Word Pairs Research Articles

Detecting possible pairs of materials for composites using a material word co-occurrence network.

Composite materials are popular because of their high performance capabilities, but new material development is time-consuming. To accelerate this process, researchers studying material informatics, an academic discipline combining computational science and material science, have developed less time-consuming approaches for predicting possible material combinations. However, these processes remain problematic because some materials are not suited for them. The limitations of specific candidates for new composites may cause potential new material pairs to be overlooked. To solve this problem, we developed a new method to predict possible composite material pairs by considering more materials than previous techniques. We predicted possible material pairs by conducting link predictions of material word co-occurrence networks while assuming that co-occurring material word pairs in scientific papers on composites were reported as composite materials. As a result, we succeeded in predicting the co-occurrence of material words with high specificity. Nodes tended to link to many other words, generating new links in the created co-occurrence material word network; notably, the number of material words co-occurring with graphene increased rapidly. This phenomenon confirmed that graphene is an attractive composite component. We expect our method to contribute to the accelerated development of new composite materials.

The facilitative effect of the keyword mnemonic on L2 vocabulary retrieval practice

Keyword mnemonics and retrieval practice are two learning strategies that facilitate foreign language vocabulary learning. This study examined the combination of these strategies for learning English L2 vocabulary with a limited retrieval time. We recruited 110 Chinese college students studying English as a foreign language to investigate the effects of four learning strategies on the retention of English–Chinese word pairs: restudy, retrieval practice, imposed keyword mnemonic combined with retrieval practice, and induced keyword mnemonic combined with retrieval practice. The results revealed that when retrieval practice was constrained to two times, the final performance of the retrieval practice group did not exceed that of the restudy group; however, the combined keyword-retrieval group outperformed the restudy group, regardless of whether the keyword was imposed or induced. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in memory retention performance between the induced and imposed keyword-retrieval combinations. The findings suggest that when retrieval practice is constrained to two times, the keyword-retrieval strategy combination significantly enhances English L2 vocabulary learning compared to restudy or retrieval practice alone, and both the imposed and induced keyword mnemonics can strengthen its efficiency.

Atypical hemispheric re-organization of the reading network in high-functioning adults with dyslexia: Evidence from representational similarity analysis

Abstract It has been argued that university students with dyslexia compensate for their reading deficits by a neural re-organization of the typical reading network, where the lexical representations of words are (re-)structured according to semantic rather than orthographic information. To investigate the re-organization of neural word representations more directly, we used multivariate representational similarity analyses (RSA) to find out which brain regions of the reading network respond to orthographic and semantic similarity between 544 pairs of words and whether there were any differences between typical and dyslexic readers. In accordance with the re-organization hypothesis, we predicted greater similarity (i.e., correlation of neural dissimilarity matrices) in adult dyslexic than in typical readers in regions associated with semantic processing and weaker similarity in regions associated with orthographic processing. Our results did not confirm these predictions. First, we found sensitivity to semantic similarity in all three subparts of the fusiform gyrus (FG1, FG2, and FG3) bilaterally. Adults with dyslexia showed less (rather than more) sensitivity to semantic similarity in the posterior subpart of fusiform gyrus (FG1) in the left hemisphere. Second, in typical readers, sensitivity to orthographic information was not only found in the left fusiform gyrus (FG1, FG2, and FG3) but also in left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Adults with dyslexia, in contrast, did not show sensitivity to orthographic information in left IFG. However, they showed increased sensitivity to orthographic information in the right hemisphere FG1. Together, the results show abnormal orthographic processing in left IFG and right FG1 and reduced semantic information in left FG1. While we found evidence for compensatory re-organization in adult dyslexia, the present results do not support the hypothesis according to which adults with dyslexia rely more heavily on semantic information. Instead, they revealed atypical hemispheric organization of the reading network that is not restricted to the typical left language hemisphere.

In‐Sensor Passive Speech Classification with Phononic Metamaterials

AbstractMitigating the energy requirements of artificial intelligence requires novel physical substrates for computation. Phononic metamaterials have vanishingly low power dissipation and hence are a prime candidate for green, always‐on computers. However, their use in machine learning applications has not been explored due to the complexity of their design process. Current phononic metamaterials are restricted to simple geometries (e.g., periodic and tapered) and hence do not possess sufficient expressivity to encode machine learning tasks. A non‐periodic phononic metamaterial, directly from data samples, that can distinguish between pairs of spoken words in the presence of a simple readout nonlinearity is designed and fabricated, hence demonstrating that phononic metamaterials are a viable avenue towards zero‐power smart devices.

