Word-form Level Research Articles

Языковая компрессия на уровне словообразования в английском экономическом дискурсе

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the structure and semantics of word-formation compressions in English economic discourse. Clarifying the meaning of the term "linguistic compression" gives the author the opportunity to determine the means of expressing compression at the word-formation level in the economic sphere. The research has a scientific novelty, which consists in the fact that as a result of the first comprehensive analysis of the means of compressive word formation in English economic discourse, productive word-formation models were identified and described, as well as the originality of their structure and content was determined. As a result of the study, the predominance of models of compressive word formation formed by word composition was revealed, among which the uncomplicated N + N model, the substantive conversion model V + Prep (Adv), complex phrasal words (collapsed linguistic units) and compound words. It is noted that abbreviation in English economic discourse is a fairly effective way to implement linguistic compression due to the fact that it is characterized by the highest degree of compression. The predominant are initial three-component abbreviations with a substantial basic component, truncated syllabic type abbreviations (apocopa) and graphic abbreviations, characterized by rich semantic content in combination with a compressed form of expression.

On the issue of formal assimilation of anglicism nouns in the genus category of the german language system and its national variants

In the conditions of general globalisation, there is a massive consolidation of Anglicisms in all languages, including the German language with its national variants. The study of this process is topical and corresponds to modern priority scientific directions. Formal assimilation is an aspect of loaning foreign language material by a receptor language. It is this that allows foreign language material to gain a foothold in the system of the borrowing language. However, the German language we consider to be a receptor language, is not a monosystem formation due to its including of national variants. The German literary language is a potential abstract archsystem realised in three directions, sovereign systems of the German language (the German language of Germany, the Austrian and the Swiss varieties of the German literary language). The nature of the German language greatly influences the results of formal assimilation of borrowed material, since they will vary depending on the usage. Fluctuations in national variants arise both at the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, word-formation level, and can manifest themselves in relation to the processes of borrowing and Germanisation of foreign language material. This article studies and describes deviations and variations in the results of the formal assimilation of Anglicisms-nouns in the genus category, functioning in the national varieties of the German language of Austria and Switzerland in comparison with the German language of Germany. The acquisition of generic categorical meaning by borrowed units plays an important role in the German language system, since belonging to a certain grammatical gender is a mandatory and constant indicator of the part of speech “noun” and predetermines the further assimilation of the borrowed unit in the receptor language.

Mechanisms of long-term repetition priming in recognising speech in noise

ABSTRACT Recognition of speech in noise is facilitated when spoken sentences are repeated a few minutes later, but the levels of representation involved in this effect have not been specified. Three experiments tested whether the effect would transfer across modalities and languages. In Experiment 1, participants listened to sets of high- and low-constraint sentences and read other sets in an encoding phase. At test, these sentences and new sentences were presented in noise, and participants attempted to report the final word of each sentence. Recognition was more accurate for repeated than for new sentences in both modalities. Experiment 2 was identical except for the implementation of an articulatory suppression task at encoding to reduce phonological recoding during reading. The cross-modal repetition priming effect persisted but was weaker than when the modality was the same at encoding and test. Experiment 3 showed that the repetition priming effect did not transfer across languages in bilinguals. Taken together, the results indicate that the facilitated recognition of repeated speech is based on a combination of modality-specific processes at the phonological word form level and modality-general processes at the lemma level of lexical representation, but the semantic level of representation is not involved.

The New Bulgarian and Czech Verb Vocabulary: Word-Formation Competition and Dynamics of Contemporary Communication

The aim of the article is to explore to what extent and in what ways the competition at word-formation level is related to the differentiation of the individual communication spheres and/or their unification. To this end, selected types of variant pairs (lines) of new Bulgarian and Czech verbs are analysed and examination of the communication specifics of the texts in which they occur and are used is performed. In other words, the focal point is the creation and use of new words and expressions as a factor causing tension not only between parallel functioning linguistic means (already existing or currently emerging in the language), but also within texts typical for a certain sphere of communication. As source of linguistic material are used written units of communi-cation (i.e. texts functioning in a particular communication situation) published on the Internet. A conclusion is drawn that relations of competition between word-formation methods, processes and means characteristic of communication situations and texts of a given sphere of communication (in the presence of favourable condi-tions) can penetrate other spheres of communication for which they are – quite on the contrary – new and uncharacteristic. The word-formation competition in the field of new Bulgarian and new Czech verbal lexicon is stipulated however by the typological features of each individual language system.

