Word Ontology Research Articles

The Future of School Health Education in the United States: An Ontology.

As summarized in this article, the widespread implementation of modern school health education (SHE) could become one of the most effective means available to improve the well-being of people in the United States and in other nations. However, the development and evolution of SHE largely remains unorganized, underdeveloped, and neglected by health and education agencies, policymakers, and the public. Essential to the development of any scientific discipline, scientists today use the word ontology to refer to efforts to organize knowledge in particular domains. A useful working definition of a scientific ontology is an explicit, formal specification of a shared conceptualization-a systematic set of shared terms and an explication of their interrelationships. Nine interdependent questions are outlined to help guide the development of an initial, broad, and actionable scientific ontology for SHE. Whether and how we respond to these questions arguably will determine the future of SHE research, policy, practice, and equity in the United States. An initial ontology might help conceptualize, inform, and facilitate more systematic and strategic local, state, national, and international deliberations and actions to improve SHE.

Processing of Semantic Ambiguity Based on Words Ontology

This research provides an automatic treatment for the phenomenon of semantic Polysemy based on the ontology (meaning, accompaniment, and translation) of words and its effect on the applications of automatic processing of the Arabic language.

The ontology of words: Realism, nominalism, and eliminativism

AbstractWhat are words? What makes two token words tokens of the same word‐type? Are words abstract entities, or are they (merely) collections of tokens? The ontology of words tries to provide answers to these, and related questions. This article provides an overview of some of the most prominent views proposed in the literature, with a particular focus on the debate between type‐realist, nominalist, and eliminativist ontologies of words.

A bundle theory of words

It has been a common assumption that words are substances that instantiate or have properties. In this paper, I question the assumption that our ontology of words requires posting substances by outlining a bundle theory of words, wherein words are bundles of various sorts of properties (such as semantic, phonetic, orthographic, and grammatical properties). I argue that this view can better account for certain phenomena than substance theories, is ontologically more parsimonious, and coheres with claims in linguistics.

Lukács: a reviravolta dos anos 1930 e a adoção da ontologia como expressão da filosofia de Marx

Resumo O presente artigo visa apresentar o impacto que as mudanças no pensamento do filósofo György Lukács no começo dos anos 1930 tiveram no transcurso do seu itinerário intelectual. Além de destacar o sentido de toda a sua produção pós-1930, o texto intenta mostrar como - e por quais razões - o Lukács da maturidade irá adotar a palavra ontologia para expressar o substancial da filosofia de Marx.

On the individuation of words

ABSTRACT The idea that two words can be instances of the same word is a central intuition in our conception of language. This fact underlies many of the claims that we make about how we communicate, and how we understand each other. Given this, irrespective of what we think words are, it is common to think that any putative ontology of words, must be able to explain this feature of language. That is, we need to provide criteria of identity for word-types which allow us to individuate words such that it can be the case that two particular word-instances are instances of the same word-type (on the assumption that there are such types). One solution, recently further developed by Irmak (2018. “An Ontology of Words.” Erkenntnis. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10670-018-0001-0), holds that words are individuated by their history. In this paper, I argue that this view either fails to account for our intuitions about word identity, or is too vague to be a plausible answer to the problem of word individuation.

The ontology of words: a structural approach

ABSTRACTWords form a fundamental basis for our understanding of linguistic practice. However, the precise ontology of words has eluded many philosophers and linguists. A persistent difficulty for most accounts of words is the type-token distinction [Bromberger, S. 1989. “Types and Tokens in Linguistics.” In Reflections on Chomsky, edited by A. George, 58–90. Basil Blackwell; Kaplan, D. 1990. “Words.” Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume LXIV: 93–119]. In this paper, I present a novel account of words which differs from the atomistic and platonistic conceptions of previous accounts which I argue fall prey to this problem. Specifically, I proffer a structuralist account of linguistic items, along the lines of structuralism in the philosophy of mathematics [Shapiro, S. 1997. Philosophy of Mathematics: Structure and Ontology. Oxford University Press], in which words are defined in part as positions in larger linguistic structures. I then follow Szabò [1999. “Expressions and Their Representations.” The Philosophical Quarterly 49 (195): 145–163] and Parsons [1990. “The Structuralist View of Mathematical Objects.” Synthese 84: 303–346] in further defining words as quasi-concrete objects according to a representation relation. This view aims for general correspondence with contemporary generative linguistic approaches to the study of language.

