Word-building Patterns Research Articles

Applying Semantic and Structural Characteristics of Food-Related Notions in English Context

The current article discusses a growing number of terms that have entered the English language as a result of significant advances in science, technology, politics, the economy, and society. Continuous advancements in science, technology, and the arts, along with the vibrant growth of the cultural, spiritual, and everyday realms of life, may provide a strong impetus for the ongoing expansion of the English language. Every month, new lexical units are added to official dictionaries and thesauri to expand the vocabulary of the English language. Thus, the goal of this study is to present a thorough linguistic analysis of novel lexical units, collocations, phrases, and conceptions linked to food as well as to identify fruitful word-building patterns that are employed to create new words. First, as a linguistic phenomenon, we look at foundational works on neology, neologisms, and related word formation kinds. Second, the structure and semantics of recently coined terms relating to food are the main subjects of study. Additionally, we focus on blending as the most common word-formation type that neologisms in the field of cuisine and related areas are created from. Furthermore, lexical blends of various kinds and their high productivity are examined. In conclusion, we offer recommendations and findings for more linguistic research.

Своеобразие имен собственных в киноистории Уэса Андерсона «Отель “Гранд Будапешт”»

The article analyzes proper names in Wes Anderson’s film “The Grand Budapest Hotel”. It examines structural, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the film proper names. The results of the research show that fictional characters’ names perform different functions, namely, characterizing, stylistic, expressive, referential. Etymological meaning of a personal name is an important source of information about characters. Geographical names are all fictional but they are formed according to word-building patterns of different languages. Names of hotels take a special place in the film onomastic system. Other names of objects allude to some real historical phenomenon. Proper names play a significant role in building, representing, and understanding the fictional world depicted in the film created by Wes Anderson.

Retracted: Prediction of Chinese Semantic Word-Building Patterns Based on Complex Network Features

Retracted: Prediction of Chinese Semantic Word-Building Patterns Based on Complex Network Features

Psycholinguistic aspects of representing aggression in wartime media discourse

The article focuses on aggression caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war as a vivid phenomenon in media discourse. The paper reveals the psychological aspects of this phenomenon, the reasons for the use of verbal aggression, its forms, and its impact on recipients. The research also explores lexical and stylistic means of representing aggression in the Ukrainian media discourse: online publications in periodicals and posts on social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. It has been identified that the frequently used invective vocabulary and creolized memes in the media are specific verbal and nonverbal means of psychological liberation from aggression and destructive influence on the target audience. Based on the results of a survey involving 100 respondents from different regions of Ukraine, 50 of whom were male and 50 female, it was found that aggression serves to expose such dominant negative emotions evoked by the Russian-Ukrainian war as anger and hatred. However, the object of aggression of the people surveyed is strikingly different: for 58 % of men it’s the Russian president, while for 52 % of women – the Russian troops. When asked about the most common forms of aggression, the majority of the respondents claimed that it is expressed by mockery, curses and obscenity. The survey documented the use of the corresponding war-related emotionally charged vocabulary, including neologisms with various word-building patterns and newly formed set phrases, by both females and males to express their aggression verbally. Additionally, the participants of the survey confirmed that creolized memes are effective functional tools with nearly equally distributed percentage of protesting against the war, ridiculing invaders and resisting the Russian propaganda.

Models of verbal stems combinations in modern armenian language

Consequently, while summarizing the effects of study of compositions word-building patterns, formed by verbal stems, one can state that the verbal stems have quite flexible word-building opportunities for formation of compound words and the new nouns and adjectives formed by them considerably enrich the word-stock of the Armenian language.As research showed the considerable part of stems, taking part in the word-building of the modern Armenian language were inherited to us from the ancient Armenian language (grabar). As for the verb stems of those morphological components in which the verb stem is a derivative, then It should be noted that the verb stem in most cases isa compound stem, since verbs in rare cases serve as a complement to other parts of speech. There are also compound words in the Armenian language, the first component which are the verb stem or participle . The models noun+verb, adjective+verb, adverb+verb, verb+noun are predominantly effective in the morphological models of the verbal stems. Compositions formed by these models in the process of transformation into syntactical combination can express subject and predicate, attributive-definite, object and circumstantial relations. In objective relations, many semantic groups can be distinguished. Compound words, the first components of which are the names of products or objects: winemaker, butcher, lumberjack seller, etc. Compound words, the first components of which are the names of various animals: shepherd, cowshed, cattle breeder, beekeeper and others. Compound words, the first components of which are the names of celestial bodies: sunmeter, lunar rover, astronaut, etc. Complications, the first components of which are concepts related to different areas of art: duduk player, singer, theater-goer, pianist, singer, actor, etc.