A deep learning approach to recognizing fine-grained expressway location reference from unstructured texts in Chinese

Complex nested and discontinuous location references are common in unstructured text. Extracting them is essential for accurate location information retrieval and spatial inference. However, traditional methods struggle with these references due to annotation system and model architecture limitations. In this study, we introduce a deep learning approach to uniformly recognize flat, nested, and discontinuous location references, motivated by recognizing fine-grained expressway location references. The approach uses a pre-trained language model to generate semantic sentence representations and a distance and direction-aware Transformer for contextual encoding. Then, it recognizes location references by modeling the adjacency and boundary relations between word pairs. We evaluated the approach on seven benchmark datasets and compared it with state-of-the-art methods. The results show that the approach achieves higher accuracy with faster inference, validating our modeling paradigm and architecture. The ablation study further confirms the effectiveness of submodules in architecture. These findings can provide valuable insights for developing advanced unified location reference recognition methods. Moreover, the detailed labeled dataset for location references can facilitate the evaluation and comparison of unified recognition methods and systems.

Lexical features and functional role of paired words in heroic tales of Tuvans

The main focus of the article is to analyze the lexical characteristics of paired words that can be observed in the texts of 38 heroic tales of Tuvans. It is worth mentioning that the lexical material observed in the Mongolian epic “Eriyn sayn Khan Harangui” bears resemblance to the subject matter being discussed. According to the research findings, it is evident that the texts of Tuvinian heroic tales frequently utilize paired words, with a significant number of cases involving synonyms or antonyms that are associated with a particular part of speech. Less common are pairs of words where one of the components has lost its independent lexical meaning. The categorization of the paired words in Tuvan tales has uncovered various parts of speech, including paired nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, and figurative and onomatopoeic words. It has been established that the Tuvan epic primarily makes use of paired words to amplify the meanings of actions, objects, and phenomena. Additionally, the use of paired words serves as a creative and visual technique, particularly aimed at amplifying the actions portrayed in epic narratives. To summarize, the inclusion of paired words in epic texts not only contributes to the gracefulness of the language but also serves as a testament to the vibrancy, genuineness, and abundance of the folk poetic expression

Модифікований метод пошуку ключових слів та термінів у текстових даних

This article discusses the issue of automated search for keywords and key terms in text data. To improve the efficiency of the tools of automated search for keywords in the text according to the criteria of absolute accuracy and Jaccard index, a modification of one of the most modern methods for searching for keywords has been developed. A modification of the existing hybrid keyword search method is proposed. It takes into account complex dependencies between pairs of words in the text to determine multi-word expressions, which, unlike the original method, allows finding key terms consisting of several words. Tests of the created modification of the hybrid method of searching for key terms showed the effectiveness of its use for searching for key terms in texts in comparison with existing analogues.

Imagery Recognition and Semantic Analysis Techniques in Chinese Literary Texts

Abstract Chinese literary texts contain a sizeable vivid imagery vocabulary, which makes it difficult for average readers to judge the boundaries between words, and the current pre-trained language model is also difficult for them to learn its implicit knowledge effectively, which brings troubles to machine semantic analysis. The study uses CRF training to obtain a semantic analysis model of Chinese literary texts that recognizes the semantic relationship between two words. SVM is used to train classifiers for confusing categories, and the two semantic relations in the output of the CRF model are further recognized to determine the final semantic relations between word pairs. Finally, the LCQMC dataset is used as the experimental data, and the semantic analysis technique based on CRF and SVM is employed to obtain the participle, lexical, and dependent syntactic annotations. According to the results, the model’s correct rates on the LAS for paraphrase recognition and dependency analysis of Chinese literary texts are 74.83% and 92.05%, respectively. The study enhances the efficiency of semantic analysis of relevant Chinese texts and is crucial for the study on the semantic analysis of terms.

Encoding Near-Synonym Relations in Monolingual English Learner's Dictionaries: The Case of Germanic and Latinate "Equivalents"

ABSTRACT: This article examines the semantic relations between pairs of Germanic and Latinate near-synonyms in contemporary English, such as hug/embrace, isle/island , and brave/courageous , which dictionaries traditionally treat as equivalent in meaning, regardless of context-independent differences between them. These word pairs are challenging for learners of English as a Foreign Language, especially when their L1 is a Romance language. Monolingual English learner's dictionaries (MELDs) do not, in general, clearly or systematically disambiguate near-synonyms of different origin. An improvement in dictionary treatment of near-synonyms is thus called for. After outlining the main types and subtypes of meaning relations identified through the analysis of a sample of Germanic and Latinate word pairs, synonymy in the "Big Five" MELDs is examined. Proposals are then made to better encode synonym similarities and differences with cross-reference information in the form of tags, labels, and usage notes.