An Ontology of Words

Words are indispensable linguistic tools for beings like us. However, there is not much philosophical work done about what words really are. In this paper, I develop a new ontology for words. I argue that (a) words are abstract artifacts that are created to fulfill various kinds of purposes, and (b) words are abstract in the sense that they are not located in space but they have a beginning and may have an end in time given that certain conditions are met. What follows from this two-fold argument is that words, from an ontological point of view, are more like musical works, fictional characters or computer programs, than numbers or sets.

DÉJÀ-VU NA ACADEMIA: EU JÁ VI TANTAS VEZES ESSE FILME!

There are things that enter our lives that make us think: again? The plagiarism issue is one of those things that never seems to be resolved and it will probably not be eliminated. Academic activity, regardless of its form, is mobilized around the search for solutions to the problems in action areas that result from new knowledge in any dimension. According to the word ontology, merit recognition to a given subject or group of subjects based on discovery, identification, or creation is a great honor for a researcher. In a broader sense, it is the recognition by peers, authorities, organizations, and society that fit in a given area of knowledge.

Keyword Based Emotion Word Ontology Approach for Detecting Emotion Class from Text

Keyword Based Emotion Word Ontology Approach for Detecting Emotion Class from Text

RECORDINGS IN REVIEW

2 0 4 Y R E C O R D I N G S I N R E V I E W J A M E S S T E I C H E N Richard Strauss would probably be pleased with the success of the Metropolitan Opera’s Live in HD broadcast initiative, or at the least, he would not disapprove. Strauss was always a man of art and business, a combination of Bürger and Künstler. These two elements were to a certain degree mutually beneficial, for in the end Strauss saw financial success as a means of achieving eventual aesthetic independence. If Theodor Adorno and subsequent critics indicted him for a too-eager accommodation to the nascent culture industry, Strauss did not seem to care, being more concerned with making sure that composers reaped at least some of the financial benefits of the commodification of their labors and that he kept his own operas in frequent production (and collected the accompanying royalties). Strauss thus might be especially pleased by the inclusion of two of his operas – Ariadne auf Naxos and Capriccio – in the 2010–11 season of the Met’s Live in HD broadcasts. The transmission of these two works is especially felicitous in light of their metaoperatic themes: Ariadne an eighteenth-century backstager featuring a mash-up of commedia dell’arte and opera seria; Capriccio a drawing-room disquisition on the operatic ontology of words, mu- 2 0 5 R sic, and staging. It seems fitting to give these works an airing in one of the more transformative operatic media of recent memory. Strauss’s sustained interest in putting meta-operatic matters directly on the stage is the subject for a larger study; here the object at hand is the recent DVD release of Capriccio (Decca, B005QWF140) produced from the Met’s broadcast of 23 April 2011. With a libretto co-written by Strauss and Clemens Krauss, Capriccio is o≈cially designated as ‘‘A Conversation Piece for Music in One Act.’’ Despite its self-indulgent title, Capriccio is anything but frivolous, yet it is nevertheless a decidedly insider work. The setting is 1775 Paris, at the beginning of Christoph Gluck’s operatic reforms. If the o≈cial question at the heart of its argomento – which has primacy in opera: words, music, or staging? – might appear academic, the opera is also immensely pleasurable, with its opening string sextet, references to Couperin, Rameau, and Wagner , bel canto–style arias, and suite of dances. Capriccio is perhaps most readily known as a star vehicle for the Countess, who is onstage for virtually two hours straight, and it is usually only in deference to the interest and availability of a top- flight soprano that opera houses mount the work. Before the current renaissance of the work under the patronage of Renée Fleming (of which this Met production is perhaps the culmination), it was Kiri Te Kanawa who brought Capriccio back to life, among other places in San Francisco with Donald Runnicles and the San Francisco Opera, also available widely on DVD (Kultur Video B00009PY2C). (In the realm of audio recordings, the opera is available in a dream-team production with Karl Böhm conducting and Gundula Janowitz as the Countess; Deutsche Grammophon B000001GMV; 2 CDs.) Conducted by Andrew Davis, the present Met production assembles a talented and congenial cast. As opera’s leading lady in artistry and advocacy, Renée Fleming is an especially apt Countess , given the way the role in e√ect personifies the art form. As Flamand the composer and Olivier the poet, Joseph Kaiser and Russell Braun capably fill the other two corners of the love triangle : will the Countess choose the composer (music) or the poet (words)? Although equally talented as singers, their portrayals belie any meaningful truce between the warring camps of musica and parole, and seem to indicate who will eventually win the 2 0 6 S T E I C H E N Y Countess’s a√ections. The bespectacled, bowtied and nervously dour Olivier portrayed by Braun seems destined to yield to Kaiser’s taller, more dashing Flamand, and Kaiser’s soaring high register seems...