Развитие компенсаторной компетенции учащихся средней (полной) общеобразовательной школы при обучении говорению на английском языке

The research aims to provide insight into the phenomenon of compensatory competence. The paper considers the requirements for compensatory competence formation in students at each level of foreign language proficiency. Scientific novelty of the research lies in specifying compensatory skills: the paraphrasing skill and the skill of using word building patterns. The research findings are as follows: the notion of “compensatory competence” has been interpreted; the requirements for compensatory competence formation in students at each level of foreign language proficiency have been presented; the skills of paraphrasing and using word building patterns have been clarified; it has been found that the skills of paraphrasing and using word building patterns determine compensatory competence acquisition at each level of foreign language proficiency.

Prediction of Chinese Semantic Word-Building Patterns Based on Complex Network Features

The research on prediction of Chinese semantic word-formation patterns based on complex network features has certain practical and theoretical significance in the field of natural language understanding. In this paper, complex networks are introduced into the prediction of Chinese semantic word-formation patterns, and a new prediction method of Chinese semantic word-formation patterns based on complex networks is proposed. And a solution that combines the semantic word-building rules of Chinese language with pattern recognition algorithm is put forward. Aiming at this scheme, a variety of pattern recognition algorithms are compared and analyzed, and the most suitable binary logistic regression model and naive Bayes model are found to predict Chinese semantic word-building patterns. The semantic loss is reduced, and the text classification model and corresponding classification algorithm are constructed, by introducing the maximum common subgraph theory to calculate text similarity under the complex network representation. The results of the experiments show that using complex networks to predict Chinese semantic word-formation patterns is both effective and feasible. The computer can judge the semantic word-formation pattern more accurately using the semantic word-formation pattern prediction model based on this theory.

The English language neologisms’ word-building patterns (Based on the internet vocabulary)

The English language neologisms’ word-building patterns (Based on the internet vocabulary)

Finno-Ugric words in the Russian dialects of Yakutia

This article analyzes the lexical Finno-Ugric borrowings that appeared in the speech of the Slavs and the aboriginal population of Yakutia with the arrival of the Russians to the northeast Siberia in the 17th century. More than three centuries ago, the Russians, who came from the northern provinces of Russia, introduced the essential vocabulary necessary for the daily life of the people of that time into the active vocabulary of the northern region’s population. Most of the words from the Finno-Ugric languages denoted new concepts and did not have synonyms in Russian, for example, viska, edoma, laida, etc. This research investigates and illustrates the most significant thematic groups of the borrowed words, gives lexical-semantic characteristics of the analyzed notions, and determines the basic word-building patterns. This article presents the results of a linguistic experiment on the interpretation of words, which was conducted in 2021 among the students of Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University to determine the relevance of the Finno-Ugric layer of vocabulary in the modern communicative situation of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The authors of the article conclude that the studied lexical borrowings, which became widespread on the territory of the republic several centuries ago, underwent some changes, became the basis for the formation of new words, became part of not only the modern Russian literary language, but also other languages of the republic, where they are part of the active vocabulary.

Особенности идиостиля К. Функе (на материале романа «Повелитель драконов»)

The article considers the features peculiar to the modern German writer Cornelia Funke’s individual style, using the material of the novel “Dragon Rider”. The study aims to identify the main features of the writer’s individual style. Scientific novelty of the work lies in taking such an approach to studying the individual style in which its main characteristic is considered to be the genre chosen by the author, while language means are considered as markers dictated by specific features of the genre and the author’s creative vision. The attained results indicate that word coinage is the main marker for C. Funke, who writes in the fantasy genre; it is represented by various word-building patterns with significant predominance of compounding. Illustrations created for some parts of the work by the writer herself were noted among graphic markers.

