Word Processing Research Articles

ICT literacy skills and use of cloud computing among librarians in private universities in South-West, Nigeria

The way library services are delivered has changed dramatically as a result of the integration of information and communication technology into academic libraries' daily operations. However, this is referred to as cloud computing. The majority of library services relating to information resources, dissemination, and delivery that are currently provided by libraries are either reproduced or replicated by ICT and mostly facilitated by the internet. This study looks into how ICT literacy affects the adoption of cloud computing in South-West, Nigeria's private university libraries. In this study, the survey research design was used. 262 librarians from 35 private university libraries in South-West Nigeria make up the study's population. All 35 private university libraries' library staff members were sampled using total enumeration. To collect data, a verified structured questionnaire was employed as the instrument. The constructions' Cronbach-alpha scores varied from 0.82 to 0.96. 95.8% of respondents responded. Both descriptive and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The data were examined using SPSS version 24.0, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The findings demonstrated that library staff in South-West Nigeria's utilization of cloud computing was strongly influenced by ICT literacy levels. To improve the use of cloud computing by library staff in private universities in South-West, Nigeria, the study found that ICT literacy skills indicators, particularly proficiency in using hardware, proficiency in word processing, proficiency in web-based functions, and proficiency in data processing, should be improved. The study suggested implementing the required ICT literacy programs and training to improve their staff for efficient library service delivery.

Do Love You Me? Failure to Notice Word Transpositions is Induced by Parallel Word Processing.

Recent research has shown that readers may to fail notice word transpositions during reading (e.g., the transposition of "fail" and "to" in this sentence). Although this transposed word (TW) phenomenon was initially taken as evidence that readers process multiple words in parallel, several studies now show that TW-effects may also occur when words are presented one-by-one. Critically however, in the majority of studies TW-effects are weaker in serial presentation. Here we argue that while word position coding may to some extent proceed post-lexically (allowing TW-effects to occur despite seeing words one-by-one), stronger TW-effects in parallel presentation nonetheless evidence a degree of parallel word processing. We additionally report an experiment wherein a sample of Dutch participants (N = 34) made grammaticality judgments about 4-word TW sentences (e.g., 'the was man here', 'the went dog away') and ungrammatical control sentences ('the man dog here', 'the was went away'), whereby the four words were presented either serially or in parallel. Ungrammaticality was decidedly more difficult to notice in the TW condition, but only when words were presented in parallel. No effects were observed in the serial presentation whatsoever. The present results bolster the notion that word order is encoded with a degree of flexibility, and further provide straightforward evidence for parallel word processing during reading.

Analisis pemanfaatan fitur Track Changes pada MS.Word untuk mengetahui originalitas karya Mahasiswa

Analysis on the benefits of technology has a good impact if users understand the benefits or usefulness of a feature. in learning is a complete element that underlies the usefulness in providing techniques, especially in a scientific work. One of the most commonly used word processing programmes is Microsoft Word, which has a "track changes" feature that allows users to track changes made to documents. The track changes feature is needed in educational institutions that require students to submit written work in digital form so that the use of this feature is very effective. The purpose of this study is to determine the use and results of the analysis of the Track Changes Feature in Ms. Word so as to determine the Originality of Student Work. This type of research uses qualitative research with a descriptive approach, the main data sources in qualitative research are words and actions. (2-tailed) 0.00 <0.05, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between students who have been given the Track Changes Feature in Ms. Word to Know the Originality of Student Work. This research concludes that the Track Changes feature has a good and useful impact in making student assignments, so it needs to be analyzed further so that it can be disseminated to courses or to all course lecturers at STKIP PGRI Situbondo.

A Blessing in Disguise: Flanking Words Can Cancel Language Switch Costs.

