Word-formation Category Research Articles

SARATOV SCHOOL OF DERIVATOLOGY: PROBLEMS, RESULTS, PROSPECTS

The article presents the leading issues of research by Saratov derivatologists, describes the main results of the joint scientific search of the participants of the International Scientific Seminar “Development of the word-formation and lexical system of the Russian language”, functioning on the basis of the Saratov National Research State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky (SGU) since 2008 under the guidance of professors O.I. Dmitrieva and O.Y. Kryuchkova, scientific prospects for further work are indicated. It is shown that research traditions in the field of word-formation derivatology developed at Saratov University in line with the development of a synchronous-diachronic method for analyzing semantic-word-forming subsystems and word-forming processes. Its application contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of word production, the identification of the word-formation potential of the language. Within the framework of derivatological issues, SGU has formed the main staff of its developers, identified scientific areas of research in the field of word-formation and lexico-semantic dynamics, published 7 collections of scientific articles, 8 monographs (2 of which are collective), 3 doctoral and 6 candidate dissertations were defended. Scientific activity is carried out in several directions: 1) a general methodology for the synchronous-diachronic study of word-formation subsystems and processes has been developed, the principles of synchronous-diachronic analysis of semantic-word-formation subsystems have been substantiated, the main trends in language dynamics have been identified and described; 2) complex synchronous-diachronic descriptions of a number of word-formation processes (intraverbal prefixation, reduplication), semantic-word-formation subsystems (abstract nouns, agentive verbs, evolutive verbs) were carried out; 3) diachronic description of word families with separate etymological roots; 4) the leading tendencies of neologization as a synchronous-diachronic process in the system of verbal vocabulary of the Russian language have been identified; 5) the problem of studying metaphorization as a derivational process is posed; 6) for Saratov derivatologists, the issue of the dynamics of the correlation of system-linguistic and individual-authorial in the process of word creation, as well as system-linguistic and functional, determined by the specifics of the use of word-building and lexical means in the text, remains relevant. The further perspective is determined by the study of the semantic and derivational specifics of the process of neologization of verbal vocabulary from the standpoint of linguistic diachrony, the identification of factors of cognitive modeling of the linguistic consciousness of native speakers by means of word formation, the description of the evolution of macro-units of the word-formation system: word-formation categories and word-formation families, their synchronous-diachronic analysis. Along with the already available synchronous-diachronic descriptions of other semantic-derivative subsystems, this should ultimately contribute to the development of the concept of historical derivatology.

Possibilities of regular word-formation in the poetry of Joseph Brodsky (based on the poems of the 1960s–1970s)

The article is devoted to regular word-formation in the fictional practice. The purpose of the work is to reveal the possibilities of the regular word-formation system based on the poetry of Joseph Brodsky. Within the framework of this study, we consider the concept of “productivity” and the approaches to differentiation between word-formation type and word-formation model definitions. We have formulated the meaning of the term “a word-formation category”. The article studies the structural and semantic aspects of regular derivatives: using the method of word-formation analysis, we have identified productive word-formation types for different parts of speech, actual categorical meanings and frequency morphemes. The article identifies stylistic features of specific morphemes and analyses the combination of different-style derivatives when the image and function of lexemes that implement different word-building types are created. In the corpus of regular derivatives, we reveal the productivity of “color” paradigms, which emphasizes their semantic importance for the poetic imagery of Joseph Brodsky. In the course of our study, we noted derivational lexemes of a different order – potential and occasional. Their basis is the usual system of language, which confirms the high potential of regular word formation for a poetic text. The article concludes that regular derivatives play an important role in constructing poetic imagery.

Структурно-семантическая характеристика производных глаголов движения в немецком языке

The aim of the research is to identify and describe the structural, semantic and functional features of derivative verbs of motion with derivational suffixes of the directional meaning in the German language. The scientific novelty of the work lies in taking a holistic approach to the study of the ways of dynamic relations explication. Carrying out a component analysis, the paper is the first to identify the semantic features of functioning of the German derivative units belonging to the lexico-semantic group ‘Motion’ in syntagmatic structures based on the correlation of ‘verbs of motion with the verbal components-particles of prepositional and adverbial character of the directional semantics + a prepositional/non-prepositional construction’ with the causators of the initial, intermediate and final points of motion. The research findings have shown that the nominative field of spatial-directional relations consists of 12 propositional models and word-formation categories, the constitutive components of which are word-formation types (series of word-formation types) with a certain degree of productivity, as well as a connotative and collocational potential. In addition, German verbal particles of directional semantics demonstrate nominative independence and, as a result, affect the processes of text generation. It has been found that the influence of the studied suffixes on the content structure of the motivating word forms two types of word-formation meanings: the modifying meaning, which includes the modifying-amplifying one, and the mutational meaning, which includes the neutralizing one.

