Word Entries Research Articles

The Selection and Realization of the Entry of New Words in the Gaebanghyeong-Hangugeo-Jisik-Daesajeon

The Selection and Realization of the Entry of New Words in the Gaebanghyeong-Hangugeo-Jisik-Daesajeon

The African Dimension of the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>

African languages have contributed and continue to contribute a great many vocabulary items to English, both directly and via the intermediary of other non-African languages. The <i>OED Additions Series</i> contains 63 words of African origin, most of which have come into the language during the last years. The second edition of the <i>OED</i> contains about 275 words of African origin, drawn from 30 languages. The treatment of these words is somewhat uneven, owing to two factors: the unavailability to the editors of relevant information at the time of compilation of <i>OED</i>1; and supremacist attitudes, which caused entries for words of this kind to be shorter and less detailed, and affected their definition and description. In the third edition of the <i>OED</i>, words of all kinds should receive the same degree of attention, which implies that data collection from the reading of primary sources should include all varieties of World English; description and definition should be undertaken from a neutral standpoint; and etymological research and documentation must be as full as is practicable. All items of African origin will be sent to linguistic specialists (the bulk of this work has been done in the <i>DSAE</i> for items of South African origin). The checking of other etymologies will bring to light items whose African origin was not previously indicated (for example, borrowings from Brazilian Portuguese). In a sample from the letter M, there has been a gain in the numbers of African etymologies and the accuracy of treatment. Loanwords of all origins will be given as much attention as our resources allow, but there may be more ground to make up in the African sector of the lexicon. <b>Keywords:</b> african languages, english language, <i>oxford english dictionary</i>, <i>oed additions series</i>, lexicographical documentation, definition, etymology, loanwords, supremacist attitude, third edition of the oed, reading programme, <i>dictionary of south african english on historical principles</i>

Pyttipanna – it is serious! Names for food – some comments when compiling a Swedish-Lithuanian dictionary

A Swede making a sandwich will use the word pålägg in reference to what s/he puts on a slice of bread – cheese, ham, sausage etc. In cafeterias in Sweden one can often come across a notice - påtår ingår ‘refill included’. How should the Swedish pålägg and påtår be rendered in Lithuanian?The paper deals with some issues of lexicographic practice arising in the process of compiling a forthcoming Swedish-Lithuanian dictionary. It will include about 30 000 word entries and a large number of expressions. Swedish-Lithuanian lexicography is a rather new field in Lithuania, which has determined the pioneering character of the present investigation.The paper aims at identifying certain tendencies in the search of equivalents to names for food. The words discussed include Swedish examples like knäckebröd, palt, pepparkaka, pyttipanna, pålägg, påtår, pölsa, wienerbröd and some others. The paper also discusses some more general issues pertaining to the field of language and food and some strategies adopted by a fiction translator and lexicographer.The examples demonstrate the complexity of the lexicographer’s task when searching for equivalents to both rather exotic and very simple Swedish dishes, which is be due to the absence of tradition of consuming the dishes by Lithuanians. Despite identical raw food products (potatoes, meat, bread), in the course of history the Swedish and the Lithuanian cuisine have taken differing paths of development and experienced different influences. In some specific cases one can find a rather precise equivalent to an ‘exotic’ dish (cf. SE pölsa, similar to EN haggis, LT košeliena). Meanwhile, a search of an equivalent to some ordinary, casual dish or food product can become a real challenge to a lexicographer resulting in a ‘near’ equivalent with a descriptive or an expository comment, cf. SE knäckebröd, EN crisp bread, LT ‘traški (švediška) duona’; SE wienerbröd, EN Danish pastry, LT ‘sluoksniuotos tešlos bandelė su įdaru’; also cf. SE pyttipanna, similar to EN hash or bubble and squeak, LT ‘patiekalas iš mėsos gabalėlių, bulvių ir daržovių (ypač apie keptus (pietų) likučius)’. The lexicographer’s demanding task requires an interdisciplinary approach, an in-depth knowledge in different fields of research, familiarity with changing culture-specific realia and attention to detail.The field of language and food is rather new in Lithuania. It opens up new interesting research perspectives to lexicography, discourse analysis, culture studies, etc.