Prior research has shown that a sentence context can decrease the necessity for language control relative to single word processing. In particular, measures of language control such as language switch costs are reduced or even absent in a sentence context. Yet, this evidence is mainly based on bilingual language production and is far from straightforward. To further investigate this issue in the comprehension modality, we relied on the lexical flanker task, which is known to introduce sentence-like processing. More specifically, Dutch-English bilinguals (n = 68) performed a classification task in mixed language blocks on target words that were either presented alone or flanked by unrelated words in the same language. While overall no L1 switch costs were observed, we only observed L2 switch costs in the no-flanker condition. This pattern of results indicates that the presence of flankers can reduce or even abolish switch costs, suggesting that the language control process can benefit from sentence(-like) processing compared to single word processing.

ICT Skills and Competencies as Determinant to Reading Habit of LIS Undergraduates in Kwara State University

This study investigates ICT skills and competencies as determinant to reading habit of LIS undergraduates in Kwara state university. The study adopted a Proportional stratified method, where the number of participants from each subgroup was determine by their number relatively to the entire population. The sample size of the study was 306 respondents which cut across all the levels of LIS students in Kwara State University. Data was collected using a questionnaire which was distributed to the 306 respondents in which all the copies of questionnaire were retrieved and used for the study. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentage and frequency count. The findings of the study were: word processing skills, spreadsheet skills and technical skills (maintenance) while on a contrary view minority disagreed with Software design skills and website design skills as the ICT skills that influence reading habit of LIS undergraduates. The study also found out that ICT is used for learning, mastering a range of assessment paradigins, and career development as ICT competencies that influence reading habit of LIS undergraduates. The study recommended that(i)Tertiary institutions offering LIS need to be provided with ICT facilities by the appropriate authorities to enhance the preparation of LIS students for the world of work. (ii)There should be a policy to ensure that all academic research study (project, thesis, dissertation, seminar, conference) are always presented in electronic form.

A Pint-Sized Public Sphere: Compensatory Colonialism in Literature by Elite Children During the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

AbstractDuring the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, thousands of middle-class youths published their own amateur newspapers. These periodicals were printed using the so-called toy (or “novelty”) press, a portable tabletop device that helped democratize word processing. Children often used their presses to compose miniature novels and short stories. They then shared their prose with a national community of fellow juvenile writers collectively known as “Amateurdom.” Adolescent fiction explored an array of subjects, but the frontier, territorial expansion, and empire in the West became some of its particular fixations. All that imperial storytelling, however, possessed a rich subtext. Boys and girls, reacting to late-nineteenth-century changes in the lived experience of childhood, used their printing presses to challenge various constraints imposed upon them. But in so doing, they both perpetuated and reinforced a pernicious culture of settler colonialism that celebrated the subjugation of American Indians. Ultimately, the amateur publications of children remind us that fiction is not exclusively an adult enterprise. The creative output of young people provides important insight into an underexplored realm of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era’s literary world.

Assessment of Computer Literacy of the College Faculty of Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Gabaldon Campus

This study aimed to assess the computer literacy levels of the college faculty of Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology – Gabaldon Campus. A total of 36 instructors from multiple non-computing departments participated in the study. The researcher assessed the levels in terms of computer skills, software use, and routine computer use. The study utilized the descriptive method of research using survey questionnaires that has six parts: general operations of computers, communication and internet, word processing, spreadsheet, graphics, and general technology application. After collecting the data needed, the data were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted. The findings showed that the college faculty of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology- Gabaldon Campus have limited skills in regards to general computer applications, communication, and the internet but are very proficient with word processing and spreadsheet. Moreover, the study found evidence that there should be a professional development training programs for instructors to incorporate computer technology as a classroom tool and means of managing instruction.

