Word Autism Research Articles

Not my Child: Perceptions of Bullied Students with Behavioral Differences and Teacher Responses

Autistic children are at greater risk of becoming victims of bullying than their neurotypical peers (Park et al., 2020). The current study examines participants’ attitudes toward children with behavioral differences and whether they support or condone bullying toward these children under various conditions. Participants were randomly assigned to read one of four vignettes. The vignettes describe a situation where a bullied fourth-grade student (with or without an outburst) went to the teacher for assistance, and the teacher responded (positively or negatively). The vignettes omitted the words autism, developmental disorder, and diagnosis to limit respondent bias concerning the social obligations to perceive these labels in a certain way. Participants then completed a questionnaire designed to assess their attitudes toward the child they read about. Participants in the positive teacher response condition reported that the student with an outburst “deserved” to be bullied significantly more than the student without an outburst. This topic has not been researched in depth, and future research should expand upon this study to fully understand the biases toward children with behavioral differences.

Role of autoimmunity in Neuronal damage in children with Autism spectrum disorder.

"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in three core behavioral: social deficits, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors." There is developing indication and emerging data that irregular autoimmune responses to the central nervous system may play a pathogenic role in patients with autism spectrum disorder." The aim of this review was to discuss the updated research carried out at Autism research and treatment center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia particularly on the role of autoimmunity in Autism spectrum disorder. This review also present state of information available about the role of autoimmunity biomarkers involved in the neuronal damage of central nervous system in autistic children. The systematic literature search was carried out using Google Scholar, Science direct and PubMed databases on the role of autoimmunity in autism and reviewed all relevant articles published in peer reviewed journals by Autism research and treatment center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia till April, 2022. We searched relevant articles using key words Autism spectrum disorder, Autoimmunity, Neuroinflamation and Central nervous system. This review revealed that plasma levels of autoimmunity related factors/ markers were altered in patients with autism. Significant change in blood markers in subjects with ASD may resulted in several years of decreased neutrotrophic support along with increasing impairment in relationship with down-regulated inflammation that may play a role in the ASD. Overall, the role of autoimmunity in ASD subjects with excess of anti-brain antibodies suggest that in some patients, autoantibodies that target the CNS may be pathological factor in neuronal growth in autistic children. Large cohort studies with well-defined and specially pheno typed autistic groups and matched healthy controls are required to examine the role of autoantibodies in the pathology of subjects with ASD.

Same Word, Same Picture, Different Responses: Exploring Teachers’ and Autistic Adolescents’ Conceptions of Autism

Individuals’ understandings of autism vary significantly, with multiple factors influencing their conceptions of autism. Varying conceptions between teachers and students in inclusive school settings may lead to diminished educational experiences for both groups. Our research was focused on exploring the influences on teachers’ and autistic students’ conceptions or misconceptions of autism. We were also interested in whether more implicit influences, including the commodification of autism, influence teachers’ and autistic students’ conceptions of autism. To ensure the research respected the needs of the young autistic participants, the purposes and processes involved in the research design were presented to a group of autistic adults for feedback and recommendations. Therefore, this paper presents two distinct aspects of the research: the outcomes of engagement with autistic adults in the design phase of the research and the outcomes of engaging with the research participants, six teachers, and four autistic adolescents. The qualitative research involved semi-structured interviews and photo-elicitation responses. A key starting question encouraged the participants to share a feeling, memory, or image on hearing the word autism, and following an exploration of their responses, they were invited to select a photo from those presented that reminded them of an aspect of autism. The autistic adults contributed to the selection of the final twelve black-and-white images used in the photo-elicitation process. The adults were asked to select those they felt most closely represented their conceptions of autism. Of interest, only one photo was chosen in common by all research participants, but their explanations for choosing the image varied. Responses to other selected photos are also shared to highlight the varied conceptions of autism generated by the teachers and autistic students and the explicit and implicit influences on their conceptions. The influence of lived experiences and the commodification of autism were evident in the participants’ responses.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evaluating Historical and Current Trends through the lens of Neurodiversity

Over the years, many theories and myths surrounding the root causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder have passed between listeners and the media. In 1910, according to Paul Bueler, the word autism was considered a symptom of Schizophrenia. As we know, this theory was disproven time in and time out. Noted names such as Hans Asperger, Leo Kanner formally researched Autism Spectrum Disorder [1] as how we know it today, and set the ball in motion for how autism was looked at both medically and clinically.

Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder using Machine Learning

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) is a neurological disorder caused by differences in brain. It is one among the major disorders by which adults as well as children are suffering. In Autism Spectrum Disorder the word Autism means- a developmental disorder that is characterized by difficulty in social interaction and communication. It is derived from Greek word ‘auto’ which means ‘self’. Spectrum means- which is not limited to specific conditions and Disorder means- a state of confusion/mess. Characteristics related to ASD can include can’t able to make eye contact with others, does not respond to name and can’t able to show facial expressions like happy, sad, angry, and surprised by 9 months of age, showing no gestures by 12 months of age, does not show interest to play with other children by 36 months of age. Some other characteristics include-delaying language skills, delaying learning skills, unusual eating and sleeping habits, gastrointestinal issues (for example, constipation), unusual mood or emotional reactions, anxiety, stress, lack of fear or more fear than expected [1].

Mapping the Dilemmas Parents Face with Disclosing Autism Diagnosis to their Child.

The diagnosis of autism is often delivered solely to the parents, a practice that forces them to confront the dilemma of whether, when and how they should disclose it to the child. The present study seeks to probe deeper into the phenomenon of diagnosis disclosure and lead to a clearer understanding of the dilemmas parents? face. This article presents an analysis of a focus group and an online survey conducted with parents. The analysis produced a model that maps parents’ dilemmas regarding diagnosis disclosure to their child. The dilemmas, found to be complex and interconnected, concern the invisible nature of autism, the word autism and stigma, time motif, child’s environment, the act of disclosure itself, and the child’s personal narrative.

Autism spectrum disorder in architecture perspective: a review of the literature and bibliometric assessment of research indexed in Web of Science.

An increasing number of scholarly publications on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have urged researcher interest in this topic; however, there is still a lack of quantitative analysis. Therefore, this study aims to cover the knowledge gap between the amount of literature published on ASD research on architectural and designers' perspectives compared to the medical and psychological fields. The study has analyzed global research output on ASD from a designer's perspective to recognize this gap related to designing the physical environment. Methodology: The bibliometric method was employed to analyze the published literature from 1992-to 2021. 812 papers were downloaded from the Web of Science for analysis based on annual growth of literature, prolific authors, authorship pattern, organizations, countries, international collaboration, and subject development by keywords and thematic map analyses. Various bibliometric and scientometric software was used to analyze the data, namely Bibexcel, Biblioshiny, and VOS viewer. The812 research papers were published in 405 sources. 2019 appeared as a productive year (NP=101), and 2014 received the highest number of citations (TC=6634). Researchers preferred to publish as journal articles (NP=538; TC=24922). The University of Toronto, Canada, was identified as a productive institution with 42 publications and 5358 citations. The USA was the leading producing country with 433 publications, and most of the researchers published in the journal " Scientific Reports" (NP=16). The word autism (NP=257) and architecture (NP=165) were more frequently used keywords. The study identified a massive gap in the development of literature in ASD for architecture design and built environment perspective, the most important and trending keywords are missing, and the analyses also showed a lack of subject development. The authors have suggested areas and keywords for further research to fulfill the gap in the future.

Autism spectrum disorder in architecture perspective: a review of the literature and bibliometric assessment of research indexed in Web of Science

Purpose: An increasing number of scholarly publications on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have urged researcher interest in this topic; however, there is still a lack of quantitative analysis. Therefore, this study aims to cover the knowledge gap between the amount of literature published on ASD research on architectural and designers' perspectives compared to the medical and psychological fields. The study has analyzed global research output on ASD from a designer's perspective to recognize this gap related to designing the physical environment. Methodology: The bibliometric method was employed to analyze the published literature from 1992–to 2021. 812 papers were downloaded from the Web of Science for analysis based on annual growth of literature, prolific authors, authorship pattern, organizations, countries, international collaboration, and subject development by keywords and thematic map analyses. Various bibliometric and scientometric software was used to analyze the data, namely Bibexcel, Biblioshiny, and VOS viewer. Results: The812 research papers were published in 405 sources. 2019 appeared as a productive year (NP=101), and 2014 received the highest number of citations (TC=6634). Researchers preferred to publish as journal articles (NP=538; TC=24922). The University of Toronto, Canada, was identified as a productive institution with 42 publications and 5358 citations. The USA was the leading producing country with 433 publications, and most of the researchers published in the journal " Scientific Reports" (NP=16). The word autism (NP=257) and architecture (NP=165) were more frequently used keywords. Conclusion: The study identified a massive gap in the development of literature in ASD for architecture design and built environment perspective, the most important and trending keywords are missing, and the analyses also showed a lack of subject development. The authors have suggested areas and keywords for further research to fulfill the gap in the future.