Images of movement in reduplicates of the Buryat languages

The reduplication phenomenon is not a common object of study in Buryat linguistics, nor is the nature of figurative words. However, figurative words in reduplicated form can be found in various languages. This article examines the reduplicated sound-symbolic words in the Buryat language that reflect the figurative charac-teristics of moving objects, focusing specifically on their structure and semantics. The author studied a selection of around 150 words taken from the Buryat-Russian dictionary. The morphonological analysis has identified productive and less productive types of reduplicates, as well as some isolated examples of other structural types. A few examples of divergent reduplication have been identified. This study specifies the issue of distinguishing between reduplicated words with divergent reduplication and paired words. Reduplicated figurative words denoting non-standard gait types provide integrated perceptual images. Their nomination is based on distinctive features of a denotate perceived mainly by sight. Of significance are the following parameters of the subject: physical characteristics, shape peculiarities, and movement style. Reduplicated terms primarily display visual deviations, portraying artificial, oscillatory, or unsteady movements. These movements involve unique gaits, like wide leg positioning, swaying, waddling, awkward walking, delicate steps, skipping, fluid strides, or confident swaggering. The process of reduplication plays a significant role in shaping the semantic meaning of figurative terms, establishing a correlation between the concepts of repetition and multiplicity. More precisely, it designates the qualities of subjects in motion and articulates the meaning of cyclical movement, numerous spatial shifts, and prolonged, repetitive actions.

Phonology, homophony, and eyes-closed rest in Mandarin novel word learning: An eye-tracking study in adult native and non-native speakers

AbstractThis study used the visual world paradigm to investigate novel word learning in adults from different language backgrounds and the effects of phonology, homophony, and rest on the outcome. We created Mandarin novel words varied by types of phonological contrasts and homophone status. During the experiment, native (n = 34) and non-native speakers (English; n = 30) learned pairs of novel words and were tested twice with a 15-minute break in between, which was spent either resting or gaming. In the post-break test of novel word recognition, an interaction appeared between language backgrounds, phonology, and homophony: non-native speakers performed less accurately than native speakers only on non-homophones learned in pairs with tone contrasts. Eye movement data indicated that non-native speakers’ processing of tones may be more effortful than their processing of segments while learning homophones, as demonstrated by the time course. Interestingly, no significant effects of rest were observed across language groups; yet after gaming, native speakers achieved higher accuracy than non-native speakers. Overall, this study suggests that Mandarin novel word learning can be affected by participants’ language backgrounds and phonological and homophonous features of words. However, the role of short periods of rest in novel word learning requires further investigation.

Oxymoron: An Automatic Detection from the Corpus

An oxymoron is a linguistic phenomenon in which a pair of opposite or antonymous words are combined to convey a new meaning. Sometimes, it is used to express figurative, irony, or rhetoric within the text. This issue has received relatively less attention in the realms of linguistics and computational disciplines. Oxymorons play a significant role in various language-processing applications. This study represents a pioneering effort in the exploration of oxymorons in the Bengali language. A corpus-based study of oxymoron is a fundamental issue that has not been explored so far. A system has been proposed for the automated recognition of oxymorons from a given corpus. Frequency analysis, semantic similarity, and an antonym dictionary have been employed to discern oxymorons within the corpus. The system achieved promising results when tested on a Bengali corpus, and found 308 distinct oxymorons. A corpus-based descriptive statistics is measured in two different corpora. The most common oxymorons are ranked based on their frequency. Their notable presence underscores the importance of the Bengali language. This study aimed to explore fundamental questions concerning oxymorons, such as the automated detection of oxymorons within a corpus, descriptive statistics regarding oxymorons across languages, and the process of their construction and creation. Additionally, efforts were made to extract oxymorons from large language models using zero-shot prompts, but the results were not as promising compared to our proposed system.

Lower constraint testing enhances the testing effect for some contextual details but not others.