Individual differences in holistic word processing and the role of phonological processing in sentence comprehension

BackgroundRecent research has documented individual differences in the reading profiles of skilled native English readers using a behavioural marker of holistic visual word processing (orientation sensitivity). A more holistic word reading profile is associated with a weaker correlation with phonological decoding for word identification. Interestingly, that is different from typical patterns in skilled reading in English. The current study aimed to further assess the underlying distribution of orientation sensitivity as a continuous measure in an unrestricted undergraduate population and to extend past findings to understand the role of phonological decoding in reading comprehension as a function of orientation sensitivity.MethodsA group of 137 SUNY New Paltz undergraduates completed an orientation sensitivity test to assess the overarching distribution. A subset of 55 SUNY New Paltz undergraduates completed additional reading‐related tests (phonological decoding and reading comprehension) on an online platform (findingfive.com). The relationship between orientation sensitivity and reliance on phonological decoding on reading comprehension was assessed using regression.ResultsResults found that the distribution of orientation sensitivity was not normal and skews to the right, but is not bimodal, thus warranting the use of regression instead of group statistics. Lastly, those with relatively greater orientation sensitivity had a weaker relationship between measures of phonological decoding and a reading comprehension measure, as predicted.ConclusionsThe results extended the finding of differences in reliance on phonological decoding to reading comprehension as a function of orientation sensitivity. These results help refine our understanding of orientation sensitive readers and potential alternative route to successful reading found in the general population.

Keeping track of time: Horizontal spatial biases for hours, days, and months.

In many Western cultures, the processing of temporal words related to the past and to the future is associated with left and right space, respectively - a phenomenon known as the horizontal Mental Time Line (MTL). While this mapping is apparently quite ubiquitous, its regularity and consistency across different types of temporal concepts remain to be determined. Moreover, it is unclear whether such spatial mappings are an essential and early constituent of concept activation. In the present study, we used words denoting time units at different scales (hours of the day, days of the week, months of the year) associated with either left space (e.g., 9 a.m., Monday, February) or right space (e.g., 8 p.m., Saturday, November) as cues in a line bisection task. Fifty-seven healthy adults listened to temporal words and then moved a mouse cursor to the perceived midpoint of a horizontally presented line. We measured movement trajectories, initial line intersection coordinates, and final bisection response coordinates. We found movement trajectory displacements for left- vs. right-biasing hour and day cues. Initial line intersections were biased specifically by month cues, while final bisection responses were biased specifically by hour cues. Our findings offer general support to the notion of horizontal space-time associations and suggest further investigation of the exact chronometry and strength of this association across individual time units.

Türkçedeki Alıntı Sözcüklerde Ortadaki ve Sondaki Üçlü (CCC) Ünsüz Kümeleri: Bu Bir Yanılsama mı?

Known as a language which strictly follows its phonotactic constraints showing low tolerance for the exceptions, Turkish employs a variety of phonological processes in the adaptation process of the foreign words into the language so as to make the phonologically improper loan words obey with the phonotactic and phonological constraints of the language. As one of these constraints, Turkish forbids the adjacency of three consonants (CCC) in the simplex forms given that CCC implies morphological complexity on the phonological string. However, there are still a number of foreign words with medial and final CCC clusters adapted to Turkish such as bandrol ‘banderol’, semptom ‘symptom’, portföy ‘portfolio’ and kuvartz ‘quartz’. Based on these observations, the aim of the present study is to investigate the appearance of CCC clusters in Turkish words, which are adapted to Turkish from foreign languages. In this regard, we claim that CCC in simplex words are only an illusion and there is no violation of phonotactic constraints. Accordingly, we argue that Turkish has three basic strategies in order to avoid CCC clusters while adapting the foreign words. As the first strategy, Turkish prefers the realization of a vowel following the initial CC as in /bandɯrol/ (i). The second strategy Turkish applies is to adapt the word which has a CCC cluster with only CC: e.g. /semtom/ and /kuvarz/ (ii). As the third option, certain adapted words with CCC clusters are stored in the mental lexicon as if they had a complex morphological structure port-föy (iii). We will give an account for these strategies in the light of government, licensing and constituent structure analyses.

Chinese readers utilize emotion information for word segmentation.