The Lemma and Database Design: Redesigning Representative Poetry Online, Lemmatizing Lexicons of Early Modern English, and Envisioning the Lemmatic Web

This article argues for the usefulness of the lemma as the base element for constructing large databases of texts for digital textual analysis and for providing a new hypertextual reading experience. Support for this is based on the author’s experience designing and developing two major Web initiatives: Representative Poetry Online and the Lexicons of Early Modern English. The basic database features of the two websites are delineated, but the latter website, in particular, is described with a view toward showing the importance of a shift away from envisioning the database as constructed upon word entries to one constructed upon lemmata.

From speech signal to phonological features—A long way (60 years and counting)

When Jakobson, Fant and Halle proposed 1952 their feature system to describe the representation of speech, they wrote: “In decoding a message received (A), the listener operates with the perceptual data (B) which are obtained from the ear responses (C) […] The systematic exploration of the first two of these levels belongs to the future and is an urgent duty.” In the last three decades, this approach has been substituted by stochastic modeling to map the speech signal to lexical (word) entries in automatic speech recognition. Although this has lead to working ASR applications, the process of speech understanding by humans is still of ‘urgent duty’. The FUL (featural underspecified lexicon) system is one model for this process and this talk will present its methods for mapping the signal onto phonological features, which removes acoustic detail that we assume is irrelevant for (human) speech understanding. The analysis is performed with a high temporal resolution to model the ‘online’ processing of the human brain and provide redundancy for noisy signals. The ultimate goal is to match the acoustic signal to feature sets that activate possible and suppress improbable word candidates. These features sets themselves are defined by the phonological structure of a language rather than by extensive training with speech material. The presentation includes an online demonstration of the system.

A Validation Study of the CEFR Levels of Phrasal Verbs in the English Vocabulary Profile

AbstractThis article reports on a part of the development and validation project for the English Vocabulary Profile (EVP). The previous version of the EVP included 439 phrasal verbs as well as 4,666 individual word entries. Each of their meanings is ordered according to its CEFR level. The aims of the study are to identify the actual difficulty of each phrasal verb, to validate the tentative decision of the CEFR levels, and also to explore factors that explain the difficulties, by using textbook corpora. In order to carry out this research, we developed a phrasal verb test of 100 items, consisting of four A1 items, nineteen A2 items, forty B1 items and thirty-seven B2 items. Approximately 1,600 Japanese students took this test. We analysed the test data, using item response theory. The results of the test show that although the average difficulties of the phrasal verbs in each level were ordered according to the level prediction, the ranges of the difficulties in each level overlapped. The analysis of textbook corpora reveals that there is a complex relationship between the difficulty levels of phrasal verbs and their frequencies in the textbooks. We discuss its implications and possible improvements for the EVP.

Automatic Mapping Between Large-Scale Heterogeneous Language Resources for NLP Applications: A Case of Sejong Semantic Classes and KorLexNoun for Korean

This paper proposes a statistical-based linguistic methodology for automatic mapping between large-scale heterogeneous languages resources for NLP applications in general. As a particular case, it treats automatic mapping between two large-scale heterogeneous Korean language resources: Sejong Semantic Classes (SJSC) in the Sejong Electronic Dictionary (SJD) and nouns in KorLex. KorLex is a large-scale Korean WordNet, but it lacks syntactic information. SJD contains refined semantic-syntactic information, with semantic labels depending on SJSC, but the list of its entry words is much smaller than that of KorLex. The goal of our study is to build a rich language resource by integrating useful information within SJD into KorLex. In this paper, we use both linguistic and statistical methods for constructing an automatic mapping methodology. The linguistic aspect of the methodology focuses on the following three linguistic clues: monosemy/polysemy of word forms, instances (example words), and semantically related words. The statistical aspect of the methodology uses the three statistical formulae X2, Mutual Information and Information Gain to obtain candidate synsets. Compared with the performance of manual mapping, the automatic mapping based on our proposed statistical linguistic methods shows good performance rates in terms of correctness, specifically giving recall 0.838, precision 0.718 , and F1 0.774. (Pusan National University)

The Compilation of Bilingual Dictionaries between African Languages in South Africa: The Case of Northern Sotho and Tshivenda*