Retrieval practice has been shown to be an effective means of learning new information, a memory phenomenon known as the testing effect or the retrieval practice effect. Some work suggests that the magnitude of the testing effect can be enhanced when the test used for retrieval practice uses fewer cues to retrieve previously studied information. It is unclear, however, whether such testing benefits extend to peripheral contextual details associated with studied materials (e.g., location where stimuli appear, font color in which items are presented, etc.). In this experiment, we examine both item memory (i.e., memory for the studied items) and context memory under conditions where the intervening test offers fewer cues (i.e., lower constraint) compared to more cues (higher constraint) to better understand item and context memory testing effects. Participants first studied word pairs presented in one of eight locations as well as in either red or green font color. Then, in the re-exposure phase, participants processed materials in two types of intervening tests (lower constraint and a higher constraint test) as well as in a restudy condition, before a final memory test. For item memory, results showed that memory was better in the lower constraint testing condition compared to both the higher constraint testing condition as well as the restudy (control) condition. For context memory, results indicated improved memory for location context under lower constraint testing compared to both higher constraint testing and restudy conditions. There was no difference in memory, however, for color context across all conditions. Overall, these findings suggest that providing fewer cues to aid retrieval in the intervening test can induce better memory for both items as well as some contextual details.

Dialect-specificity and learners’ L2 perceptual resilience after study abroad

Abstract The present study examined the perception of two regional variants of Spanish (theta /Ɵ/ and zheísmo/sheísmo [ʒ, ʃ]) by nonnative speakers of Spanish with and without study abroad experience. The study’s goals were to determine whether learners who study abroad accept regional variants more frequently than at-home learners, and whether this effect is limited to cues participants are exposed to while abroad. Participants were L1 English speakers asked to determine whether they considered real and nonce word pairs with matching and mismatching regional variants to be instances of the same word. The findings reveal higher acceptance rates of mismatching variants by L2 learners who had studied abroad than of classroom learners but results for specific location of study abroad that suggest learners likely build perceptual resilience while abroad that goes beyond the specific cues they are exposed to.

Applying a Kansei engineering-based relationship model design approach to developing consumers' sustainability reliance on apparel

PurposeBased on Kansei Engineering, this study obtained consumers' emotional preferences aiming to enhance the emotional connection between consumers and clothing to extend the service life of clothing and realize sustainable clothing design.Design/methodology/approachSix Kansei word pairs that are the most important to consumers were identified through literature reviews, magazines, websites, card sorting of consumers and cluster analysis. Finally, the consumers scored the 32 product specimens through a 5-level rating semantic differential scale questionnaire of six Kansei word pairs. The researchers verified the consumers' emotional preferences through principal component analysis and established the relationship between Kansei words and design elements of color through partial least squares.FindingsThe study found consumers' emotional preferences: elegant, minimalist, formal, casual, mature, practical and distinctive style. Besides white, black, gray, blue, consumers will also like red and yellow-red in the future. The crucial findings of this study are to get recommended guidelines that consumers' emotional preferences match the corresponding design elements.Originality/valueThe study's findings can be used to style the design of men's plain-color shirts and guide online marketers and designers to design apparel that meets consumers' emotional needs to develop consumers' sustainability reliance on clothing. This study also explains the overall process and methodology for integrating consumer preferences and product design elements.

Schema-congruency supports the formation of unitized representations: Evidence from event-related potentials

The main goal of the present study was to investigate whether schema-based encoding of novel word pairs (i.e., novel compound words) supports the formation of unitized representations and thus, associative familiarity-based recognition. We report two experiments that both comprise an incidental learning task, in which novel noun-noun compound words were presented in semantically congruent contexts, enabling schema-supported processing of both constituents, contrasted with a schema-neutral condition. In Experiment 1, the effects of schema congruency on memory performance were larger for associative memory performance than for item memory performance in a memory test in which intact, recombined, and new compound words had to be discriminated. This supports the view that schema congruency boosts associative memory by promoting unitization. When contrasting event-related potentials (ERPs) for hits with correct rejections or associative misses, an N400 attenuation effect (520–676 ms) indicating absolute familiarity was present in the congruent condition, but not in the neutral condition. In line with this, a direct comparison of ERPs on hits across conditions revealed more positive waveforms in the congruent than in the neutral condition. This suggests that absolute familiarity contributes to associative recognition memory when schema-supported processing is established. In Experiment 2, we tested whether schema congruency enables the formation of semantically overlapping representations. Therefore, we included semantically similar lure compound words in the test phase and compared false alarm rates to these lures across conditions. In line with our hypothesis, we found higher false alarm rates in the congruent as compared to the neutral condition. In conclusion, we provide converging evidence for the view that schema congruency enables the formation of unitized representations and supports familiarity-based memory retrieval.