We reported a large-scale Internet-based experiment to investigate the impact of emotion information on Chinese word segmentation, in which participants completed an overlapping ambiguous string (OAS) segmentation task and the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II in a counterbalanced order. OAS is a three-character string (ABC) in which the middle character can form a distinct word with both the character on its left side (word AB) and the character on its right side (word BC). Participants were presented with isolated OASs and were asked to report the word they identified first. Emotional OAS was constructed by a combination of a neutral word and an emotional word, with the neutral and emotional words sharing character B. We orthogonally manipulated the valence of the emotional words (positive vs. negative) and their position in the OAS (left-side vs. right-side). The results showed that compared with neutral words, both positive and negative words were more likely to be segmented, and this segmentation outcome was not affected by readers with different depression tendencies. These findings suggest that emotion information can influence word segmentation, and that both positive and negative words take precedence over neutral words in the word segmentation process. This study provides a new perspective and evidence to understand the impact of emotion information on word processing.

The influence of emotional context on emotional word processing in discourse comprehension: evidence from event-related potential.

This research utilized event-related potential (ERP) recording technology to examine the effect of emotional context on the processing of emotional information in sentences. Three types of emotion-consistent discourse materials (neutral-neutral, positive-positive and negative-negative) were constructed to specifically express neutral, positive and negative emotions, respectively. Each discourse comprised two sentences, with the emotionally significant words embedded at the penultimate position of the second sentence. Participants were asked to read these texts, respond to reading comprehension questions and the ERP amplitude induced by the emotional words was recorded. The results indicated a tripartite interaction in the N400 and Late positive component amplitudes involving emotional context, emotional words and brain hemispheres, observed in both frontal and central brain regions. Notably, there was a significant difference in response to positive words between positive and negative contexts. The findings suggest that emotional context has a substantial effect on the processing of emotional words. Positive words, in comparison to negative ones, are more influenced by emotional context, particularly in the frontal and central regions of the brain.

Domain Specificity vs. Domain Generality: The Case of Faces and Words.

Faces and words are ever-present stimuli in social environments that require fine-grained, efficient discrimination of their constituents in order to acquire meaning. Provided that these stimuli share multiple characteristics, while simultaneously being different visual object categories in important ways, a debate has ensued pertaining to whether their processing can be reduced to a common mechanism or whether each category mobilizes exclusive resources. We thus first present briefly domain-specific and domain-general accounts, as opposing perspectives that highlight the absence and presence of commonalities in face and word processing, respectively. We then focus on how faces and words are processed. While faces are usually associated with holistic processing of facial features, to create a perceptual whole, there is no such consensus pertaining to word processing. Words have been argued to rely on either letter-by-letter processing or in a way closer to that of faces, since they are also objects of expertise. Lastly, we advance the debate by providing an overview of our latest research findings. These findings provide a more direct comparison of face and word processing, by incorporating both stimuli in one task concurrently.

LINGUISTIC PROFILES OF PARAGRAPH RECALL PREDICT DEPRESSION IN OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Our previous work identified linguistic markers from paragraph recall that predicted cognitive impairment. However, many features were related to psychological constructs, and mood disorders, such as depression, are also associated with cognitive impairment. Therefore, we aimed to identify linguistic markers that are associated with depression and examine their overlap with those for cognitive impairment. We used Linguistic Inquiry Word Count, a natural language processing tool, on Logical Memory transcriptions from the Long Life Family Study. Depression status was positive for participants with a self-reported depression diagnosis or high depressive symptoms (i.e., a CESD-10 score≥10) at testing. We used logistic regression models with Generalized Estimating Equations adjusted by age, sex, education, and within-family relatedness to identify linguistic features associated with depression status (Bonferroni-corrected threshold of p<.001). The sample included 61 participants with evidence of depression and 539 participants without (mean age=72.1±10.9 years, female=63%). A lower percentage of verb use in delayed recall was significantly associated with depression (Odds Ratio [OR]=0.71, CI 0.55-0.93, p=.0001). Additionally, 3 immediate recall features (verbs, OR=0.71; prepositions, OR=1.30; differentiation words, OR=1.30) and 5 delayed recall features (function words, OR=0.68; prepositions, OR=1.50; future tense, OR=0.48; cognitive process words, OR=0.78; past tense, OR=0.74) were significant at a nominal level (p=.009 to p=.035). We identified linguistic features from paragraph recall responses that predict depression and were largely distinct from those associated with cognitive impairment as only two features overlapped. Linguistic analyses of spoken responses may help us understand contributors to test performance and distinguish between cognitive impairment and depression.

