐constraint and, if not, the (d, k) code is applied. the author has already proposed a systematic construction algorithm for the efficient fixed block‐length (d, k) code.This paper discusses mainly the systematic construction algorithm and the coding characteristics for the fixed block‐length (d, ∞) code, based on the unique ordering technique of the binary sequence by the Schalkwijk algorithm, as the systematic construction algorithm for the fixed block‐length multitrack (d, k) code based on the forementioned idea. the coding rate and the coding efficiency are examined, and the result indicates that the characteristics are very close to those of the (d, ∞) code.

Proof without Words Sum of Products of Consecutive Integers

Proof without Words Sum of Products of Consecutive Integers

The Interval-Force Relationship of the Heart: Bowditch Revisited Edited by Mark I. M. Noble and W. A. Seed (review)

one finds it to be nothing more than muscle" (p. 90). The authors tell the reader of the doctors' outside interests; that they have been poets, writers, travelers, and lovers of wine. And they relate that even Charles Lindbergh of aviation fame was a forerunner in the development of the cardiopulmonary bypass pump. In addition, the authors make it clear that they have a stake in this history, and the reader gains a sense of their feelings about the accomplishments they describe. In many ways, little has changed in medicine over the years: hospitals are still immersed in politics and funding, and fights continue to break out among competing colleagues. The authors acknowledge the accomplishments of the past in a way that connects them to the practices and research of the present. They comment thus on the changes: "Then we paid a price for our ignorance by inability to cure many diseases; today, we pay a price for the emphasis on science and technology, because we are less aware of the patient as a distinct personality, his social and economic concerns, and his personal response to disease" (p. 145). Cardiology: The Evolution ofthe Science and the Art tackles its subject in a comprehensive way that gives much needed recognition to everyone involved in cardiological advancements. Stahelin, discussing the discovery of cyclosporin, puts it very well: "pharmaceutical research quite often proceeds in a path with many windings; and they illustrate how many people, groups of people, strokes of luck, serendipity, preceding events, etc., contribute to research endeavors of this kind and that they are those factors which make the difference between the usual, frequent failures and the rare success" (p. 122). This book documents the great development of cardiology technologically while it leaves the reader with the notion that the people behind the great developments are artists who are interwoven into a fabric of philosophies, errors, ideas, and successes. Bing's words sum up the philosophy of the work: "In medicine, as in science, there is no peak of final accomplishment. If society continues to respect and promote scientific projects, our present advances will seem but the forerunners of greater accomplishments" (p. 156). Julie Joftus Steven Feinstein Section of Cardiology, M-C 787 Department of Medicine University ofIllinois at Chicago 840 S. Wood Street Chicago, Illinois 60612-7323 The Interval-Force Relationship of the Heart: Bowditch Revisited. Edited by Mark I. M. Noble and W. A. Seed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992, Pp. 368. This book is a collection of solicited chapters which presents in one volume a thorough review of the various manifestations and effects of both the steadystate beat interval and the preceding beat interval on cardiac contractility. 148 Book Reviews The volume begins with a translation of Bowditch's 1871 paper "Über die Eigentümlichkeiten der Reizbarkeit welche die Muskelfasern des Herzens zeigen" (On the peculiarities of excitability which the fibres of cardiac muscle show). This translation, the accompanying historical note, and the papers by Dr. Allen and Drs. Cooper and Noble, provide an excellent historical perspective on cardiac function in general and the interval-force relationship in particular. In the historical notes following the translation of Bowditch's paper and again in Dr. Seed's chapter, which closes the book, the authors speculate as to why Bowditch's observations, which preceded those of Frank and Starling by decades , received so little attention in relation to the dominance of the FrankStarling relationship in the understanding of the regulation of the heart for much of this century. This discussion and the translation of the Bowditch paper are valuable contributions for those interested in the history of their discipline, whether they be clinicians, muscle physiologists, or molecular biologists. The bulk of the volume, following this historical introduction, is divided into two sections. The first of these, "Cellular Processes Underlying Interval-Force Behaviour and Their Control," contains chapters by Drs. Yue, Boyett et al., Lewartowski, and Langer. These papers provide a good review of what we know about the cellular mechanism(s) underlying interval-force behavior. Not surprisingly, they focus mostly on cellular calcium dynamics and excitation contraction coupling. The chapter by Yue provides compelling evidence for a tight coupling among...