Bilingual dictionaries between South African languages have existed for more than three centuries (Smit 1996: 232). These dictionaries have English or Afrikaans as the source language and an African language as the target language. There has never been a case of the opposite except for bi-directional bilingual dictionaries. Still more, there seems to be no record of an attempt ever made to date to compile bilingual dictionaries between African languages. This scenario illustrates the trend and history of lexicographic practice in South Africa. It is evident from most lexicographic research and products such as the existing kinds of dictionaries that Africans were never considered to be the first target group of users or prospective beneficiaries of such lexicographic products. The absence of bilingual dictionaries between African languages again provides evidence of who the lexicographers were and which population groups they represented. To fill this void, a model called the hub-and-spoke is proposed in this paper for the compilation of such kind of dictionaries. The model has been chosen for its purported economy of use. Northern Sotho and Tshivenda are the African languages that will be used as examples in the application of the model. A purposive sampling technique will be used to select lexemes that will constitute the entry words which form the central list of the proposed dictionary.Keywords: BI-DIRECTIONAL, CENTRAL LIST, CONCEPTUAL EQUIVALENCE, ENTRY WORDS, HUB-AND-SPOKE MODEL, LEXEMES, LEXICAL ITEM, LEXICAL UNIT, LEXICALISATION STATUS, PRAGMATIC CONTRAST, PURPOSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE, SOURCE LANGUAGE, TARGET LANGUAGE, VARIANT STATUSOpsomming: Die samestelling van tweetalige woordeboeke tussen Afrikatalein Suid-Afrika: Die geval van Noord-Sotho en Tshivenda. Tweetaligewoordeboeke tussen Suid-Afrikaanse tale bestaan vir meer as drie eeue (Smit 1996: 232). Hierdiewoordeboeke het Engels of Afrikaans as brontaal en 'n Afrikataal as doeltaal. Daar was nooit 'n skyn geen rekord te wees van 'n poging tot op hede om tweetalige woordeboeke tussen Afrikatalesaam te stel nie.Hierdie scenario illustreer die verloop en geskiedenis van leksikografiese praktyk in Suid-Afrika. Dit is duidelik uit die meeste leksikografiese navorsing en produkte soos die bestaandewoordeboeksoorte dat Afrikane nooit beskou is as die eerste doelgroep gebruikers of waarskynlikevoordeeltrekkers uit sulke leksikografiese produkte nie. Die afwesigheid van tweetalige woordeboeketussen Afrikatale gee ook 'n aanduiding van wie die leksikograwe was en aan watter bevolkingsgroepehulle behoort het.Om hierdie leemte te vul, word 'n naaf-en-speek-model vir die samestelling van hierdie soortwoordeboeke in dié artikel voorgestel. Die model is gekies vir sy beweerde ekonomiese aard.Noord-Sotho en Tshivenda is die Afrikatale wat as voorbeelde gebruik sal word in die toepassingvan hierdie model.'n Doelgerigte toetsingstegniek sal gebruik word om lekseme uit te soek wat die inskrywingsin die sentrale lys van die voorgestelde woordeboek sal vorm.Sleutelwoorde: TWEERIGTING SENTRALE LYS, KONSEPTUELE EKWIVALENSIE, INSKRYWINGS,NAAF-EN-SPEEK-MODEL, LEKSEME, LEKSIKALE ITEM, LEKSIKALE EENHEID,LEKSIKALISASIESTATUS, PRAGMATIESE KONTRAS, DOELGERIGTE TOETSINGSTEGNIEK,BRONTAAL, DOELTAAL, VARIANTSTATUS

A Dictionary of Maqiao: Metafiction of Collective Biography

In the field of life writing, a collective biography is a biography of a group of lives that share common background characteristics. Han Shaogong’s A Dictionary of Maqiao (1996) collects life stories, in a lexical list of entries, of 22 principal characters from the fictitious village of Maqiao. If there is a common background characteristic of Maqiao’s people, it is their special way of using words to shape their way of thinking. The 115 word entries that Maqiao people use reveal life stories covering more than a century. As a first person narrator and a biographer of collective lives, Han also seems to be a witness to their lives. How does he fuse autobiographical, biographical and historical truths into this text? How does he interpret Maqiao’s lexicon in the light of their collective lives? Are auto/biographical theories applicable to Han’s collective biography? Finally, what contributions does he make to collective life writing? To answer the above questions, this paper takes A Dictionary of Maqiao as a metafiction to discuss life writing issues with theorists such as Paul John Eakin, Philippe Lejeune, and Zhao Baisheng. It also searches for Han’s methodologies and techniques in creating collective life stories through a textual analysis. By reading literary biographies of Han Shaogong and his stories of Maqiao people, this paper also analyzes what constitutes “truths” and “facts” in this collective biography. Finally, it demonstrates how Han makes biography new in terms of life writing.