Interoperability through ontologies

In this paper we concentrate on facilitating and quickening mutual communications between several systems thus allowing their closely interconnection, alias interoperability. We discuss wide definition of word ontology and describe sets of criteria and properties that help us divide ontologies. For presentation of so far discovered ways of ontology utilization for our purposes we describe several model applications that help closer understanding and classifying of ontology applications. We split described applications into two categories: information purvey and mutual access to knowledge.

Word sense disambiguation using word ontology and concept distribution

This paper presents a method of word sense disambiguation that assigns a target word the sense that is most related to the senses of its neighbor words. We explore the use of measures of relatedness between word senses based on a novel hybrid approach. First, we investigate how to “literally” and “regularly” express a “concept”. We apply set algebra to Wordnet's synsets cooperating with Wordnet's word ontology. In this way we establish regular rules for constructing various representations (lexical notations) of a concept using Boolean operators and word forms in various synset(s) defined in Wordnet. Then we establish a formal mechanism for quantifying and estimating the semantic relatedness between concepts – we facilitate “concept distribution statistics” to determine the degree of semantic relatedness between two lexically expressed concepts. Human languages have words that can mean different things in different contexts, such words with multiple meanings are potentially “ambiguous”. The process of “deciding which of several meanings of a term is intended in a given context” is known as “Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD)”. The proposed method is not supervised, and does not require any manually created sense‐tagged training examples. The experimental results showed good performance on Semcor, a subset of the Brown corpus. We observe that measures of semantic relatedness are useful sources of information for word sense disambiguation.

Ontological centring and education

Abstract Sumara and Davis (2007) assert that education should give more attention to ex-centring the individual. This paper builds on this assertion by indicating how earlier work on what it means to be human being-in-the-world resonates with their notion of the ex-centred individual. Introduction Dennis Sumara and Brent Davis (2007) lament the dominant tendency contemporary education towards various forms of based on dyads such as self/other, mind/body, and thought/action. They would prefer to see, contrast to these centring tendencies, an education that better reflects complexity thinking. Accordingly they would like to see more attention given to spaces of which place an emphasis on seeking out, opening up [and] dwelling in curriculum space, and to alternatives to the dominant idea that the learner is a self-contained, insulated, and isolated individual (p. 86). They call for education to de-centre or ex-centre the individual (p. 87), to be more open to time scale, tentativeness, movement, [and] possibility, and to explore possible not-yet-experienced selves (p. 88). In this paper I pick up and expand on some of the themes their paper, particular that of the subjunctivising and ex-centred self. I will focus on one aspect of self, the dimension, which can be understood either as indicativised and centred, or as subjunctivised and ex-centred. The word ontology is frequently misunderstood. This is because two different strands of meaning are derivable from its etymological roots. According to one view, it derives from the Greek ontos, which means to be, and logos, which means to know. Thus it can be taken to mean understanding the beingness of beings. This is the way Martin Heidegger understood and used the term (Gerhart & Russell, 1984). It places an emphasis on the dynamic, open, and changing aspect of self--one could say, following Sumara and Davis, the ex-centred and subjunctive self. However, classical philosophy ontos was taken to mean essence, and this led to the notion that ontology refers to knowledge of the essence of things--one could say, the central or indicative essence of things. So, while Heidegger's interpretation emphasises the idea that we are each beings-on-the-way, the classical understanding is static, settled, and centred. Incidentally, Heidegger used the world ontic to refer to the classical notion, so that ontology could be reserved unambiguously to refer to the ex-centredness of being. My term ontological centredness refers to the modern tendency to reduce our primordial status as beings-on-the-way to that of static beings that have (in the manner of possessions) particular attributes, identities, ideas, and so on. This modern tendency also affects education. Perfect imperfection We are inclined these days to believe--if we listen too attentively to the voice of authority that the seminal question personal and educational aspiration is: Am I there yet? Have I met the objective? Have I reached the standard? Have I followed the protocol? Have I found my true self? Well, if that is aspiration it is the sort that appeals only to the faint-hearted. A less shrinking aspiration requires different seminal question: How far can I go? What is the extent of my reach? Where could this idea lead? What is the farthest extremity of my capacity to love? What more can I do to make the world better place? are not here to merely make living, Woodrow Wilson said, his 1913 Founders' Address to gathering of Swarthmore students, are here to enable the world to live more amply, with greater vision, with finer spirit of hope and achievement. You are here to enrich the world, and you impoverish yourself if you forget that errand. This is charter we could build an education around. …