An example of the variant suffixes -ica and -ka in feminatives derived from masculine words ending in -or and -ator

The article examines feminatives as a semantic and word-formation category. In Slavic languages feminatives are mainly regarded as modificational derivatives formed from masculine derivatives by the whole replacement of the masculine suffix (bor-(-ec/-k?), partial replacement of the masculine suffix (bra-l/(-ec/-ka), or by adding the feminine suffix to the masculine suffix (miz-ar/-ka). Due to the expansion of global communication through mass media, the inevitable broadening of vocabulary requires the adaptation of borrowed words to the morphemic, morphological and word-formation paradigms of the borrowing language. As a consequence, it comes as no surprise that feminatives formed from the same masculine base often have two or more variants of feminine suffixes (dekan-ica - dekan-ka - dekan-ja). Three examples of variant feminine suffixes -ica and -ka added to masculine nouns ending in suffixes -or and -ator, which are of foreign origin, are examined in this paper. The purpose of the study is to establish which of the feminine suffixes are more productive and how they conform to the established patterns. The examined cases of masculine formations using the borrowed suffixes -or and its variant -ator (in addition to -tor, -itor and -utor) in the semantic category of living beings show variability in languages such as Slovene, Serbian and Slovakian, which are dependent on the existence of an appropriate nominal or verbal base in the language. In Slovene, such formations are consistently deverbal, while in Serbian and Slovakian they are either denominal or deverbal. The study focuses on three masculine formations koordinator, selektor and senator, and examines how their suffixes combine with the feminine suffix variants (-ka and -ica). The established pattern in Slovene predicts that masculine formations in -ator will form feminatives by adding the suffix -ka, while masculine formations in -or will form feminatives by adding the suffix -ica. In the example of the words koordinator- ka (from koordin-ator) and selektor-ica (from selekt-or), the usage confirms this pattern. However, there is a deviation from this pattern in the example of senatorka (from senat-or), where the feminative senator-ica would be predicted. The study offers a possible answer to the question of such deviations from the predictable patterns in contrast to the actual use of feminative suffixes. It is clear that language users are guided by different analogies when they form words. Although these analogies may not be linguistically supported, they are important in motivating the formation of many new words, especially those from borrowed bases. The language user depends on the recognition of the formal structure of the word to be able to choose a predictable word-formation pattern. In borrowed words, such formal structure is less clear, since it is based on foreign word-formation patterns with foreign root and derivational morphemes.

Features of aspectual derivation in Russian (on the Slavic background)

The article considers one of the fundamental types of system-forming and functional language relations - derivation, in the most complex area of its realization, namely, in the verbal aspectual sphere, where in the Slavic languages there is a close interaction of lexicon, word formation and morphology. The notions of modification and mutation in intraglossal word formation are analyzed in this paper. The greatest attention is paid to aspectual derivation. This issue covers not only the grammatical category of species, but also related word-formation categories, namely phasic- -temporal modes of verbal action. Slavic verbal type is considered in the article as a derivational morphological category. The role of species pairing for aspectual derivation in general is shown, and the parameters of species pairs are determined. The importance of the functional criterion in determining the species pairs and the fact of the expansion of species correlations in Russian is explained on the basis of M. V. Panov?s theory of species antinomies. The article summarizes and develops the research into the category of aspect and aspectual derivation, conducted by the author of the article on the material of the Russian and other Slavic languages during the last decade, and outlines the prospects for the development of this line of research.

