Word Order Research Articles

Communicative accentuation in Buryat emotive constructions

The article examines Buryat emotive constructions from the point of view of the communicative identification of participants in an emotive situation. The relevance of the study lies in the current general interest of linguists currently in the problem of the verbalisation of emotions. The novelty of the work lies in the application of an additional, communicative aspect to the study of the means of verbalising emotiveness in the Buryat language. The aim of the study is to identify the connection between the syntactic and communicative structure of a sentence, or more precisely, between the syntactic position and the communicative emphasis. Methods of linguistic observation, introspection, description, methods of differential and component analysis have been used. It has been shown that a shift in the speaker's focus from one participant to another, or to the emotion itself, is reflected in the syntactic structure of the sentence. The position of the subject is communicatively highlighted and significant in the structure of the sentence. The communicative emphasis of the subject in the Buryat language is also determined by the strict order of words in the sentence (the subject is always the topic). In the course of studying Buryat emotive constructions as speech acts, the author identified three types of constructions with communicative emphasis of the participants in an emotive situation in the subject position. These are constructions with a communicative emphasis: 1) on the Experiencer, 2) on the Stimulus, 3) on the Emotion itself. It is noted that the Stimulus can be presented both in expanded form (subordinate clauses) and in collapsed form (nominal groups). The research material was modern texts of literary works by Buryat authors, published in the electronic Buryat corpus. A survey of native speakers was also conducted in order to confirm or refute doubtful cases of communicative emphasis.

Current ways of expressing voice in Ukrainian language

The article covers consideration and analysis of syntactic rules for the category of voice in modern Ukrainian language, particularly in the sphere of professional communication. The proposed study traces the definitions of active and passive voice constructions, introduces definitions of direct and indirect subject, and also analyzes the formation of the indirect subject, indicating its belonging to the class of animate and inanimate objects. The article considers various ways of correct conveying of thoughts, accurate and logical presentation of the context, which can be achieved through particular syntactic norms of different styles in professional speech, using such verb voices as active and passive, as well as the reflexive voice, which is inherent, in particular, to Ukrainian language. Therefore, the author analyzes semantic structure of a clause from the point of view on reflecting transient process. Indicating the direct order of words in the sentence, it is manifested that subject in a sentence expresses a person or an object, a phenomenon that performs certain action, an object or a person that is in specific texts like natural, technical or social narratives, where subjects may be animate and inanimate ones. Formulating the idea through linguistic means in such clauses, statements, etc., it is affirmed that the semantic structure of the sentence is to be structured by definite syntactical model. Also, through the study it has been defined the status of verbs with the postfix -sia (ukr. -ся) in contemporary Ukrainian language. Its uncertainty of usage is sometimes observed mentioning passive and reflexive voices in Ukrainian. This postfix historical development of applying within the morphological structure of the word, word combination and clause has been analyzed. The author believes that it indicates the action is accomplished by the subject itself. The characteristic features of the development of reflexive verbs used for various semantic connotations are distinguished considering relationship between subject and object in action, which allowed the author to distinguish at least their six qualifications keeping in mind much broader verb classification within reflexive constructions. Taking into consideration that the mentioned verbs with postfix -sia are referred to the reflexive voice. It is emphasized that verbs with the mentioned postfix are derived from transitive verbs. In conclusion it is emphasized that in modern Ukrainian literary language, and especially professional one, two-part active and passive constructions are commonly used, and the usage of reflexive voice needs further scientific investigation and study.