Analytical and philosophical issues of studying current problems in the development of modern derivatology

Relevance\Purpose. The relevance of the research undertaken is determined by the insufficient description of the cognitive approach in relation to word formation units, the unjustifiably rare use of word formation data by the conceptology that is actively developing in linguistics, and the need to form semantic-cognitive analysis procedures relevant to the research object to determine the boundaries of complex units of the word-formation level. The article focuses on the philosophical issues of linguistics, in particular word formation.Methodology. The main function of the analysis and classification of derived words is determined not as groups of derived words or a system of derivational types, but the principles of construction and deployment of complex derivational fragments (blocks, rows, fields), taking into account derivational units larger than a word, analytical analogs of derived words, constructions in the derivation function, the only way to represent the derivative and its semantics.Results. The peculiarity of linguistics at the end of the 20th century, the essence of which is the recognition of the cognitive conditioning of the main linguistic units and structures, is noted.Conclusions. It is noted that the materialization of certain concepts with the help of linguistic means always consists of a certain ordering, systematization, distribution by headings, categorization.

Сognitive Dimension of the Word-forming Nest with Dialectal Vertices Yeden / Yeden (“єде́н / є́ден”): Logical Propositions

In this article, a current task of modern derivatolofical studies is addressed – the cognitive structuring of derived words in denumerative word formation, grouped according to word-forming semantics, considering motivational relationships through the prism of divergent-convergent properties of the content of the generative word – the vertex of the word-formation nest. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a word-forming nest with variational vertices belonging to the dialect layer of the lexicon – yeden /yeden (“еден / еден”). The specified motivational words are characterized by a polysemantic continuum, so they are characterized by differences in creative meanings both directly and indirectly deep into the word-forming nest. Such complex units of word-formation have the status of being divergent. Motivating relations in the dyad «the vertex of the word-forming nest – the denumerative» can record mental knowledge in the aspect of the linguo-cognitive approach to the analysis of linguistic phenomena: the genetic codes of the word-formation, preserved in the derivative, as well as the semantic increments present in the meaning structure of the derivatives are revealed. Analyzing the cognitive semantics within word-forming values, the elements of frame are established, the components of which are derivative units of modification and transposition types of derivation, namely: subframe, cognitive slot, verbalized slot, propositional structure, and two-component logical proposition. The prospects of the research consist in the systematіc cognitive interpretation of derivatives based on various word-formation units, which lead the formatives that belong not only to the core, but also to the periphery of the motivational base, which will make it possible to comprehensively model the semantic positions of derived words, or more broadly, the mental manifestation of the word-formation level Ukrainian language.

Derivational and lexical intensifiers in modern Russian: active processes

The article considers ways of representing the functional-semantic category of intensity at the lexical and word-formation levels of the language. At the former, linguistic units are expressed by a separate word (adverb, adjective), fixed prepositional case form, phraseological unit. At the word-formation level, the study describes derivational means and new lexemes formed with these means, as well as word-formation processes and patterns. The research is relevant as it concentrates attention on the dynamic processes determining the development of the category of intensity in the twenty-first century language. The article aims to show the dynamics of derivational and lexical intensifiers in modern media and literary texts. The materials of the study are texts obtained from print and electronic media, television and radio broadcasts, as well as twenty-first century fiction. Within the level approach framework, the paper employs derivational and lexical-semantic analysis. The functional-pragmatic aspect of the study determined the use of contextual and pragma-stylistic analysis. As a result, the study has characterised the productive derivational means (affixes and affixoids) and word-building processes (reduplication) of expressing intensity, as well as new words formed with their help. Moreover, the research has shown the connection between the categories of intensity and evaluativity in derivational processes. In addition, the research has identified factors (the semantic-stylistic features of affixes and derivational bases, the context) determining the expressive-evaluative nature of new formations. The paper reveals the areas for the development of lexical intensifiers: 1) expansion of syntagmatic possibilities and the associated emergence in speech of new phrases (such word combinations violate lexicographically well-established traditions); 2) addition of new units to the class as a result of intralinguistic borrowing and semantic derivation. New intensifiers with vivid expressiveness, imagery, and evaluativity serve as a tool to make speech more expressive.

On the Divergence of the Slovak and Czech Literary Languages at the Word-formation Level

The object of the study is such lexemes of the Slovak literary language, which were originally similar to the corresponding Czech, but in the XX century they underwent changes, as their word-formation characteristics changed. At the same time, the corresponding Czech words remained unchanged. We call this phenomenon asymmetric divergence. Asymmetric divergence characterized many parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs. The source of the material was primarily the newspaper "Catholicke Noviny" for 1889-1890, as well as some publications of the early XX century. This article discusses cases of asymmetric divergence realized in small closed groups of vocabulary or even at the level of individual lexemes. The main conclusion of the author is that asymmetric divergence was an important factor in the formation of the lexical composition of the Slovak literary language and its acquisition of specific features that distanced it from the Czech. To the greatest extent, it affected nouns, and the most common means was suffixation, that is, replacing the original suffix that coincided with the corresponding Czech with another suffix. The divergence of the Slovak and Czech literary languages, as a rule, is beyond the field of view of researchers who consider primarily the influence of the Czech language on Slovak. At the same time, it was she who was the leading trend in the development of the Slovak literary language in the XX century.