Developing an analytical speech through supplements

In the history of linguistics, the problem of word change and word formation is always closely intertwined. Vocabulary in Kazakh linguistics began in the 1990s. In general, the problem of vocabulary is directly related to the function of language. The issue here is grammatical regularities. On the basis of verbal facts related to morphology, the concepts of linguistics "word-change", "word-formation", "personality" were born. Word formation, like other language systems, is a set of linguistic approaches, which are mainly used to create a new phoneme, to create a new meaning from an existing meaning in a lexical unit. Vocabulary is used not as a word-former, but as a set of language techniques to create new words. Auxiliaries are persons and words whose lexical meaning is weakened or lost, who do not have independence, but are pronounced only with the main words and serve as auxiliary. In the system of word change and word formation in new word formation or word change, there must be structural units that are compatible with their lexical or grammatical meanings. Such units are grammatical entities and categories. Scientific abstractions in the language system, such as "word-formation category", "word-formation" person, "grammatical category", "grammatical person" corre-spond.It is known that there are two main methods of expression, one is a synthetic approach, the other is an analytical approach. The synthetic approach includes simple vocabularies created with the help of various lexical applications. The analytical approach includes auxiliary words formed by various auxiliary mor- phemes. And the problem of vocabulary is considered mainly from the morphological point of view, that is, from the point of view of the peculiarities of vocabulary. The article considers word change and word formation as a set of morphemes of the language mechanism, as a system of grammatical indicators, i.e at the level of units that enrich the vocabulary, not at the structural level of morphology, vocabulary as a set of language techniques is used to create new words

Functioning of derivatives of word-formation categories “subjective evaluation”

The article examines the functioning of a derivative word with the meaning “quantity” in the text or microtext, which reflects different sides and aspects of the organization of the semantics of the derivative.

The English Influence on Japanese, Indonesian and Malang Slang Words: a Study of Wakamono Kotoba, Bahasa Gaul, and Slang Malang

In the characteristics of the morphological formation of Japanese slang words (Wakamono Kotoba), Indonesian slang words (Bahasa Gaul), and Malang slang words (Slang Malang), there is a phenomenon of English influence. The purpose of this study is to examine the morphological characteristics of the English influence on Japanese slang words (Wakamono Kotoba), Indonesian slang words (Bahasa Gaul), and Malang slang words (Slang Malang). The data was collected from Twitter accounts which the users are native Japanese language, native Indonesian language, and native Malang language. The analysis was based on the classification of word-formation categories Akihiko Yonekawa (Yonekawa, 1998). The result of the study shows that the English influence on Japanese slang words is in the category of English borrowing and the combination of Japanese and English. Meanwhile, the English influence on Indonesian slang words and Malang slang words is only in the form of English borrowing.

1759 METŲ „ZIWATO“ DENOMINATYVINIAI VEIKSMAŽODŽIAI

The article presents an analysis of the derivational system of one group of verbs attested to in the old Lithuanian text ‚Ziwatas‘ (1759), in particular denominative verbs derived from adjectives and nouns. The verbs analysed belong to factitive, ornative, fientive, stative, instrumental, similative and participative word formation categories. The centre of the denominative derivational type is comprised of desubstantives (51% in total) and deadjectives (42%), while derivatives from other parts of speech stand on the periphery of this type. The prototypical derivational types of denominatives are deadjectival verbs with the suffix -inti, and desubstantives with the suffixes -avoti and -yti, both belonging to the factitive category.

Resources and methods of neosemantization of the modern Ukrainian vocabulary

This article focuses on the dynamic processes at the lexical level. The research data, e.g., academic dictionaries and dictionaries of new words, online media texts, and specialized professional sites, the Ukrainian journalism, and posts by Facebook users, indicate the emergence of a large number of new meanings of various word classes words well-known in the modern Ukrain- ian language practice. Some of them are already included in dictionaries, and, therefore, have acquired definitions used in this study. Examples not attested in lexicographic sources are reinterpreted in accordance with their new meanings. The author focuses on the ability of the language to update its vocabulary within its own resources through semantic derivation, hidden borrowings, and the use of the available derivation model referring to a new concept. A phenomenon of semantic derivation is outlined and the mechanisms of its main types, e.g., metaphorical and metonymy transfer of meaning, amplification and semantic narrowing, are explicated. The paper looks into the basis for such a unit assimilation process, i.e., the main groups of modern hidden borrowings and resources. The author considers the phenomenon of the reuse of an existing derivation model as a way of updating the semantics of a word and classifies neosemantisms not only by the method of creation but also by lexical and word-formation categories and types of polysemy. The use of neosemantisms in Standard Ukrainian proves their functional and word-formation activity, which shows a constant qualitative development of the language and an increase of its naming resources. Keywords: neosemantism, semantic derivation, polysemy, hidden borrowing, recurrent derivational model, homonym.