ПРАГМАТИЧНА СКЛАДОВА ІСПАНСЬКОГО НЕОЗНАЧЕНОГО АРТИКЛЮ В КОНТЕКСТІ МОВНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ПЕРЕКЛАДАЧІВ

Вackground. The article examines the pragmatic functions of the indefinite article in Spanish with a view to its teaching to students of translation studies at higher educational institutions. The study focuses on the fact that the Spanish article is capable not only of indicating the uncertainty of the subject, but also of conveying various pragmatic information or even acquiring metaphorical meanings depending on the existing communicative situation. The didactic goal of the study is to develop students' ability to perceive the grammatical category of the article from the point of view of a native Spanish speaker, which will improve its understanding for use and further reproduction in Ukrainian translation. Methods. A number of methods have been used to highlight the problem, namely descriptive method, contrastive or comparative method, the methods of linguistic and contextual interpretive analysis, as well as the method of generalization of the data. The article is of a review nature with the aim of generalising the issue. Results. The main cases of the use of the indefinite article in Spanish are analyzed for the presence of pragmatic functions, in particular, its use to indicate uncertainty or quantity of a noun, to introduce new information, to indicate belonging to a certain group, to add characteristics to an object or phenomenon, as well as for emphasis. The article reveals the pragmatic potential of the article in the original, which is important and sometimes necessary to preserve in the target text during translation. It is established that the translation transformation of deleting the article without adding lexical means in the target text due to the absence of this category in Ukrainian grammar is an ambiguous decision, which leads to the loss of the pragmatic component in the Ukrainian translation or even to a change in the content of the Spanish message. Possible ways to solve the problem of reproducing different meanings of the indefinite article are proposed, including the addition of appropriate lexical and lexico-grammatical means, changing the order of words in a sentence, transposition or explication. Conclusions. The grammatical category of the article in Spanish has a wide potential for expressing additional pragmatic meanings that have semantic, stylistic, emphatic, expressive, evaluative or metaphorical load. In Ukrainian translation, the reproduction of additional pragmatic meanings of the article is difficult, which leads to certain losses in the target text. To ensure an adequate reproduction of the Spanish message, the translator must acquire sufficient linguistic competence to understand the nature of the Spanish indefinite article and see it from the point of view of a native Spanish speaker. This will allow them to identify pragmatic meanings in the text and reproduce them in Ukrainian.

Symmetricity, postposition, and hydras: Experimental evidence against the ATB-analysis of partial agreement in Russian

We present the results of acceptability judgement study focused on partial predicate agreement in Russian. We test the predictions of a possible analysis of partial agreement assuming coordination on VP level with subsequent Across-the-Board movement of verbal heads to a structurally higher position. This analysis implies restrictions on partial agreement in the case of symmetrical predicates, SV word order, and coordinated subject being a head of a relative clause. Our experimental data support none of these predictions. We propose that this result argues in favor of the DP-coordination analysis of partial agreement in Russian.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГЛАЗОДВИГАТЕЛЬНОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ДЕТЕЙ 6-9 ЛЕТ ПРИ СООТНЕСЕНИИ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ В ПАССИВНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ И ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЙ

In the pilot, the oculomotor behavior of children 6-9 years old (n=10) and adults (n=10) was analyzed during passive voice sentences and pictures matching task. Adults most likely make a decision already when listening to the second word in a sentence, and the third word only confirms the choice already made. In children, the process of perception requires more time, and when listening to the third words in a sentence, it continues, which is noted in longer fixations than in adults on an incorrect picture. This effect is more pronounced when analyzing sentences with reverse word order and passive voice

Strategic syntactic restructuring during simultaneous interpreting from Turkish into English

This study investigated the effects of contextual constraint and transitional probability on verb interpreting latency and syntactic restructuring during simultaneous interpreting from Turkish verb-final into English (verb-medial) sentences by trainee and professional Turkish (A)—English (B) interpreters. We found that contextual constraint, but not transitional probability, leads to both a decrease in interpreting latency on the sentence-final verb and a higher degree of syntactic restructuring between the source language input and target language output in both trainee and professional interpreters. Moreover, no between-group differences were observed in the effect of contextual constraint on verb interpreting latency and syntactic restructuring. The present findings suggest that, irrespective of experience, interpreters use contextual cues to restructure the word order between the source input and target output and produce the verb faster in the target output. This provides an argument for examining interpreting latency and syntactic restructuring together, as possible indicators of unvoiced anticipation during simultaneous interpreting between languages with dissimilar structures, such as Turkish and English.