LAW, RELIGION AND REVOLUTION IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY

The reader will not be misled by the title of Harold J. Berman's Law and Revolution;' its subtitle, The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition, is a more accurate pointer to its contents. Berman's thesis is that from the twelfth century to the twentieth there has been an identifiably 'Western' attitude to law and legal institutions, and that these institutions have functioned in a peculiarly 'Western' way. 'Western' is not a purely geographical description, but rather a cultural one; although it is predominantly a Europocentric tradition, it has been totally assimilated in America, has extended into Russia, and is in the process of being adopted in Japan. It is a tradition largely associated with a capitalist economic order. With the exception of his discursive introduction and conclusion, Berman concentrates on the origins of this legal culture, which he places in the period between io5o and i250. Nevertheless, in a curious way this is as much a book about the present as about the past. Berman's final words sum it up: 'Every time a society finds itself in a crisis it instinctively turns its eyes towards its origins and looks there for a sign'. But Western society is not a thing with identifiable characteristics about which all reasonable people can be expected to agree; nor is the 'Western Legal Tradition' an organic entity whose malfunctioning can be demonstrated by clinical means; ultimately it can be known only by intuition.2 The individual feels alienated and disoriented in the face of rapid social change, he does not understand where society is moving, the values of the past are being insistently questioned and transgressed. It is all too easy to amalgamate those values which are under attack into an apparent tradition, which can then itself be said to be under attack. The individual can choose those features which he regards as important himself, but in treating them as supremely relevant he risks giving to them an objective worth to which they have no claim. The origins of such features can indeed be traced back; a historical tradition can be created. By focusing on the origins of the features which have been chosen, the spurious objectivity of the tradition is consolidated. For Berman, those features of the 'Western Legal Tradition' which are under attack are five-fold.3

Analog and digital amplitude‐domain‐multiplexed signal transmission systems using DC‐balance mB‐nB codes

AbstractTo realize analog and digital ADM (Amplitude Domain Multiplex) signal transmission systems which transmit analog and digital signals in the baseband domain by amplitude domain multiplexing, intersymbol interference caused by the low‐frequency cutoff of the transmission line is a serious problem and dc‐balancing of the signals becomes necessary. This problem has not yet been discussed. This paper describes a new ADM technique for dc‐balancing of the signals within a word by using dc‐balance mB‐nB codes for the digital signal and dc‐balance signal processing within a word for the analog signal; a practicable system design is also proposed. Moreover, dc‐balance mB‐nB codes with a small clock rate increase and RDS (running digital sum) are proposed and dc‐balance mB‐nB codes suitable for this system are specified. A method for defining the optimum amplitude ratio of the analog and digital signals, and simple word synchronization and line‐error detection by checking the digital word sum are illustrated. Finally, an example of the application to subscriber loop‐transmission systems is presented and the system effectiveness is defined.

One point of view: Change and Changelessness

Some of the changes made in the elementary and junior high school mathematics curriculum during the past twenty years have been good. Subtraction is presented as the inverse operation of addition. The words subtrahend and minuend are seldom used anymore. The words addends and sum are used for the numbers both in addition and in subtraction. It is hard to find anyone who wants to go back to teaching children the difference between a minuend and subtrahend and how to spell the words. Instead of being pure memory of isolated facts and operations, elementary mathematics has begun to evoke a friendly feeling for numbers. For example, by naming different ways to make the number five (3 + 2, 7 − 2, 5 + 0, and so on), young children get a feeling for five. They see that they can manipulate counters and write many names for a number. This type of teaching makes the number five come alive; it is not just the answer to some isolated facts.

International airlines in a changing world

It is a great honour and pleasure to be invited to deliver this Lawrence Hargrave Memorial Lecture in my home town—particularly as it gives me a chance to pay tribute to a man whose contributions to the development of the science of flight are commonly overlooked and usually under-rated.I can remember vividly Professor Stephens delivering the first of these Memorial Lectures in 1956. With his whimsical sense of humour he started in a rather unconventional way. Without any of the usual introductory words he flashed a portrait of Lawrence Hargrave on the screen and said “Well, there he is—a handsome fellow—what you can see of him.” In a sense these words sum up the theme of my lecture. I want to discuss some of the outstanding problems of the international airline industry—an industry whose handsome features are at present somewhat obscured by adversity.