Wortgeografischer Wandel im Schweizerdeutschen. Sommersprossen, Küchenzwiebel und Schmetterling 70 Jahre nach dem SDS

This paper intends to show the importance of having linguistic instruments, principally semantic ones, for determining the meaning of words with the greatest precision and, consequently, managing to meticulously establish the different meanings of a dictionary's entry words. As an example, a new definition of the Spanish verb mezclar ('to mix') will b Since the beginning of the publication of the linguistic atlas of German-speaking Switzerland (Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz, SDS) in the early 1960s individual linguists collected contemporary material for comparison to investigate language change. However, due to time and money restrictions these studies were limited to small parts of the language area only. So far a description of tendencies concerning the entire Swiss German language area is missing. Based on an online-survey of 5600 informants this investigation is the first to present word geographic data covering (almost) the whole German-speaking Switzerland. Comparing GIS-maps of SDS and online data of the dialectal lexemes for freckles, onion and butterfly, language change over the last century becomes apparent, with striking convergence tendencies towards standard German, but also a Swiss German dialect expanding its range. Most of the dialect words mentioned in the SDS were preserved; some new were found. Thus, diversity of lexicon and creative language use are not endangered. Statistical analysis showed that younger speakers are more likely to deviate from the SDS. Less strong, but still significant were the influence of the parent's dialect and the duration of living in the dialect area, whereas gender had no influence.

Lexical Polysemy: Lexicographic Implications

This paper intends to show the importance of having linguistic instruments, principally semantic ones, for determining the meaning of words with the greatest precision and, consequently, managing to meticulously establish the different meanings of a dictionary's entry words. As an example, a new definition of the Spanish verb mezclar ('to mix') will be proposed.

Kirkeby's "English–Swahili" dictionary

Kirkeby's English–Swahili Dictionary is a bilingual dictionary of more than 50 000 entries. The most laudable feature of the dictionary is its attempt to be user-friendly especially in the way the entry words have been arranged and the amount of information given. However, a clear objective for the compilation of the ditionary is lacking. The compilers do not seem to know the lexicographical gap they want to fill, the users they are targeting, and their dictionary-using skills. In discussing the strong and weak points of the dictionary, the article will refer to theories of dictionary criticism. Three criteria set by McMillan (1949) will guide this review article: (1) the quantity of the information in the dictionary; (2) the quality of the information presented; and (3) the effectiveness of the presentation of the information. Questions posed in the course of this article will include: Does the dictionary give the information required by the user? Is the information transparently accessible? How is the information presented? Keywords: dictionary evaluation, user-friendly, dictionary-using skills, lexicographical entries, grammatical categories, subgrammatical categories, word combinations, collocations, translation equivalents

A study of basic vocabulary for integrated English education: Building ECI learners’ dictionary

English and Content Learning (ECI) has long been the study of elementary English education. It has recently emerged due to the introduction of English immersion. In the past ECI learning experiences, teachers in practice demanded for the provision of an ECI dictionary to support ECI teaching and learning in elementary school settings. This study is an important step towards responding to the need for developing a supporting dictionary for ECI classes. The ECI dictionary development was based on elementary school textbooks with focuses on social studies, math and science. The total number of 1,719 cognitive academic word entries was selected based on a frequency list and expert knowledge. The micro-structure of these entries was piloted and revised reflecting feedback received from teachers with two different approaches to teaching vocabulary. Final structure of cognitive academic entries includes form, structure, content and learning box. The outcome was an extracted list of head words and the dictionary information according to the micro-structure of form, structure, content and learning box. The ECI dictionary will provide teachers who are using any form of ECI with a referential support for target word information, usage and use, learning materials.