The communicative and pragmatic potential of non-standard vocabulary

The article is devoted to the study of the sub-standard vocabulary of the English language using examples of American slang, which makes up its main part. The development of language and society entails the constant emergence of new units of both standard and non-standard vocabulary. Knowledge of this layer of vocabulary is necessary for a better understanding of native English speakers, modern literature and mass media. The definitions and stylistic characteristics of the layers of non-standard vocabulary are indicated, combining them into a lexico-semantic paradigm based on the principle of socio-cultural and stylistic determinism of their functioning. The communicative structure of a literary text as a linguocultural space is determined to identify the stylistic characteristics of non-standard lexical units. The features of the conceptualization of the world through non-standard vocabulary are revealed. In addition, the article describes the communicative and pragmatic techniques of non-standard vocabulary at the lexical and semantic levels. At the word-formation level, non-standard compatibility manifests itself, as a rule, through a language game created with the help of word-formation means, as a rule, it is affixation, contamination, abbreviation, truncation.

Типы формальных вариантов слова в лексической системе донских говоров Волгоградской области

Don patois – with all the originality of linguistic features - are an organic part of the Russian dialect space. The studied patois are socially isolated, which determines such an inherent linguocultural phenomenon as prestige, therefore the Don patois retains the most important features of the traditional system. Studying the problem of variability allows us to trace the formation of the linguocultural space that forms the vocabulary of the Don patois, and to assess the current state of the lexical system of the studied dialects. Based on the material of Don Cossack patois, the question of the functioning of formal variants of a word in the dialect lexical system is considered. The formal intra-system dialect variation, covering variants of the word-formation level, has been analyzed. A brief overview of currently available points of view regarding the understanding of variability in the domestic linguistic tradition is presented. Criteria have been identified for distinguishing synonyms and variants in the lexical system of the Don patois. The collected material made it possible to trace the peculiarity of the dialect lexical system, which consists in the development of a large number of word variants. The study showed that word variants in Don patois are an integral part of the dialect lexical system, contributing to its preservation. The study of formal variability allows us to show the state of the lexical system of Russian patois at the present stage.

Tvorba pandemijskih neologizama u mađarskom i hrvatskom jeziku

Pandemic-related neologism formation. Great changes in the extralinguis-tic world have always spawned neologisms. The more intense the changes, the greater the number of new words or the number of new senses of existing words. A linguistic response to the changes in our lives caused by the corona-virus pandemic is an increased number of neologisms, which are being created on a daily basis.The aim of this paper is to analyse the pandemic-related lexicon. The corpus has been collected from the media discourse. The analysis focuses on the word-formation level, i.e. the ways neologisms are formed: portmanteaus: morona virus, cov-idiot, capakistan (from Capak, the Croatian epidemiologist, and the suffix –istan as in Pakistan), paketomat (paket = package, parcel + automat = automatic machine, e.g. ATM), McGužva (Mc as in McDonald's + gužva = rush, crowd) ‒ words with bound lexical bases: koronamanija (coronamania), koronafobija (coronafobia), kupomanija (kupovati = to buy + manija = mania) ‒ and productive word-formation affixes: koronaš (≈coronaman), koronašica (≈coronawoman), koronizacija (coronisation9), koronizirati (to coronise), turis-tificirati (to touristify). In addition to the word-formation level, the paper analyses the normative level, specifically, the orthographic level, i.e. problems related to irregularities in writing of the new words: korona virus / korona-virus / koronavirus.

Suffixes of Adjectives in Italian and Russian

 The paper provides a comparative study of typological suffix education adjectives in Italian and Russian languages. We explored the semantics suffixes of adjectival. Identified factors that affect the expansion of adjectival morphemes in Italian and Russian languages.Typological studies of the Russian and Italian languages ​​were carried out in Italy, the city of Naples. In all European languages, the adjective has great semantic possibilities, so we chose adjective suffixes for research. We have studied the semantics of adjective suffixes in both languages, the productivity of derivational suffixes of adjectives, interesting cases of identical use of adjective suffix morphemes, common features of adjective suffix morphemes in both languages, etc. The purpose of the study is a typological analysis of the formation of suffixal adjectives in Italian and Russian; revealing similarities and differences between Italian and Russian adjectival suffixes at the word-formation level. The following methods were used in the study: statistical analysis, word-formation analysis, morphemic analysis, component analysis and component synthesis. The words of the colloquial language, literary language, fiction and terminological vocabulary were chosen for the study.