Machine Learning-Based Prediction Models for Cognitive Decline Progression: A Comparative Study in Multilingual Settings Using Speech Analysis.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition commonly associated with dementia. Therefore, early prediction of progression from MCI to dementia is essential for preventing or alleviating cognitive decline. Given that dementia affects cognitive functions like language and speech, detecting disease progression through speech analysis can provide a cost-effective solution for patients and caregivers. In our study, we examined spontaneous speech (SS) and written Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores from a 60-patient dataset obtained from the Mugla University Dementia Outpatient Clinic (MUDC) and a 153-patient dataset from the Alzheimer's Dementia Recognition through Spontaneous Speech (ADRess) challenge. Our study, for the first time, analyzed the impact of audio features extracted from SS in distinguishing between different degrees of cognitive impairment using both an Indo-European language and a Turkic language, which exhibit distinct word order, agglutination, noun cases, and grammatical markers. When each machine learning model was tested on its respective trained language, we attained a 95% accuracy using the random forest classifier on the ADRess dataset and a 94% accuracy on the MUDC dataset employing the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network algorithm. In our second experiment, we evaluated the effectiveness of each language-specific machine learning model on the dataset of the other language. We achieved accuracies of 72% for English and 76% for Turkish, respectively. These findings underscore the cross-language potential of audio features for automated tracking of cognitive impairment progression in MCI patients, offering a convenient and cost-effective option for clinicians or patients.

Multi-Modal Structure-Embedding Graph Transformer for Visual Commonsense Reasoning

Visual commonsense reasoning (VCR) is a challenging reasoning task that aims to not only answer the question based on a given image but also provide a rationale justifying for the choice. Graph-based networks are appropriate to represent and extract the correlation between image and language for reasoning, where how to construct and learn graphs based on such multi-modal Euclidean data is a fundamental problem. Most existing graph-based methods view visual regions and linguistic words as identical graph nodes, ignoring inherent characteristics of multi-modal data. In addition, these approaches typically only have one graph-learning layer, and the performance declines as the model goes deeper. To address these issues, a novel method named Multi-modal Structure-embedding Graph Transformer (MSGT) is proposed. Specifically, an answer-vision graph and an answer-question graph are constructed to represent and model intra-modal and inter-modal correlations in VCR simultaneously, where additional multi-modal structure representations are initialized and embedded according to visual region distances and linguistic word orders for more reasonable graph representation. Then, a structure-injecting graph transformer is designed to inject embedded structure priors into the semantic correlation matrix for the evolution of node features and structure representations, which can stack more layers to make model deeper and extract more powerful features with instructive priors. To adaptively fuse graph features, a scored pooling mechanism is further developed to select valuable clues for reasoning from learnt node features. Experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed MSGT framework compared with state-of-the-art methods on the VCR benchmark dataset. The source code of this work can be found in <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://mic.tongji.edu.cn</uri> .

The linguistic landscape of the Neryungrinsky district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): an analysis of bilingual signs of educational institutions

According to Article 35 of the Law on Languages of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), state and municipal institutions are required to have official signs for both official languages of the Republic, Yakut and Russian, and for districts densely populated by indigenous northern minorities, for their languages, which are defined by the law as official languages. The aim of this research is to analyse the errors made in translating the official signs of educational institutions in the Neryungrinsky district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). To accomplish this objective, the following tasks were carried out: 1. Collecting and sorting photographs of signs of educational institutions; 2. Analysing the source text in Russian, i.e. highlighting the order of presentation of information about the institution; 3. Analysing the translated text, i.e. evaluating the accuracy of the translation and identifying translation errors; 4. Categorising translation errors into five groups: graphic errors, spelling errors, errors in translating abbreviations, word order errors and grammatical errors; 5. Linguistic analysis of the identified errors; 6. Development of the correct version of the translation of the signs. The research uses statistical counting and comparison methods to identify the schemes of presentation of information about institutions on signboards, methods of observation and comparison of signboard texts to develop the most optimal translation option in the presence of several translation options for the same information, and methods of analysis and synthesis to describe translation errors and justify the correct translation option. Practical recommendations in the form of schemes and vocabulary developed in the course of this study are universal and can be applied to other organisations of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia); this is the reason for the relevance of the study. The analysis outputs are applicable for training translators at M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, citing the scientific, practical, and linguodidactic potential of this work.