Navigating the Academic Path: V.A. Kosova’s Publications in “Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta”

This article is a tribute to an outstanding researcher, mentor, and personality that was Kazan Federal University Professor Vera Alekseevna Kosova. Her most interesting and important scientific publications from “Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki” (Proceedings of Kazan University. Humanities Series”) are considered. Before her untimely death in 2021, V.A. Kosova devoted more than 20 years to collaborating with the journal and played an active role in its history. Here, the above-mentioned articles are reviewed in chronological order, thereby casting light on the evolution of V.A Kosova’s research interests. The subject of her works, the methods applied, and the major conclusions are briefly analyzed. It is shown that the articles under consideration develop V.A. Kosova’s derivatological concept, which concerns the problems of word-formation categories and the effectiveness of the onomasiological approach to the study of word-formation semantics. Notably, this concept has been considered to be of high scientific relevance by many researchers. The articles also contain invaluable data on V.A. Kosova’s methodological approach to the analysis of word-formation phenomena.

«А ИНАЧЕ ЗАЧЕМ НА ЗЕМЛЕ ЭТОЙ ВЕЧНОЙ ЖИВУ?» (памяти В.А. Косовой)

This article is dedicated to the memory of Vera Alekseevna Kosova (1960–2021), a prominent Kazan linguist, the representative of the Kazan School of Linguistics. Her life as a researcher and educator was inextricably linked with Kazan University, where she worked on the important problems of the theory of word formation, starting from her PhD thesis written under the guidance of a famous scientist Emiliya Agafonovna Balalykina and dedicated to the functioning of word-formation categories in their interaction with other levels of the language. V.A. Kosova pursued her reflection on this problem in the subsequent monograph and doctoral thesis. She concluded about the inter-level nature of derivational processes and relationships and the important role of word-formation science in the process of cognition: word formation, according to her, is capable of opening categorical “corridors” to the secrets of the structures of linguistic consciousness before researchers. By elaborating and developing the achievements of Kazan linguists, V.A. Kosova was one step ahead of her teachers in her theoretical views on the above problem. She performed a comprehensive analysis of the concept of word-formation category and turned to the theory of nomination. She was also successful in teaching, worked a lot with Russian and foreign students, including those in abroad universities, and strengthened the cooperation between Russia and other countries. Under her guidance, eight theses were defended; she was the chairperson of the Thesis Council. For many years, V.A. Kosova was the deputy executive editor and a member of the editorial board of the scientific journal Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta (Proceedings of Kazan University. Humanities Series). V.A. Kosova will remain forever etched in the memory of her relatives and colleagues because of her exceptional human qualities, such as greatheartedness, cheerfulness, sincere affection, humanity, and responsiveness.

Tekstynais grindžiamas kuopinių šiuolaikinės lietuvių kalbos daiktavardžių tyrimas

In modern Lithuanian, word formation, especially suffixation, is one of the most important methods to include new words in dictionaries. Yet, not every word formation category is as abundant and relevant as the others. One of the most controversial ones is nouns with collective meaning. In Lithuanian, they are characterized by modification formation; also, they compete with the plural form of nouns; therefore, they are sometimes considered redundant and unnecessary. However, it has been noticed that neologisms with this meaning still appear. In order to find out the actual usage of collective nouns, the online Lithuanian corpus “Lithuanian Web 2014 (ltTenTen2014)” has been analysed; 130 nouns with collective meaning have been selected for the study. They are divided into collective names for live objects and non-live objects, and the latter are divided even further. The analysis has shown that although the formation of collective names is not very intensive, it is still active, and this is confirmed by neologisms that have not been found in dictionaries. A rather large part of derivatives are derived from suffixed or compound root words, some are of mixed origins, and in some cases, the root word is not used in the standard language. The semantic study of collective names has revealed that these derivatives are characterised by lexical diversity; the most abundant group is the one designating an uncountable and indivisible entirety of persons. Competition with the plural form of nouns may be based on the fact that collective names are often formed in an informal discourse and with a purpose to create a stylistic tone and convey emotional assessment, which is often critical, ironic, or sarcastic if not altogether negative.