Profile of Children suspected of ASD in a Tertiary Care Centre

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition seen in children during their early develop-mental phase where children lack in achieving age-appropriate skills or they are unable to meet the social demands due to limited capacities. It is characterised by impairments in social communication, interaction and presence of restrictive, repetitive interests/behaviours. Prevalence of ASD has increased in recent times which warrants for early identification and intervention. *The word Autism is used in this study to denote Autism Spectrum Disorders. Aim: To study the profile of children less than 5yrs of age specifically brought for suspicion of ASD by parents. Methodology: This is a cross sectional descriptive study conducted at Child Psychiatry Department of Asha Hospital for 1year with children less than 5yrs of age. 44 children with suspicion of ASD, brought by parents were evaluated through clinical inter-view using DSM-5, psychological tests- Developmental screening test, CARS-2(Childhood Autism Rating Scale), M-CHAT and CBCL. Results: Most children were between 3-5yrs of age (68.18%), were predominantly males (72.73%), 47.73% had significant prena-tal factors, 22.73% of mothers had preterm delivery, 27.27% had postnatal complications, 36.36% of children had Delayed mile-stones and 59.09% speech delay. The symptoms presented were, ‘poor/no’ response to name (90.90%), poor Eye-Eye contact (95.46%), poor socialisation (97.73%), stereotypic behaviour (81.18%) and sensory issues (52.27%). ADHD (54.54%) & intel-lectual disability (95.45%) were the common psychiatric comorbidity.18.18% children had mild autism and 15.90% children were at a risk of autism. Conclusions: The symptoms presented by parents for suspicion of autism were depicted to be either mild or risk of ASD on screening

Kecakapan Bertindak Penyandang Disabilitas Autisme Menurut Hukum Perdata

A person with a disability has the right to be treated the same as other human legal subjects. Therefore, the government is obliged to realize the rights listed in the convention, using laws and regulations, including how to fulfill the rights of persons with disabilities in every aspect of life such as: a decent living, education, health and so on, just like humans who live with disabilities. other normal. An autistic person or what in psychological terms is called autism, is included in the category of a person with a mental disability. A person is said to be autistic if he experiences abnormalities in carrying out a legal act, development in terms of the quality of the ability to carry out social and emotional relationships in the social environment of the community. A person is said to have autism, namely someone who has a special character in people generally not by showing mental (psychic), emotional (affective) or physical (physical) disabilities. The word autism, namely "auto" means everything that is directed at the individual. According to information that is not difficult to understand, autism is an abnormality in the brain that causes a decrease or loss of a person's ability to communicate, relate to others and respond to the environment or environment.

English

Over the last few years there has been a growing interest to cater to the requirements of children with special health care needs, especially those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by limited communication skills and an obsessive need for structured patterns. Individuals with a genetic predilection to autism can be provoked by the various prenatal, natal, or post-natal environmental factors. Drugs such as thalidomide, valproic acid and consumption of antidepressants during pregnancy as well as high maternal age and viral infections are known to be prenatal triggers for autism. Autism affects 1 in every 110 children with a significant preponderance of boys to girls with a ratio of 4:1. According to Caries Risk Assessment tool (CAT) adapted by the American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, children with ASD are at a high risk for dental caries due to their preference for carious food, pouching of food due to poor masticatory ability combined with inadequate maintenance of oral hygiene and help required for tooth brushing. These children do not behave positively to sudden changes in their environment thus a dental operatory might be intimidating to them. A thorough understanding of the individual’s needs of these patients along with combining various behaviour management techniques will help make their dental treatment a pleasant one. This articles reviews literature on the aetiology and diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder with a special emphasis on the health status and issues encountered while treating these children. This study is also an update on the various strategies such as using Applied Behaviour management approaches, Picture Exchange Communication System, Video Pedagogy, Social stories as well as pharmacological ways to communicate and also manage a child with ASD in the dental clinic. KEY WORDS Autism, Oral Health Status, Behaviour Management, Dental Management

Altı Yaş Altı Çocukların Ebeveynlerinde Otizm Bilgi Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi

Introduction and Aim: Social awareness is important to recognize the behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at an early stage. The aim of this study is to measure the ASD knowledge levels and to evaluate the autism awareness of the parents who applied to an university hospital’s pediatric outpatient clinic for their children aged under 6 years. Methods: This descriptive study is conducted with 110 parents between 18-22 February 2019. The used questionnaire had 43 questions; first 5 questions were about sociodemographic information, questions between 6-38 were about definition and symptoms of autism, questions between 39-43 were about the thoughts of parents about the role of a person with ASD in society. The tenth question was about the sources of information on ASD. The questions that used to measure the knowledge level of ASD were inspired by the developmental tests used in children and the questionnaires used in previous studies on this subject. Collected data was analysed with multiple Chi-Square test. p values less than 0,05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Of the participants 69,1% (n= 76) were women and the mean age was 34,8 ± 7,2. Of the participants 92,7% (n= 102) have heard the word autism before. Age, gender and education level did not have a significant effect on hearing the word autism. The rate of the correct definition of autism was significantly higher in participants below thirty-five years of age and those who had a higher education level (p= 0,014; p= 0,007). Discussion and Conclusion: Since the media / television / internet constitute most of the information sources about autism, the role of these channels is important to increase the ASD knowledge level and ASD awareness in the society. The rate of the correct definition of autism is higher in participants with a higher level of education similar to this study. It is considered that educational studies for autism will yield positive results, since the ASD awareness rate was higher in participants with higher level of education.

Discussing the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder With Your Child—Autism Toolkit

As your child gets older, she may read reports or hear the word autism in reference to her. Some children are aware of their diagnosis, but some are not aware, and the parents may worry that their children will become upset when they find out they have autism.This is a valid concern, and it is better if your child is told about his diagnosis by you in a safe and supportive environment rather than on paper or through conversations with others.A conversation with you about your child’s diagnosis will provide an opportunity for your child to ask questions and share her feelings and concerns. It will also give you an opportunity to provide support or decide what types of supports are needed to help your child process the diagnosis.Many individuals with ASD have said that it was helpful to learn they were on the autism spectrum. The diagnosis explained why some things had been difficult or why they may have been treated differently by others. It also gave them a way to explain their behavior to other people in a way that they would understand. For some, the diagnosis helped them not feel as if their past problems resulted from some personal failings. Instead, some of their difficulties could be explained by a medical condition.While it is important to tell someone with ASD about their diagnosis, there is no “correct” age or time to tell him. A child’s personality, abilities, and social awareness are all things to think about when deciding when he is ready for information about his diagnosis. For example, a parent may decide to talk about ASD when a verbal child begins asking questions like “Why won’t some children play with me?” or “Why do I leave class to work with a teacher and my friends don’t have a special teacher?” or a nonverbal child shows signs of recognizing differences among his peers.The information contained in this resource should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances. Original resource included as part of Caring for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Practical Resource Toolkit for Clinicians, 3rd Edition.Inclusion in this resource does not imply an endorsement by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). The AAP is not responsible for the content of the resources mentioned in this resource. Website addresses are as current as possible but may change at any time.The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not review or endorse any modifications made to this resource and in no event shall the AAP be liable for any such changes.

A FAMÍLIA E A SEXUALIDADE DE FILHOS/AS AUTISTAS:

A palavra autismo é derivada do grego “autos” com o sentido de “voltar-se para si mesmo”. As primeiras investigações do autismo iniciaram-se em 1911 pelo psiquiatra Eugen Bleuler, sendo estudado especificamente em 1943 pelo psiquiatra Léo Kanner, recebendo novas concepções a partir da década de 80 com a chegada dos Manuais Diagnósticos e Estatísticos (DSM) e da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID), sendo classificado atualmente como Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). O que a literatura nacional oferece para compreender a sexualidade do autista? Para responder essa indagação foi realizado uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática e meta-análise nas seguintes bases de dados: SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) e BDTD (Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações). As palavras-chave foram autismo, Educação Sexual, família e sexualidade. Resultados: 07 trabalhos publicados (Scielo 01; BDTD 06) excluídos 02 não relacionados à temática. Foram analisados 05 na íntegra categorizados por eixos temáticos: familiares (3); professores (1); outros profissionais: fonoaudiólogo, terapeuta ocupacional e professor especialista (1). Nota-se um número insignificante de estudos focando a sexualidade do autista, essa realidade desvela a necessidade de investimento em formação profissional e multidisciplinar para orientar e dialogar com a família, escola, igreja e outras matrizes de sentidos acerca das manifestações afetivo/sexuais do autista.

Living a tormented life: Caregivers' experiences of caring for a child with autism in Northeastern Thailand

Caring for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be a demanding challenge to caregivers. The aim of this study was to learn what caring for children with ASD means to caregivers who live in rural Thailand. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to analyze narrative data from interviews of five caregivers. Three themes emerged: (a) being sensitive to the word autism, (b) being trapped in a tunnel of distress, and (c) being the universe for the child. Healthcare professionals need to be sensitive to the caregivers' cultural customs in order to meet their expectations in a respectful way.

The Science Behind Autism and the 'Developmental Disorders': Tortuous or Tortured?