The Holism-Atomism Controversy: Gestalt Psychology Confronts the Revised Law of Inverse Variation

Gestalt psychology is rightly associated with an holistic point of view which may be paraphrased: ‘The whole is equal to something besides the sum of its parts.’ But much of the attractiveness of that statement inheres in its exceeding ambiguity; the words whole, is, besides, sum, and parts each have several meanings (although the context which the sentence provides eliminates some of these). One of the plausible interpretations of the sentence is that adding members to a class increases the number of properties shared by all members of that class. However, such an interpretation contradicts the logician's Revised ‘Law’ of Inverse Variation between the extension of a predicate term and its intension. The paradox is resolved by distinguishing between three types of intension, then recognizing that the logician's ‘Law’ applies quite well with respect to objective intension but may often fail as regards subjective intension, the central concern of the Gestalt psychologist.

A Program for Solving Word Sum Puzzles

A Program for Solving Word Sum Puzzles

Operationally Defined Homonyms of One Syllable in the English Language

When the phonetic representations of one-syllable words in the Shorter-Oxford Dictionary were compared, some phonetic forms had more than one graphic representation. The graphic representations corresponding to a single phonetic form were operationally defined as a set of homonyms of the phonetic form. The sum of graphic words in such sets is about 1700. When plural and past forms of each word were compared with the citation forms of other Words, about 700 additional homonyms emerged, showing that, in a total population of about 5700 one-syllable words, about 2500 are ambiguous in their phonetic representation. Since the Shorter-Oxford Dictionary has relatively fine phonetic distinctions, repeating the experiments on the American College Dictionary, the Jones English Phonetic Reader, Webster's Third International Dictionary, and Pronouncing Dictionary by Kenyon and Knott yielded additional homonym forms. Thus, in distinguishing among the words of English, the orthographic form proves to be more useful than the phonetic representations. In this paper, illustrations of the homonyms, the near homonyms, and the questionable homonyms are given and discussed. [Work supported by Lockheed Independent Research.]

A New General Method of Summing Divergent Series

Foreword. The practice,in more advanced mathematics, of extending the meaning of terms already in use in elementary mathematics has so modified the meaning of the word sum that its friends in algebra could not be expected to recognize it without a reintroduction. Out of the multitude of usages of this word we are concerned here only with its use as the sum of an infinite series, meaning by infinite series an indicated sum of an unlimited number of terms, such as .9 .09 .009 .0009 In the study of infinite series (or just series as it is customary to call them), we mean by sum not the result of adding the terms as in algebra (an impossible feat since there are an unlimited number of them) but the limit of the algebraic sum of the first n terms as n increases beyond all bounds if this limit exists, in other words the limit of the sequence of its partial sums. (And this limit can often be found from the nature of the sequence). In the above example, the partial sums are .9 .99 .999 * * * and the limit of these partial sums is, of course, 1. As a further example consider the series 2+ + 8+ * *

‘Principium Verborum Tuorum Veritas,’ Ps. cxviii.

‘The sum of Thy Words is Truth,’ and for us who have to search for that Truth fidelity or loyalty to it when discovered. Easy in theory, difficult in practice : ‘ascetic practices,’ says St. Jerome, ‘for example continence or mortification of the flesh, are of great value; but nothing is so mortifying as knowledge of the truth ‘(On Nahum ii. i, P.L. xxv, 1244); he seems to be thinking of a man’s reactions on coming up against some wholly unexpected truth, something running counter to his preconceived notions. ‘Nothing,’ says St. Augustine, ‘is easier for a person not merely to say but really to think he has discovered the truth ; but how difficult a thing that is ! ‘(De Utilitate credendi, 1). If the Bishop of Hippo could ever have felt annoyed, he who had made the search after truth the passion of his life must have felt indignant when Secundinus the Manichee told him : ‘the truth makes you as angry as philosophy made Hortensius ‘(Ep. ad Augustinum, 3, P.L.xlii, 574).Our Dominican history furnishes us with three great examples, among many others, of this unflinching loyalty to the truth as they saw it, a loyalty which was not obstinacy but conviction based on the triple foundation of reason, faith, and their outcome—humility.