Мотивационные признаки номинаций дикорастущих ягодных растений в хантыйском языке: этнолингвистический анализ

The article presents the results of ethno-linguistic study of berry plant names aimed to determine the motivating features of the nominations and word-building patterns in Western Khanty dialects. The material for the study comprised dictionaries of Synskiy, Shuryshkar, Ural, Kazym, Middle Ob dialects, dialect field recordings and expedition materials obtained by the author of this paper in 2017–2018. To identify word-building patterns, morpheme analysis was applied together with semantic and morphological analysis. Descriptive method was used to present the results. During continuous sampling, 56 folk names of wild berry plants have been found. Variability of naming was noticed. The names were also characterized by variable spelling (separate vs joint up) and variable pronunciation (with liaisons and vowel alternations). Motivational features of the names included color resemblance, similarity of one kind of berry to another, morphological features of the plant, places of growth, names of animals feeding on the berries. Compounding turned out the most frequent word-building pattern, semantic derivation and suffixation were also present but much less frequent. Among the names, practically no loan words were found.

СЕМАНТИКА ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ ХАНТЫЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА, ХАРАКТЕРИЗУЮЩИХ ПОГОДНЫЕ ЯВЛЕНИЯ

The article considers the semantic structure of the Khanty adjectives characterizing weather phenomena. The study is carried out on the material of Western dialects of Khanty - Kazymsky, Shuryshkar and Priural. The material for the study was a card file composed of examples of bilingual dictionaries on the Khanty language, folklore collections and samples of spoken speech collected from Khanty native speakers. The result of the study was a description of the semantics of the language units characterizing weather events in all studied dialects of the Khanty language. Five word-building patterns were discovered for the adjectives: 1) «N+ =әӈ/=єӈ», 2) «N + =ԓы», 3) «N + =и/=ы», 4) «V + =ам/=әм», 5) «N + =ам». These adjectives form 4 lexico-semantic groups. Neither systematization of these lexico-semantic groups has been previously performed, nor the 5 word-building patterns have been previously reported in the literature devoted to the Khanty language. Another contribution was clarification of lexical units characterizing natural phenomena.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ АНТРОПОНИМОВ В РАССКАЗАХ А.П. ЧЕХОВА

The aim of the research is to (i) consider the role of proper names in the stories of A. P. Chekhov, to (ii) determine the significance of combinations of common names with proper names in revealing the author's position and creating a humorous effect, and also to (iii) identify frequent word-building patterns for the anthroponyms. Literature analysis on theoretical issues of artificial and natural names as well as studying practical examples from onomastics and anthroponymy realms enabled to specify the functions of combinations of common nouns with proper names. These names are part of the plot, conveying ideological messages, concentrating meaning, structure and content. Combinations of proper names and common nouns characterize the style of the writer. In the stories analyzed, common names contain a direct indication of status, position, rank, while proper names metaphorically portray the character or highlight the dominant of his/her personality and convey the author's message concerning evaluation of the image. Linguistic analysis of word-building patterns has shown that most surnames of the characters in the stories of A. P. Chekhov are formed by suffixation from common names, and they are the result of the author's word-making, another way to implicitly evaluate characters. In Chekhov's word combinations, proper and common names are interrelated and opposed.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ ИМЕН ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ В ТУНГУСО-МАНЬЧЖУРСКИХ ЯЗЫКАХ

The article discusses the reconstruction of the archetype of cardinal numbers, word formation of the categories of numbers in the Tungus-Manchu languages. Based on the available data on languages, 15 categories are analyzed: cardinal, ordinal, multiples, dividing, distributive, restrictive, collective, numerals for counting days, numerals for counting animals, numerals for counting households, numerals for counting fingers, numerals for counting pairs of objects, numerals for counting places and directions, numerals for counting various objects, numerals for counting the years of an animal. It turns out that certain forms are ancient, but most of them were formed later and were characteristic only for a certain group, subgroup or one language. Word-building patterns of numerals are connected with form-changing patterns, although in a number of cases syntactic functions of derivatives change, and sometimes we can observe forms with complex morphological structure, derived not only from cardinal numerals but also from numerals of other categories.