Word-Formation Categories in “The Tale of Bygone Years” (With a Focus on Nominal Suffixed Derivatives)

The article looks at word-formation categories in the “Tale of Bygone Years” from the cogni-tive perspective, specifically focusing on nominal suffixed derivatives as one of the most pro-ductive groups of derivative lexemes in the text of the manuscript. The author makes a num-ber of observations on the “internal form of the language” — i. e. specific forms of expression of thought and their grammatical realization as well as the creative and intellectual activity of human thinking. The primary purpose of the article is to determine the ratio of derivative and non-derivative nouns, to identify the most productive means of word formation, primary word-formation categories and their conceptual structure, and to analyze word-formation models that guide the process of cognition. We used content analysis to categorize common nouns in terms of their productivity/non-productivity and to determine word-formation mechanisms that are characteristic for the text. The statistical method was used to identify key word-formation methods and categories of nominal derivatives, while the descriptive-analytical method was used to describe their conceptual structure. In the course of the study, we identified primary word-formation categories which gave us a better idea of the medieval language consciousness which seems to have been characterized by an extensive system of word-formation suffixes. In particular, the word-formation act reveals a close interweaving of sensory and speculative perception and an interdependence of the structures of knowledge and evaluation of the world. In addition, the study revealed a high generative potential of core non-derivative concepts that underly the ancient Slavic language picture of the world. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis that the ancient man had developed abstract think-ing, and exteriorization of its conceptual system at all stages of its development was largely realized by original linguistic means. The theoretical significance of this research project lies in the synchronous study of word-formation processes as well as in applying axiological methods to the study of the linguistic picture of the world. Its practical conclusions throw fresh light at language as activity and demonstrate the high potential of original word-formation means of the Old Slavonic language. The results of this research can be used in theoretical courses in anthropo- and ethnolinguistics as well as in teaching Russian as a foreign language for advanced students.

Personal nouns with the suffix - ин(я) in the nominative field of the word-formation category of feminitivity

personal nouns with the suffix - ин(я) in the nominative field of the word-formation category of feminitivity

Positional verbs: derivation semantics and functioning

espanolEste articulo se basa en la teoria del caracter universal de la categoria de causalidad lexico-semantica y su caracter especifico. Teniendo en cuenta la ausencia de la categoria gramatical de la causacion en ambos idiomas, considero la posibilidad de que se compense con la categoria de formacion de palabras correspondiente comprendida por los verbos causativos derivados de la posicion. Los verbos causales posicionales se utilizan en este estudio como un termino general que se refiere a una clase de verbos causales que codifican semanticamente la postura corporal estatica o la posicion de los seres animados o la ubicacion estatica de los objetos inanimados en el espacio. La derivacion, la semantica y la pragmatica de los verbos causales derivados de la posicion en aleman y ucraniano se analizan para describir las relaciones locativas EnglishThis research is based on the universal theory of the lexical-seman-ticcategory of causation. Taking into ac-countthe absence of the grammatical category of causation in German and Ukrainian, I consider the possibility that it is compensated by the correspondingword-formation category comprised positional derived causative verbs. They semantically encode the change of the body position of animate beings as well as the location of inanimate objects in space. Although the positional verbs have been described in many languages, the semantic features of positional causative verbs have never been previously investigated in German and Ukrainian, which accounts for the novelty of the research. The derivation and semantics of positional derived causative verbs are analyzed to show how typologically different languages, on the one hand, have similarity in expressing the basic concepts of positional causative situation. But on the other hand, they differ in the spatial representation francaisCet article est base sur la theorie du caractere universel de la categoriede causalite lexico-semantique et de son caractere specifique. Compte tenu de l’absence de la categorie grammaticale de causalite dans les deux langues, j’envisage la possibilite qu’elle soit compensee par la categorie de formation de mots correspondante,constituee par les verbes causatifs derives positionnels.Les verbes causatifs de position sont utilises dans cette etude comme un terme generique qui designe une classe de verbes causatifs qui encodent semantique ment la positional corporelle statique ou la position des etres animes ou la position statique des objets inanimes dans l'espace. Bien que les verbes de position aient ete decrits dans de nombreuses langues, leurs caracteristiques semantiques n’ont jamais ete explorees auparavant en allemand et en ukrainien. La derivation et la semantique des verbes causatifs derives positionnels sont analysees pour montrer comment des langues typologiquement differentes, d'une part, ont une similitude dans l'expression des concepts de base de situation causative positionnelle. Mais d'un autre cote, ils different dans la representation spatiale