Artificial Intelligence in Chatbot Website Platform

In computing discourse, a Chatbot is a computer programme that is specifically designed to simulate an interactive communication or conversation. The interactive communication is from the machine to the user (human) either through text media, sound media or visual media. Chatbots have been widely used for practical purposes such as online assistance, personalised services, or information acquisition, including in the world of global marketing. The purpose of this research is to describe how a chatbot platform provides its best function in supporting a marketing task of a corporation at a global level. The methods used in this research are: 1) System Analysis, which is the collection of information needed in building the system must be done in detail. Where this information will support all the components needed to obtain results that are in accordance with all the needs related to the design of the system to be input, 2) Preparation of flowcharts, namely the design by entering data on the status of conversations that are commonly carried out by the Help-Desk with customers. Where when the user enters a word or sentence in the column that is already available in the system, a word or sentence search process will be carried out based on the noun, this process is useful for matching whether the input given by the user is in the set of nouns that have been trained in dialogue flow. The result obtained is that the website becomes one of the company's main media in marketing its products because the website already includes all information related to the product and also related to the company. However, when using the website alone, there is no direct communication with potential buyers. Therefore, this research will develop a chatbot that can improve the performance of the Spicering ltd website.

Emotional processing of math-related words in people with math anxiety

ABSTRACT Background Research exploring emotional responses to math-related words in individuals with math anxiety (MA) is scarce. Here, we examined MA participants’ subjective emotional processing of math-related cues within Lang’s bioinformational model of emotion to further understand the role of those cues in MA. Methods In total, 41 high-MA and 32 low-MA undergraduates rated math-related words, along with neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant words, from the Affective Norms for English Words. The Self-Assessment Manikin was used to calculate valence, arousal, and dominance scores for each word. Results The low-MA group rated math-related words as neutral on the three emotional scales, however, the high-MA group rated them lower and higher for valence and dominance than neutral and unpleasant words, respectively. Moreover, math-related words were rated as more and less activating than neutral and unpleasant words, respectively. The two groups significantly differed in scores on the three scales only for the math-related words. Conclusions These results provide evidence that individuals with high MA show altered emotional processing of math-related words, experiencing them as moderately aversive and moderately activating. The findings emphasize that the altered emotional processing of words associated with math should be considered a symptom of MA.

Seeking the neural representation of statistical properties in print during implicit processing of visual words

Statistical learning (SL) plays a key role in literacy acquisition. Studies have increasingly revealed the influence of distributional statistical properties of words on visual word processing, including the effects of word frequency (lexical level) and mappings between orthography, phonology, and semantics (sub-lexical level). However, there has been scant evidence to directly confirm that the statistical properties contained in print can be directly characterized by neural activities. Using time-resolved representational similarity analysis (RSA), the present study examined neural representations of different types of statistical properties in visual word processing. From the perspective of predictive coding, an equal probability sequence with low built-in prediction precision and three oddball sequences with high built-in prediction precision were designed with consistent and three types of inconsistent (orthographically inconsistent, orthography-to-phonology inconsistent, and orthography-to-semantics inconsistent) Chinese characters as visual stimuli. In the three oddball sequences, consistent characters were set as the standard stimuli (probability of occurrence p = 0.75) and three types of inconsistent characters were set as deviant stimuli (p = 0.25), respectively. In the equal probability sequence, the same consistent and inconsistent characters were presented randomly with identical occurrence probability (p = 0.25). Significant neural representation activities of word frequency were observed in the equal probability sequence. By contrast, neural representations of sub-lexical statistics only emerged in oddball sequences where short-term predictions were shaped. These findings reveal that the statistical properties learned from long-term print environment continues to play a role in current word processing mechanisms and these mechanisms can be modulated by short-term predictions.