College Management Chatbot System

Chatbots are basically bots that are used to have faster and more accurate conversations with people. Nowadays, with chatbots very much attention in different areas. Chatbots have embedded knowledge to identify sentences and provide a response Questions.This Work proposes a chatbot to be used for school administration, the user only needs to log in to Chatbot for any college related activities. A student need not be present to know about any college related activity physically there. College Management Chatbot is developed using artificial intelligence algorithms like Porter Stemmer and word order similarity, which analyzes user queries and understands user messages to provide an accurate response this College Management Chatbot, various natural language processing techniques will be used such as parsing, stemming, Tokenization and filtering

How Machine Translation Helps Foreign Language Students?

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine to what extent machine translation (MT) helps Chinese students who study Spanish language. Methods: Our study employed the following methods, Chinese students participated in an experiment consisting of two main tasks. The first was a short translation test measuring whether students can translate with better accuracy, fluency and complexity if they use MT. In the second task, those students had to translate without MT. In this article, we focus primarily on the translation task. Results: All participants obtained higher scores in accuracy, fluency and complexity when using MT. Conclusion: This online tool helped students complete their translation task with better spelling, terminology, mistranslation, overly literal, style guide, ambiguous translation, part of speech, addition and typography. Unfortunately, MT did not help them to avoid unit conversion errors, word order errors, functions words errors, omission errors and punctuation errors. Identifying these types of errors can help students better recognize their mistakes while learning Spanish as a second language.

Subject-Object binding dependencies in Romanian

This paper dwells on an interesting contrast between Romance (Romanian, Spanish a.o.) and Germanic languages (English, German a.o.) with respect to the syntax and the interpretation of the direct object (DO). One structural difference between these two groups of languages amounts to the fact that the former clitic double (CD) and differentially object mark (DOM) their direct objects while the latter do not. This leads to important interpretive consequences when it comes to phenomena such as Subject-Object binding dependences: Non-CD languages rely on the c-command configuration and surface word order in resolving binding relations (the antecedent must c-command the element containing the bound pronoun. As a consequence, a natural way for the DO to bind into the Subject is to have it moved to the left, in a preceding, c-commanding position). As will be shown, in CD languages, the word order configuration is not decisive: the direct object may bind the subject without having to precede it at the same time. The paper draws a parametric difference between configurational languages (where binding is closely linked to the c-command configurations and is sensitive to surface word order) and non-configurational languages, where the same semantic properties can be derived from the internal structure of the direct object (through its featural specification).