DERIVATION-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE FAMILY OF WORDS WITH THE VERTEX KITAJ

The article is concerned with the study of word-formation and semantic features of Russian derivatives that make up the family of words with the vertex Китай (Kitaj). With the intensification of cooperation and the expansion of intercultural contacts between China and Russia, the concept Китай (Kitaj) continues to be actively developed in modern Russian, enriched with new meanings and new forms of expression of these meanings via derivation. Against this background, the formation of a scientific image of the family of words with Китай (Kitaj) seems necessary and relevant, primarily from the standpoint of the derivational-semantic approach. The present paper considers more than 50 words that are included in the family of words with Китай (Kitaj), which are lexicalized in the Russian word-formation dictionary by A.N. Tikhonov (28 units) and Internet resources (23 units). The article analyzes the word-formation structure of these words, reveals their semantic features, considers derivational relations between the units of the family, determines a set of word-formation categories that are realized in this family. It is concluded that a large volume of the family of words with the top word Китай and the complexity of its formal and semantic structure indicate the importance for the native speakers of the Russian language of the concept designated by the original word of the family

Word-Formation Categories of Adjectivities with the Meaning "Attribute by Action" in the Modern Russian Language

In modern cognitive linguistics, the controversial matters of the definition of invariant units in derivatology still remain relevant. The selection of such a unit as a word-formation category, despite the intensification of its study in recent decades, raises many questions. The most relevant of them are the following: the correlation of onomasiological and derivational categories, the reflection of concepts in derivational categories, the type of meaning, which the identification of derivational types is based on; the scope and typology of derivational categories, their possible hierarchy, and the interaction of derivational types within one category. This article features the above-mentioned key problems and the author’s point of view on the volume of the given emic unit. The author emphasizes the redundancy of bringing to the definition a wordformational category of such formal criteria as part of speech of the generating and derived fundamentals and the method of word-formation since they are not related to the functional analysis of language units. The empirical material is relevant, since Russian linguistics know no description of derivative adjective vocabulary, neither in synchronous nor in diachronic aspects. There is but one research based on Pskov dialects. The object of study is a new layer of the vocabulary analyzed as suggested by the author. This article presents a fragment of the description of the word-formative category of adjectivities with the value "attribute by action". A careful study of the material resulted in the following conclusions. In the same word-formation category, relations of additional or free distribution between single-function word-formation types are possible, depending on the grammatical qualities of the motivating verb (its type and derivativeness). This fact an explanatory effect on adjectives with this meaning in the language and predicts the appearance of new lexemes and other changes in wordbuilding categories.

СЛОВОТВІР У ТЕКСТОТВОРЕННІ

The article analyzes word-formation means of text creation. It is established that word-building units are differently involved in textual creation. Elementary word-formation units-formants and creative roots perform the textual-oriented function only as part of word-formation structures of derivative words. In some cases, word-formation formants can be singled out and lexicalized, and in this status can be involved as unique nominative units that do not have adequate lexical nominative substitutes. Significantly more often, the formants and the creative roots in the creation of the text are used by their actualization in the derivative word-building structure due to the purposeful use in the text of a series of different-base common-form derivatives of one word-building type, antonym-collision of the meaning of word-forming formants against the background of a common creature basis, the semantic opposition of common-derivative derivatives within a single word-building meaning etc. Elementary word-formation units in the text creation can enhance the unity of the test series, emphasize the sound organization of the poem, and express the semantics of the text. The derivative words in the process of generating the text allow to avoid the syntactic complication and its bulkiness. Syntactic derivatives greatly extend their syntactic capabilities, since they allow the use of sign words in subject-object relations. The word-forming functions of the series of derivatives of one word-building type or one word-generating category are predetermined by the generality of word-forming semantics and the corresponding repetitions. Derivatives as bearers of a common word-building value associate individual segments of the text or the whole text into a single whole, and in the case of word-building type, this connectivity increases the repetition of the word-building formant. The components of the word-forming paradigm as a set of derivatives directly motivated by a single derivational word and word-building nest as a set of common-root derivatives, ordered by the relations of word-derivative derivativeness, serve as a kind of architectonic framework, which, thanks to the commonality of root morphemes, ensure the integration of the text, its descent and integrity. Key words: word formation, text, formant, derivative, word-formation pair, word-building type, word-formation category, word-formation paradigm, word-building nest, text-creation

The word-formation category "displacement causation": mutational and modification semantics of German, Russian and Tatar verbs

The word-formation category "displacement causation": mutational and modification semantics of German, Russian and Tatar verbs