RETRACTION: A New WSD approach using word ontology and concept distribution

This paper presents a method of word sense disambiguation that assigns a target word the sense that is most related to the senses of its neighbor words. Human languages have words that can mean different things in different contexts, and such words with multiple meanings are potentially `ambiguous'. `Word sense disambiguation' means the process of `deciding which of several meanings of a term is intended in a given context'. We explore the use of measures of relatedness between word senses based on a novel hybrid approach. First, we investigate how to express a `concept' literally and regularly. We apply set algebra to Wordnet's synsets, cooperating with Wordnet's word ontology. We establish regular rules for constructing various representations (lexical notations) of a concept using Boolean operators and word forms in various synset(s) defined in Wordnet. Thus, we establish a formal mechanism for quantifying and estimating the semantic relatedness between concepts—we facilitate `concept distribution statistics' to determine the semantic relatedness between two lexically expressed concepts. Our method does not require any training in advanced. The experimental results showed good performance on Semcor, a subset of the Brown corpus. We observe that measures of semantic relatedness are useful sources of information for word sense disambiguation.

WITHDRAWN: A New WSD Approach Using Word Ontology and Concept Distribution

WITHDRAWN: A New WSD Approach Using Word Ontology and Concept Distribution

English to Bangla Translator: The BANGANUBAD

This paper describes a new approach to English to Bangla translation. The English to Bangla Translator was developed. This system (BANGANUBAD) takes a paragraph of English sentences as input sentences and produces equivalent Bangla sentences. The BANGANUBAD system comprises a preprocessor, morphological recursive parser, semantic parser using English word ontology for context disambiguation, an electronic lexicon associated with grammatical information and a discourse processor. It also employs a lexical disambiguation analyzer. This system does not rely on a stochastic approach. Rather, it is based on a special kind of amalgamated architecture of transformer and rule-based NLE architectures along with various linguistic knowledge components.

The EB-ANUBAD translator: A hybrid scheme

This article is aimed at describing a hybrid scheme for English to Bangla translation. The translated output in English scripts is useful for learning Bengali language. This is a significant contribution to Human Language Technology generation also. About two hundred million people in West Bengal and Tripura (two states in India) and in Bangladesh (a country whose people speak and write Bangla as their first language). This proposed translator would benefit Bengalee society because rural people are not usually very conversant with English. The English to Bangla Translator is being enhanced. This system (English-Bangla-ANUBAD or EB-ANUBAD) takes a paragraph of English sentences as input sentences and produces equivalent Bangla sentences. EB-ANUBAD system is comprised of a preprocessor, morphological parser, semantic parser using English word ontology for context disambiguation, an electronic lexicon associated with grammatical information and a discourse processor, and also uses a lexical disambiguation analyzer. This system does not rely on a stochastic approach. Rather, it is based on a special kind of hybrid architecture of transformed and rule-based Natural Language Engineering (NLE) architectures along with various linguistic knowledge components of both English and Bangla.

The E2B machine translation

This article describes a new approach to machine translator that translates English text into Bangla text with disambiguation. The translated Bengali text in English scripts is also useful for learning Bengali or Bangla language as a foreign language. At the same time the Bengali rural people who do not know English language well can understand the English matter with the translated output. The proposed approach is a new one that uses both the rule-based and transformation-based machine translation schemes along with three level parsing approaches. This is a significant contribution towards creation of a low-cost Human Language Technology (HLT). About two hundred million people in the West Bengal, Tripura (two states in India) and in Bangladesh (a country), speak and write Bangla as their first language. This English to Bangla (E2B)-ANUBAD or translator system or E2B takes a paragraph of English sentences as input sentences and produces equivalent Bangla sentences. The E2B-ANUBAD system compries of a preprocessor, morphological parser, semantic parser using English word ontology for context disambiguation, an electronic lexicon associated with grammatical information and a discourse processor. It also employs a lexical disambiguation analyzer. This system does not rely on a stochastic approach. Rather, it is based on a special kind of hybrid architecture of transformer and rule-based NLE architectures along with various linguistic knowledge components of both English and Bangla for creation of a low-cost HLT.

Metadata: A Fundamental Component of the Semantic Web

Metadata: A Fundamental Component of the Semantic Web