CERTAIN APPROACHES OF LEGAL TECHNIQUE

The article discusses a brief description of word order in Kazakh and the potential interference that has developed in the practice of legal technique. Kazakh sentences have some peculiarities due to the specific word order. Numerous researchers have devoted their works to the study of issues in this field. The author refers to the opinion of the Kazakh linguist, outstanding scientist, doctor of philological sciences M. Balakaev and cites his conclusions on the stable order of words, including the order of the main members of the sentence. The article defines this order and illustrates with examples what changes may result from non-compliance. It also analyses the current legislative acts for compliance with the requirements of this literary norm. The results of comparative analysis of the texts of legislation adopted in different periods are reflected in the tables. For example, only one word "болып табылады" (is) has different ordering. The conclusion of the study is presented in the form of a specific approach, which is necessary in the development of legal acts. At the same time, existing gaps in the drafting of companion bills, for which amendments to codes are envisaged, are reflected on examples from existing legislation. The approaches to the presentation of the title and date of adoption of the code provided for in the companion legislation are tabulated, the developers are presented with its specific result-table, which is an auxiliary tool. This result can be referred to as a foundational document for developments. In order to reveal the relevance of the topic, attention is paid to the study of the problem in the practical context. In this respect, a brief overview from the practice of legal technique of a neighbouring country is presented. As one of the ways to avoid gaps, approaches are suggested for use in the development of the text of a legal act. In particular, the final conclusions can be used in law-making practice. In the article the author dwells on the conclusions of scientists who propose methods of excluding gaps in legal documents by means of their competent and correct design.

O filozofii formalnej Miguela Ángela Asturiasa

This paper analyses the linguistic structure, creative modes of expression and stylistic properties of Miguel Ángel Asturias’s Legends of Guatemala (Leyendas de Guatemala, 1930). Furthermore, it attempts to classify Asturias’s prose fiction, which is often multifaceted, by defining the unique character of its complex linguistic mechanisms that create his debut short-story collection. All texts in Legends contain references not only to events of the Mayan cosmogony, mythological tropes and motifs (that have been developed and put into a new context), but also to their mimetic relationship with the ritual language used in the Popol Vuh. The word order variations and certain combinations of vowels and consonants, as well as the specific syntactic parallelisms and enumerations (stylistic and lexical “props”) imitate formulaic phrases which are important elements in oral style. Pre-Columbian themes – especially those chosen by the Guatemalan writer for the narrative content of his works – are full of visual symbols with rich folk meanings; the melodic sound of Asturias’s narration (and its internal rhythm) seems attuned to the worldview belonging to both particular and universal human communities.

Prediction in SVO and SOV languages: processing and typological considerations

Abstract In this study, we tested the possibility that different word orders engender different processing preferences. Our key hypothesis was that a head-initial language like English (SVO) allows more prediction compared to a head-final language like Japanese (SOV). In Experiment 1, English and Japanese native speakers completed a cloze task in which they heard a sentence fragment (SV_ in English and SO_ in Japanese) and had to complete it with the word they thought best. We assessed cloze probability of the words produced and voice onset times. Experiment 2 examined written completions in English, in which we compared the cloze probabilities in SV_ fragments versus OS_ fragments. Following the central hypothesis, this experiment allowed us to determine (within language) whether there is more prediction from a noun and verb compared to two nouns. Finally, in Experiment 3, we compared written completions in English and Japanese, in which the stimuli given to participants were identical (SV_ in English and S_V in Japanese). Results across all three experiments were consistent with greater prediction in English. We argue that prediction is one important factor in processing, that it is relied on more in English than in Japanese, and that prediction will be especially favored in languages like English in which the verb regularly precedes its direct object.

University of Lille and CNRS Research unit ‘Savoirs, Textes, Langage’

In this article, we analyze a learner corpus of English-to-French translation tasks produced by advanced students enrolled in their final year of a professional translation master’s program. Specifically, we investigate their use of so-called non-standard, non-SVO word order structures: clefting, pseudo-clefting, dislocation, extraposition, and inversion. We aim to confirm students’ tendency to overuse SVO word order in their translations in comparison with original French and to provide a finer-grained analysis of their (non-)use of non-standard structures. Complementary analyses on a corpus of machine-translated texts and a corpus of professional translations provide further comparisons. Thanks to an approach where corpus material is used to assist students in the development of their translation skills, all these results are meant to have pedagogical value, by highlighting the specificities of student translations to help them write more authentic texts that take into account language use related to word order. The comparison with machine-translated texts is intended to help students develop post-editing skills. Keywords: translation training, translation quality, word order variation, specialized translation, post-editing

Izrazne varijante formula supskripcije u hrvatskim tekstovima lovranske Kvaderne

Subscription (subscriptio) as the medieval diplomatic corroboration formula appears mostly as a signature left by the participants in the legal act (cf. Brković 1995, Stipišić 1985). This paper will explore the expressions used by notaries to sign the Croatian texts of the Lovran Notebook (Kvaderna), namely the collection of scribal documents of the Lovran chapter, with entries dating from the 15th to 18th centuries (published in Viškanić 2002). A typology of subscription expressions is given, with particular emphasis on the distribution and function of the first person pronoun ja, phoric relations, and word order in the specific context of the conventional legal discourse.