The history of coming to grips with what autism is and its etiology has been tortuous ― if not tortured. By 1908 the word autism was defined as a schizophrenic who was withdrawn or self-absorbed. Some decades later Leo Kanner [1] decided that autism was based on children with “a powerful desire for aloneness.†In the 1960’s psychologist Bruno Bettelheim, picking up on another aspect of Kanner’s [2] observations, thought autism was simply based upon mothers not loving their children enough. Then came the twin research studies which purported autism to be caused by genetics or biological differences in brain development. Yet the consensus that Autism is from an intrauterine infection had also been growing, bolstered more recently by Patterson’s [3] and Fatemi’s [4] studies. However, the question would still remain: which infection? This, of course, remains unknown. Until 1980 autism in the US is still called “childhood schizophrenia†and in some parts of the world, it still is. By the same token, there has been, for some time, an extensive body of medical literature which ties schizophrenia to chronic infection –some time before when Rzhetsky [5] in 2007, used a proof-of-concept bio-statistical analysis of 1.5 million patient records, finding significant genetic overlap in humans with autism, schizophrenia and tuberculosis.

Characteristics of Arabic Websites with information on autism.

Objectives:To explore the characteristics of Arabic websites with information on autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Methods:The word autism in Arabic was entered into 2 popular search engines in September 2013 to locate the top 80 websites featuring the term. Websites were sorted using 10 characteristics, previously used to evaluate the characteristics of English websites with information on ASD.Results:Most websites were registered using a.com top-level domain (69%), were an individual’s site, forum, or blog (44%), and were updated after September 2012 (60%); they contained images or texts that seemed to persuade viewers to purchase products (43%); they provided information with the name of author(s) (64%); they described the basic characteristics of ASD; and they promoted various types of treatments, most of which lack empirical support (63%). However, few websites contained information with references to peer review resources (3%) or a warning statement that such information should not replace the opinion of a qualified professional (8%).Conclusion:Internet users may not find Arabic websites to be reliable sources to obtain information on ASD. Given the increased use of the internet, creation of websites that contain trusted information on ASD could potentially aid parents in accessing available services, help them learn about empirically validated interventions, and enable them to advocate for their children’s rights.

A study exploring knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards autism among adults applying to a Family Health Center in Istanbul

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, awareness, behavior and attitudes towards autism among applicants to a Family Health Center (FHC).METHODS:This descriptive study was performed at a Family Health Center (FHC) in Istanbul in August 2013. Data was obtained via face-to-face interviews with participants older than 18 years who were admitted to the FHC. The questionnaire consisted of questions on sociodemographic characteristics, applicants’ knowledge of autism and their approach to autism.RESULTS:160 applicants participated in our survey of which 38.8% had heard the word ‘autism’. Knowledge and awareness of autism, and attitudes and behaviours towards this disorder differed significantly with the educational level of the study participants (p<0.05) However, these parameters did not change with gender and income level of the participants (p>0.05).CONCLUSION:The most important outcome of our study is that awareness, or even having knowledge of the word autism is significant in breaking down stereotypes. Despite the low level of awareness of the disease, the majority of the participitants had a positive attitude towards autism.

Newspaper Coverage of Autism Treatment in Canada: 10-Year Trends (2004-2013).

To compare trends in coverage of empirically supported and alternative autism treatments in Canadian newspapers during a 10-year period and to examine whether the portrayal of empirically supported and alternative treatments differed. We searched a sample of 10 daily local and national Canadian newspapers using the word autism combined with intervention or treatment in the Proquest Canadian Newsstand and Eureka.cc databases, which yielded a total of 857 articles published between 2004 and 2013. In our subsequent analyses, we only included articles whose main topic was autism and that referred to at least one treatment. We then categorized the 137 remaining articles by treatment and rated whether each treatment category was portrayed in a favourable, unfavourable, or neutral manner. In total, 46% of the articles discussed at least 1 empirically supported treatment, 53% at least 1 alternative treatment, and 12% at least 1 uncategorized treatment. Newspaper articles provided favourable, unfavourable, and neutral portrayals of empirically supported treatments in 75%, 10%, and 16% of cases, respectively. In contrast, alternative treatments were portrayed favourably in 52%, unfavourably in 32%, and neutrally in 16% of cases. Our analyses indicated that empirically supported treatments were portrayed more favourably than alternative treatments (χ(2) = 10.42, df = 2, P = 0.005). Despite some encouraging trends, our study has shown that researchers and clinicians must continue to clarify misconceptions about autism treatment. Families of people with autism spectrum disorders should be directed toward more reliable and accurate sources of information.

Putting Research into Practice for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Putting Research into Practice for Autism Spectrum Disorder