Семантика терминов имущества в бурятском языке (на примере эд бараа)

Introduction. The article is devoted to the establishment of differential semantic features of the Buryat term ed baraa, presented in the monuments of Old Mongolian writing of the 18th–19th centuries, reflecting the usual legal practice of the Buryats in relation to the totality of things owned by a person. The relevance of the study is due to the interest in the specifics of understanding property relations and the formation of property terms in the Buryat language of that time. Materials and methods. The research material was written sources from the collection “Customary Law of the Khorin Buryats. Monuments of Old Mongolian Writing”, which presents the legislative acts of the Khorin Buryats. The introduction briefly describes the extent to which the problem has been studied and defines the research methodology. Results. Analysis of the texts in which the term under study functions allowed the authors to establish that ed baraa is an invariant term for movable property. Ed baraa serves to designate the totality of household material objects and things in the possession of a person, excluding livestock, in addition, it participates in the implementation of the property rights of the owner in relation to material goods belonging to him. Based on the internal form of the word, ed baraa is a paired word, formed by adding two independent words with a coordinating connection, and having an abstract meaning. The abstractness and collective meaning of the term becomes possible as a result of summing up the meaning of the words and its components, where ed delegates the sign of a relatively large property quantity and represents a characteristic of the components in abstraction from specific signs. Baraa, as a nominee of the nuclear component, carries the attribute ‘small property, household items, belongings’. The internal form of the word contains a key feature of the plurality of goods, which is considered as property. This term implies the semantics that this property can be the subject of purchase and sale; there is an indication of the acquisition of property, since it was a product of labor produced for sale, in order to exchange for other products of labor or money.

APPROACHES TO AUTOMATIC WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION BASED ON UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF WORD SENSES IN CORPUS

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a key task of automatic semantic analysis that affects other upstream tasks. Nevertheless, the selection of appropriate sense of ambiguous word in context is a complicated task even for human native speakers. It is even more relevant for automatic disambiguation models. That is why we need any observations and heuristics able to make the WSD task simpler or performance higher. Researchers have noticed that the distribution of ambiguous word senses follow certain laws. In the paper we discuss three hypotheses about word senses distribution in corpus: 1) Most Frequent Sense, MFS; 2) One Sense per Discourse and 3) One Sense per Collocation. The following results were obtained on the material of a corpus of Russian texts. Most Frequent Sense based algorithm demonstrates relatively high precision on both training and test set (85.7% and 71.1% respectively). The One Sense per Discourse hypothesis has been confirmed in 93% of texts. The One Sense per Collocation hypothesis has been confirmed in 84.46% word pairs from texts. The exceptions are related to difficulties and errors by manual word sense labeling. Heuristics based on uneven distribution of ambiguous words in corpus allow to make WSD task simpler and can be used by collecting training data sets for WSD models.

Determining The New Yotta Snack Photo Factors through Kansei Engineering Approach

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on social habits in Indonesia. Conditions that require society to reduce interaction directly result in changes in the shopping style and diet of society. As such changes, this phenomenon also resulted in the food business’s transition into a versatile online. This causes the food menu to be selected based on the picture and rating of food, So the picture becomes one of the important things in attracting consumer interest in choosing a certain type of food. Yotta Snack is one of the new products of Yotta that is not so well known to the public. Food photography is one of the ways that consumers can use to increase their desire for food. Kansei engineering is one of the methods that can be used in designing a product that fits the consumer's wishes. This research aims to determine the factors of Yotta’s photo products snack with a Kansei engineering approach. The research of 100 responders got 27 words of kansei. The analytics factor came up with 6 groups of Kansei words in pairs. Six words Kansei pairing is a neat mess, Fresh wilted, creative monotonous, not aesthetic, The darkness of light, It's unclear.

On the Construct of Functional Psychology's Developmental Theory: Basic Experiences of the Self (BEsS).

According to the neo-functional developmental theory, newborns and infants exhibit complex psycho-bodily functioning. The Basic Experiences of the Self (BEsS) refer to how they fulfil their essential life needs by organising their psycho-bodily functions in a typical configuration. As part of our research study, we developed a prototype psychometric tool called the BEsS Assessment Form (BAF) to assess the BEsS in infants aged zero to three years. We collected video recordings of their spontaneous behaviour and used the BAF to evaluate function polarity. In the BAF, thirty pairs of words represent functions in their dyadic polarity. To estimate the level of function polarity, we used the Osgood semantic differential scale, which ranges from seven to one. The study's results confirm that functions can be assessed by grading along the opposite polarity spectrum. Moreover, in accordance with the theory, the functions can be grouped into four domains: the emotional, postural motor, physiological, and cognitive-symbolic planes. Our findings suggest that the characteristics of BEsS are significantly influenced by the activation of the physiological and postural motor functions, which are related to the early regulation of the autonomic nervous system and can be used to evaluate infant arousal.