Borrowings from Latin in the Floronymic Systems of Polish, Russian and Ukrainian Languages

The article presents an analysis of the names of flowers in modern Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian languages, borrowed from Latin. Statistics illustrate the high representation of the studied nouns in the lexico-semantic groups “Names of flowers” in the all these three Slavic languages, as well as the significant number of interlanguage equivalents and correspondences recorded among them. The author described the features of the transfer of Latin names in recipient languages (such as lack of stability in some names, reflection of graphic features, grammatical transformations, changes in the word basics). Particular attention is paid to hybrid names presented both at the word-formation level and at the level of composite names; to names, which represent examples of a deep degree of adaptation of borrowing; to cases of borrowing Latin names that arose as a result of penetration into the botanical nomenclature of foreign-language names.

ASSIMILATION OF BORROWINGS IN THE LANGUAGE-RECIPIENT

In the Russian language of the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, the significant part of foreign words were German lexical borrowings. According to the degree of development of the language loanwords recipient traditionally distinguish two main groups of words - assimilated and unassimilated. One of the main bits of foreign words, allocated according to the degree of assimilation, are actually borrowing assimilated words about the skill that scientists have no disagreements. The only problem in this sense is to hold the line between borrowing and internationalism. Internationalism represented, first of all, in the terminological lexicon. By the terms-internationalism: a) socio-political lexicon: congress, constitution, minister, meeting, party, politics, revolution, republic, resolution, senate, etc.; b) scientific terminology: biology, geography, geodesy, geology, zoology, history, linguistics, mathematics, physics, etc.; c) the technical name: unit, antenna, apparatus, harvester, monoplane, tank, tractor; d) art criticism lexicon: aria, ballet, drama, genre, novella, opera, poetry, tenor, etc. When classifying loanwords must be considered the formal features (assimilation of words in the borrowing language) and functionality (use of words in the borrowing language). According to the degree of adaptation of lexical units in the system of the Russian language-recipient, both full and partial assimilation of the German-language vocabulary is possible. Partially assimilated vocabulary can be divided into the following groups: 1) German vocabulary assimilated at the graphic and grammatical levels; 2) German- language vocabulary assimilated at the grammatical level; 3) German-language vocabulary assimilated at the word-formation level; 4) German-language blotches with preceding and following Russian equivalents. The research is based on actual data obtained by different linguists, and on the results of the author's own observations.

Grammaticalization in Young People's Language

Abstract. Recent research has pointed out that certain grammaticalization phenomena originate in substandard varieties and/or colloquial speech styles. However, the potential of insights to be gained from relating grammaticalization and sociolinguistics still remains largely unexplored. The present paper is an attempt at such an approach, discussing grammaticalization processes in contemporary German youth language (Jugendsprache). On a word formation level, the paper deals with nominal and verbal formatives, denominal conversions, and the use of verb stems as lexical morphemes. Syntactic phenomena include the development of the non-inflected negative null and a new intensifier word order pattern. After highlighting the relevant grammaticalization mechanisms for each of these patterns, the paper discusses the relation between slang creation and grammaticalization, emphasizing the role of expressivity as a discourse-pragmatic motivation for linguistic innovations. Finally, the paper draws attention to connections between youth specific language varieties and language change, and tries to account for the fact that some grammaticalization processes in substandard varieties never reach their potential end point.

Analytical and philosophical issues of studying current problems in the development of modern derivatology

The relevance of the research undertaken is determined by the insufficient description of the cognitive approach in relation to word formation units, the unjustifiably rare use of word formation data by the conceptology that is actively developing in linguistics, and the need to form semantic-cognitive analysis procedures relevant to the research object to determine the boundaries of complex units of the word-formation level. The article focuses on the philosophical issues of linguistics, in particular word formation. The peculiarity of linguistics at the end of the 20th century, the essence of which is the recognition of the cognitive conditioning of the main linguistic units and structures, is noted. It is noted that the materialization of certain concepts with the help of linguistic means always consists of a certain ordering, systematization, distribution by headings, categorization. The main function of the analysis and classification of derived words is determined not as groups of derived words or a system of derivational types, but the principles of construction and deployment of complex derivational fragments (blocks, rows, fields), taking into account derivational units larger than a word, analytical analogs of derived words, constructions in the derivation function, only way to represent the derivative and its semantics.