Intonation processing of interrogative words in Mandarin: an event-related potential study.

Intonation is the variation in pitch used in speech, which forms the premise of tonal and non-tonal languages. Interrogative words are words that introduce questions. Previous research lacks clarity regarding the specific cues used in the processing of word intonation. To address this gap, this study used the event-related potential electroencephalogram (EEG) research method to explore the intonation processing of tone two (mid-rising) interrogative words in Mandarin. For this, the word "shui," meaning "who," was selected as the experimental material. To avoid the influence of the environment, gender, and semantics, the Hum version, corresponding to the stimulus material, was also adopted for the experiment. This study used a passive oddball paradigm to examine the clues of intonation information processing in automatic cognitive processing through amplitude, latency, time window, and evoked location potential mismatch negativity. The standard stimulus was the declarative intonation with a high probability of occurrence (90%), and the deviant stimulus was the interrogative intonation with a low probability of occurrence (10%). In the time window of 370-450 ms, the mismatch negativity was found at the F3, F4, C3, Cz, and C4 channels. The findings show that, in the passive oddball paradigm, lexical semantics are essential for intonation processing at the pre-attentive level, which is dominated by the frontal and central areas of the brain. The results support the functional and comprehensive hypotheses that the processing of intonation is based on the function of language and that bilateral regions are involved in this processing. This study makes an important contribution by providing event-related potential evidence that lexical semantics plays a key role in the pre-attentive processing of intonation, as shown by the significant differences between semantic and non-semantic conditions.

Terminology standards and their relevance for legal interpreters and translators

Abstract Legal interpreters and translators (LITs) play a crucial role in ensuring equitable treatment within the EU and facilitating international mobility. These professionals actively engage in terminology work, similar to other translators and interpreters. This exploratory study examines the degree of familiarity LITs have with terminology principles and standards, based on an online survey conducted among LIT associations in Austria and Italy. A significant portion of respondents reported engaging in terminology work, underlining its professional relevance. The prevalent usage of traditional tools like word processors and paper is evident, whereas the adoption of advanced systems remains limited. Despite more than half of the participants demonstrating awareness of terminology standards, access to specific standards was infrequent. A considerable number of respondents did not perceive terminology standards as essential for their practical undertakings. Only a minority were familiar with either national or ISO terminology standards. The study uncovered a lack of comprehensive understanding and implementation of terminology management principles. While terminology remains indispensable for LITs, its effective management is often overlooked. It is crucial to improve the dissemination of information and encourage collaborative efforts with relevant organizations to enhance awareness and foster proficient utilization of terminology.

Information-Restricted Neural Language Models Reveal Different Brain Regions' Sensitivity to Semantics, Syntax, and Context.

A fundamental question in neurolinguistics concerns the brain regions involved in syntactic and semantic processing during speech comprehension, both at the lexical (word processing) and supra-lexical levels (sentence and discourse processing). To what extent are these regions separated or intertwined? To address this question, we introduce a novel approach exploiting neural language models to generate high-dimensional feature sets that separately encode semantic and syntactic information. More precisely, we train a lexical language model, GloVe, and a supra-lexical language model, GPT-2, on a text corpus from which we selectively removed either syntactic or semantic information. We then assess to what extent the features derived from these information-restricted models are still able to predict the fMRI time courses of humans listening to naturalistic text. Furthermore, to determine the windows of integration of brain regions involved in supra-lexical processing, we manipulate the size of contextual information provided to GPT-2. The analyses show that, while most brain regions involved in language comprehension are sensitive to both syntactic and semantic features, the relative magnitudes of these effects vary across these regions. Moreover, regions that are best fitted by semantic or syntactic features are more spatially dissociated in the left hemisphere than in the right one, and the right hemisphere shows sensitivity to longer contexts than the left. The novelty of our approach lies in the ability to control for the information encoded in the models' embeddings by manipulating the training set. These "information-restricted" models complement previous studies that used language models to probe the neural bases of language, and shed new light on its spatial organization.