LITERARY NONCE WORDS AS A TRANSLATION PROBLEM (BASED ON ENGLISH LITERARY TALES)

The article examines specific characteristics of literary nonce words on the example of English literary tales. It attempts to classify them on the basis of the word-building patterns used (highlighting the so-called nursery words and nonce words proper). It also describes their main functions in a literary text. The research objectives also included a comparative analysis of the translations of famous English literary tales. The analysis proved that the main translation strategies while dealing with literary nonce words are the creation of nonce words in the target language, descriptive translation and compensation. The most successful translation decisions take into account the target audience of readers and include the use of wordplay, as well as phonetic expressive means such as rhyme, alliteration and onomatopoeia. In general, the translation of nonce words directly depends on the specifics of word-building patterns that exist in the source and target languages.

Nonce words by J. Joyce in Ukrainian Translation

The paper focuses on the specifics of reproducing nonce units coined by the author of the original literary work into Ukrainian. Nonce formations are topical and promising object of translation studies due to the whole range of reasons. First, a variety of their representations is of great interest in terms of their interpreting. In most cases, interpretation of nonce units is complicated as their morphemic structure is vague. Second, nonce units belong to the words with no direct equivalents in other languages, which greatly complicates the ways of their reproducing in the target language. Thus, dealing with each particular nonce formation in the source language, the translator has to apply non-standard approaches to selecting/coining its equivalent in the target language. So, the great contribution of the translator, his/her importance compared to that of the author of the literary work is proven. Ulysses abounds with nonce formations, making the whole piece of writing extremely challenging for translators. We classify Joyce’s nonce formations by their word-building patterns into two groups: phonographic (coined by means of combining phonemes) and morphological (coined by means of random combining morphemes or their segments). This makes it possible to conclude that the morphological structure of nonce units impacts both interpreting and coining their equivalents. However, the universal approach or strategy to their reproducing in the target language does not exist. In every case the translator should take into account the whole range of factors including but not limited to rendering pragmatic intentions of the author of the original literary work and uniqueness of his/her individual style. While reproducing nonce words of the novel Ulysses into Ukrainian, in most cases translators applied calque (loan translation) and compensation rather than transcoding. Their choice of the domestication strategy can be explained by their attempts to make one of the most difficult novels more accessible to Ukrainian readers.

Semantic and Word-Formation Features of Horse Names in the History of the Russian Language (Based on the Inventory Books of Vologda Monasteries in the 16th — Early 18th Centuries)

The paper considers a historical aspect of zoonymic studies which has not been sufficiently developed. The history of Russian horse names (hipponyms) is explored using zoonymic data from the inventories of the Vologda monasteries in the 16th — early 18th centuries, the materials from Listings of horses (Moscow, 1665), and archival documents of the Soviet farms of Sevmaslotrest from 1930s. The author identifies the lexical structure of Early Modern Russian hipponymy, delves into the meaning of names and appellatives they derive from, analyses the structure of horses’ names, and describes the name formation techniques. The studied sources bring the picture of the general development of lexical patterns in the Russian hipponymy. As it turns out, the vocabulary of Early Modern Russian hyponymy is almost identical with the Old Russian anthroponomy, which attests to their genetic unity. At the same time, the use of Christian names is noted, with these becoming more popular in the given period. The article also deals with structural types of Early Modern Russian hipponyms: zoonyms having a substantive form (nicknames formed from onomastic, agential, zoological, and object nouns; zoonymic compounds; suffixal compounds); adjective-based zoonyms; mixed names. In monastic scripts of the 16th — early 18th centuries, the vast majority of units used as hipponyms are “prefabricated” traditional names, the cases of creating original animal names are rare. In the latter case, zoonyms are usually formed using suffixal patterns peculiar for agentive and anthroponomic vocabulary. The word-building patterns include the onymisation of appellatives (sometimes by metaphoric transfer), substantivisation (nominalization) of adjectives, transonymisation of personal and place names. Due to the semantic, structural, and word-formation proximities between Early Modern Russian zoonymy and Old Russian anthroponomy, zoonymic vocabulary of the 16th–18th centuries provides a reliable source on Old Russian onomasticon, as well as explains the “anthroponymic” nature of modern Russian zoonymy and the active use of personal names for animals at present. This practice turns out to have deep historical roots.

СТРУКТУРНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОБРАЗНОЙ И ОНОМАТОПОЭТИЧЕСКОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ ЯКУТСКОГО И ЯПОНСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ

The article aims at comparative analysis of the figurative and onomatopoetic vocabulary of the Yakut and Japanese languages, which is richly presented in both languages and reflects their national identity. This study contributes into identifying interlanguage universals and national specifics in this layer of the language vocabulary. The focus is made on determining the features of the structure of the vocabulary of the languages under consideration. For this, the phonetic structure of such words is analyzed, based on the research of L. N. Kharitonov and E. D. Polivanov. The morphological structure of figurative verbs was also investigated, as well as the influence of the structural form on the semantics of the word. A comparative analysis of the structures revealed similarities both in the word-building patterns of the vocabulary units and in their functioning in the sentence. It was found that the main part of the figurative vocabulary in the Yakut language is represented by figurative verbs described in detail by L...

Окказионализмы А.С. Пушкина в словообразовательном аспекте

The study deals with the phenomenon of nonce words formation in the language of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin. The research novelty is due to language material analysis aspect that was chosen by the author. In spite of such a great number of research works describing Pushkin's nonce words from the word-formation standpoint we make an attempt to deepen and develop the existing data. The goal of the study is to reveal specific features of nonce formation in the language of A.S. Pushkin. Nonce words are selected using the method of continuous sampling. These words receive the “nonce words” status as a result of their comparison with the units of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dal. As a result of the analysis of the language material 247 nonce units are singled out, modes of their formation are defined. Thereafter, the nonce words are categorised into groups according to the mode of their formation. A statistical analysis of the material is also made. The most productive way of nonce formation is defined. The larger part of Pushkin’s nonce words is derived according to existing in the Russian language word-building patterns. The most productive ways of nonce words formation are defined in the actual work. The research helps to explain the use of nonce words in the writer’s works from the linguistic standpoint.

The Deformation of Language in James Joyce’s Literary Works: Interpretation and Translation Challenges

The paper deals with studying language deviations of different types in James Joyce’s Ulysses and Finnegans Wake . Deviations in general are known to be a departure from a norm or accepted standard; in linguistics deviations are viewed as an artistic device that can be applied in different forms and at various textual levels. The author’s language deformation is analyzed as a form of deviation used for expressing the writer’s language knowledge. It is concluded that in Ulysses the destruction of the language is thoroughly thought out and multi-aimed. For instance, occasional compound units that dominate the novel imitate the style of Homer, reviving the ancient manner in contemporary language. Despite the use of conventional word-building patterns, rich semantic abundance being the basic principle of Joyce's poetics seriously complicates interpretation of the new words in the source language. The attempt is also made to systematize deviation techniques in Finnegans Wake . In particular, multilinguality is found to be the base of the lexical units created by J. Joyce. Such hybrid nonce words produce the polyphony effect and trigger the mechanism of polysemantism together with unlimited associativity of the textual material, broadening the boundaries of linguistic knowledge as a whole. Additionally, certain results of a deeper comparative analysis of the ways to translate the author’s deviations into Russian are given. The analysis of three Russian versions of Ulysses and the experimental fragmentary translation of Finnegans Wake show that there exists some regularity in the choice of translation method, particularly its dependence on the structural similarities/ differences of the source and the target languages, as well as the language levels affected by J. Joyce in the process of lingual destruction. The impossibility of complete conveyance of the semantic depth of the text and stylistic features in the target language is noted.