The effect of task constraints on idea generation in creative word-formation group work for beginner-level German learners

This study investigated the emergence of ideas at a word-formation level in group tasks with and without a formal constraint condition (alliteration). Japanese beginner-level learners of German were asked to work in triads to invent and explain German compound nouns. Applying the methodological framework of conversation analysis, all interaction between students was transcribed and coded for instances of self- or other-directed idea proposals for completing the task in German or Japanese. The dialogical nature of creativity was further described by number and quality of language-related episodes (LREs) revolving around explanation proposals per idea. The formal constraint in the task design caused a change in the students' approach and shifted the initial focus from meaning to form. Consequently, more ideas occurred in the students’ second language and compound nouns were built ad hoc, resulting in higher opacity. This in turn caused more incidents of collaborative explanation proposals. The study suggests that putting formal constraints on tasks for beginner-level language learners can guide students in using and noticing more unfamiliar vocabulary, which may lead to collaborative language play regarding semantic extensions and meta-linguistic features.

On the Forms and Thorns of Linguistic Indeterminacy in Chinese Law

Abstract This study addresses the different types and implications of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese law. It firstly draws on the studies of scholars of different disciplines, such as linguistics and philosophy of language, to provide a taxonomy of indeterminacy in language. It then provides examples of each type, highlighting the implications in law and legal interpretation. It uses linguistic data from various texts, such as statutory laws and judgements, and analyses them with various methods, including discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. This study argues that when the language of the law is indeterminate, the legal outcomes may be particularly uncertain. It suggests that although it is difficult to ascertain whether the degree of indeterminacy is higher in some languages more than in others, some linguistic mechanisms at the word-formation level in Chinese, such as portmanteaus and the modifier-modified structure, are remarkably ambiguous. When uncertain terms are in key parts of the law, the consequences may be more serious. The study of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese has implications for the study of forensic linguistics, and Chinese studies in general.

Comparative Analysis of Intensifying Word-Formation Units in Russian and German Languages as Part of the Field Approach

This article is focused on the comparative analysis of the intensifying word-formation units in languages with different structures as part of the field approach. The field approach allows revealing divergences and similarities of the intensifying word-formation units in Russian and German languages as a part of the profound study of the functional and semantic nature of intensifying formants and the complex analysis of the pragmatic potential of the substantive derivatives formed with the help of intensifying word-formation units in original and translated texts. We developed the definition of an intensification field in Russian and German languages. These fields indicate quantitative and semantic divergences at the word-formation level of the category in Russian and German languages and allow referring the intensifying word-formation units to the nuclear and peripheral zones of intensification fields in Russian and German languages. We can also observe the units of a certain level of the target language, which correspond to the word-formation units of the source language when the equivalent formants in the target language do not exist.

VARIATION OF THE DNIEPER BASIN HYDRONYMY
 ON THE TERRITORY OF THE SMOLENSK REGION

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Dnieper water bodies nominations on the territory of the Smolensk region. The research is aimed at consideration of the most important onomastic problem at present – variation in the sphere of the proper names, particularly in the hydronymy. Amidst the regional onomastic development, the research in the sphere
 of toponymy and hydronymy is being actively carried out, toponymic dictionaries are being published. In these dictionaries the variants of the geographical objects are often only marked down. However, more focused attention to the revealing
 and describing the reasons and methods of their variation allows the researchers to carry out more detailed diachronic analysis of the onyms existence in the different historical periods and define the invariants formation. The most interesting field of research is the toponymy and hydronymy study of the Smolensk region – western border region of Russia. The material of
 the research is based on the military-topographical map of Smolensk Governorate, large scale maps and an atlas of the Smolensk region, as well as written information sources. The author has analyzed the examples of the orthographical,
 phonetical, morphological and lexical variants of hydronyms and has tried to reveal the linguistic and extralinguistic reasons of the water bodies nominations variation in this region.
 It is proved that the hydronyms variants origin is typical for small water currents; it is linked with their shallowing and the loss of their significance in the economic life of the population. The predominance of the phonetical variants is explained by the influence of the general-linguistic process, a local dialect lect, a living colloquial language. The variation on the word formation level is widely represented by diminutive forms as a result of the changes in the water currents physico-geographical parameters.
 Lexical variation of the hydronyms in the region depends on the nominations de-etymologisation. Moreover, in the analyzed region the author has found out a lot of variants of hydronyms with changes at different language levels. Linguistic
 and extralinguistic reasons of variation in hydronymy are closely linked. This fact can make it more difficult to determine the method of the new variant creation. The analyzed factual material will be practically used in the «Hydronym’s Dictionary of the Smolensk Region», which will be published soon.