One bit feedback for quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes based on circulant matrix

During the last few years, a number of Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (QOSTBC) have been proposed for using in multiple transmit antennas systems. In this letter, based on circulant matrix, we propose a novel method of extending any QOSTBC constructed for 4 transmit antennas to a closed-loop scheme. We show that with the aid of multiplying the entries of QOSTBC code words by the appropriate phase factors which depend on the channel information, the proposed scheme can improve its transmit diversity with one bit feedback. The performances of the proposed scenario extended from Jafarkhani's QOSTBC as well as its optimal constellation rotated scheme are analyzed. The simulation results suggest that there is a significant Eb/No advantage in the proposed scheme which is able to be designed easily.

국어사전에서의 발음 정보 처리에 대하여

The main purpose of this article is to explain how to describe the information about the pronunciation of entry words in the tentatively named 〈New Yonsei Dictionary〉 which is based on the 〈Yonsei Korean Dictionary〉. In the 〈New Yonsei Dictionary〉 the pronunciation of selected entry word is described in three parts: 'pronunciation space', 'declension/inflection space', and 'reference space'. The most principal principle of describing the pronunciation is that in all cases where the orthography of entry word and its pronunciation on the phonological level are different its pronunciation should be marked. This principle is adopted at the 'pronunciation space' and the 'declension/inflection space'. Other necessary information related to the entry's pronunciation is marked at 'reference space'. For the more correct information in the pronunciation part it should be considered necessary to do fieldwork on the exact and actual pronunciation of some entry words which are problematic.

Utilizing Clues in Syntactic Relationship for Automatic Target Word Sense Disambiguation

Multiple translations to the target language are due to several meanings of source words and various target word equivalents, depending on the context of the source word. Thus, an automated approach is presented for resolving target-word selection, based on word-to-sense and sense-to-word relationship between source words and their translations, using syntactic relationships (subject-verb, verb-object, adjective-noun). Translation selection proceeds from sense disambiguation of source words based on knowledge from a bilingual dictionary and word similarity measures from WordNet, and selection of a target word using statistics from a target language corpus. Test results using English to Tagalog translations show an overall 64% accuracy for selecting word translation with a standardized precision of at least 80% for generating expected translations using 200 sentences with ambiguous words (an average of 4 senses) in three categories: nouns, verbs, and adjectives. This system is tested on 145,746 word pairs in syntactic relationships that are extracted from target corpora (with 317,113 words). Sense profile, with 2681 entries for source words, is built from an existing bilingual dictionary that includes clues for disambiguation and target translations. The results show an improvement on the performance of the method with the utilization of syntactic information in resolving target-word ambiguity. Further improvements include the integration of other content words and syntactic categories, the addition of reliable clues for sense disambiguation, and the integration of smoothing techniques.

A Study on the Change of Entry Words HUUHU in Japanese Dictionaries

A Study on the Change of Entry Words HUUHU in Japanese Dictionaries

The entry word in Ethiopian names

The entry word in Ethiopian names

Cellular Automata: Real-Time Equivalence between One-Dimensional Neighborhoods

It is well known that one-dimensional cellular automata working on the usual neighborhood are Turing complete, and many acceleration theorems are known. However, very little is known about the other neighborhoods. In this article we prove that every one-dimensional neighborhood that is big enough so that every letter of the entry word can affect the computation is equivalent (in terms of real-time recognition) either to the usual neighborhood {-1,0,1} or to the one-way neighborhood {0,1}.

Ungarischer Einfluss im kroatischen Schriftsystem von Faust Vrančić

The five-language dictionary of Faust Vrancic is the first one which includes separate Croatian word entries. As in the sixteenth century there was no standard Croatian orthography, that of Faust Vrancic is worth studying because the dictionaries influenced the orthography of their users. In the present article, the author examines eight letters signifying consonants. For these letters, there cannot be any precedent in the phonetic and orthographic system of Latin. First of all, the graphics of the letters is presented and the graphemes of Hungarian origin are identified. These latter can be divided into two groups: firstly, the letters loaned by Vrancic from Hungarian-language writings directly, and secondly, those which, although being of Hungarian origin, were taken from the Kaikavian Croatian books printed before the publication of the dictionary. Contrary to the opinion widespread in Croatian scholarly literature, for his work Vrancic did not invent any new letter but consciously selected graphemes extant in other languages.