Word Order in Reporting Clauses

Word Order in Reporting Clauses

Middle-Passive Constructions, Dative Possessors, and Word Order in Spanish

This paper examines data from Spanish middle-passive sentences whose grammatical subject contains a body-part noun, externally possessed by means of a dative possessor. I advocate for an analysis whereby the possessor originates inside the theme DP and raises to the specifier of an applicative projection to be licensed with dative case. I show that the unmarked order for dative DPs in these configurations is preverbal. These phrases may appear as the sole preverbal constituent, presumably in preverbal subject position, thus forcing the theme DP to remain inside the VP; alternatively, both the dative DP and theme DP can occur preverbally, in which case, the former appears to be left dislocated while the latter would be probed to preverbal subject position. This last scenario leads to a minimality violation, since the theme would be probed over the empty pronominal standing for the possessor that must necessarily sit in Spec, ApplP for the inalienable possession construal to obtain. Instead, I argue that both preverbal dative and theme DPs in Spanish middle-passive sentences are left dislocated and corefer with empty pronominals inside the sentence; the null dative possessor, being closer to T° always raises to subject position, which avoids any potential intervention effects. Finally, I explore how these data can be analyzed within a paratactic approach.

ФУНКЦІЙНО-ГРАМАТИЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ СТРУКТУРИ РЕЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ У МОВОЗНАВЧІЙ СПАДЩИНІ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА

The article is devoted to the analysis of the sentence structure in the functional-grammatical aspect based on the scientifi c works of Ivan Ohiienko devoted to syntax (complex is a term from the works of a linguist). The main characteristics of the sen-tence – the completeness of the thought, the presence of intonation, word order, the fi xation of parts of speech for a certain syntactic role – are examined. The sentence structure is described as an invariant model in relation to the modern interpretation of the concept “sentence model”. It is proved that the predicate is the determinant in the structure of the sentence. An analysis of predicativeness in formal-grammatical, semantic-syntactic and communicative paradigms is carried out. Based on the research of I. Ohiienko, it was found out that the sentence expresses the speaker’s attitude to reality. Later, this process will be called «modality». One of the means of expressing modality is intonation, which a linguist speaks of as a rel-evant sentence characteristic without which the functioning of a sentence is not possible. Intonation determines the order of words in a sentence. The analysis of word order as an end-to-end syntactic concept will make it possible to fi nd out the peculiarities of the composition of sentences of the Ukrainian language according to thematic-rhematic division and the logical-content criterion; the syntactic role of those components of the sentence that have a dual meaning, that is, they can simultaneously answer the ques-tions of two members of the sentence; stylistic aspect of direct and inverted word order.It has been established that in the linguistic views of I. Ohiienko there is a recogni-tion of the insuffi cient grammatical possibilities of the formal-grammatical approach to the interpretation of the sentence structure, and, at the same time, there is an indication of the need to involve a communicative paradigm (of course, without terminology). It was this approach of the linguist that contributed to laying the foundations of corefer-ence of language units, i.e. the relationship between linguistic means denoting the same object, its properties or situation in general. Furthermore, there is such a concept as «intentions of the speaker». Prospects for further research can be seen in the analysis of the question of the stylistic aspect of the concept of «inversion» in the context of the works of I. Ohiienko. In addition, it is important to identify the relationship between the indirect word order and the communicative intention of the speaker.