Word Association Method Research Articles

REPRESENTASI SOSIAL TENTANG LAKI-LAKI IDEAL PADA REMAJA PEREMPUAN PENGGEMAR HALLYU DAN BUKAN PENGGEMAR HALLYU

The penetration of Hallyu culture in Indonesia is becoming increasingly widespread, as indicated by the growing popularity of K-pop, K-drama, K-movie, and K-variety shows. Hallyu culture can shift the perception of the ideal man in Indonesian society, especially among teenage girls. This study aims to compare the social representation of the ideal man between teenage girls who are fans of Hallyu and those who are not. Data collection was conducted in two stages: a questionnaire using the word association method to identify social representation attributes, and a questionnaire using the double denial technique, which was tested using chi-square goodness of fit ⅔ expected frequency to determine central core and peripheral attributes. The first stage involved 220 participants with an average age of 16 years (SD = 1.73), while the second stage involved 235 participants with an average age of 17 years (SD = 2.57).Overall, the results showed no difference in the social representation of the ideal man between the two groups, with nine central core attributes (i.e., well-behaved, intelligent and talented in various fields, affectionate to their partner, humorous, religious, committed to the relationship, caring for family, understanding, and able to control emotions) and two peripheral attributes (i.e., attractive appearance and financially stable).

Examining the cognitive structure of elementary school students regarding science, energy sources, and health using the word association method

We explored the cognitive structure of students in grade 1-grade 4 using word association in three topics (science, energy sources, and health) with six-six keywords (stimulus words) per topic. Based on the common associations given to the stimulus words, we calculated the relatedness coefficient for the stimulus word pairs. This was used to draw a cognitive structure, the conceptual network, characteristic of each group of learners. We found that the verbal version of the word association test is suitable for studying the cognitive structure of young schoolchildren. The typical conceptual network of the student groups shows a strong correlation with the knowledge structure of experts in grade 4 (in all three topics), as well as in grade 1 and grade 3 (in the topic of health). Using word association tests, we have been able to demonstrate that the number and strength of connections in the conceptual networks for groups of learners increases with the learners’ grade and their everyday experience of the topic.

Mapping Pre-Service Chemistry Teachers’ Group Cognitive Structure Concerning the Topic of Physical and Chemical Change via the Word Association Method

Mapping Pre-Service Chemistry Teachers’ Group Cognitive Structure Concerning the Topic of Physical and Chemical Change via the Word Association Method

Analyzing the Energy Awareness of Pre-Service Teachers Using the Word Association Method

Abstract Energy awareness education as part of sustainability education is the joint task of schools and society as a whole. However, only teachers who themselves possess this competence can educate students in energy awareness. Accordingly, the aim of the research was to examine the energy awareness of pre-service teachers. To achieve the aim, the research attempted to find answers to the questions of what kind of knowledge about energy awareness the pre-service teachers in the sample had, whether students showed the interdisciplinary characteristics of sustainability in their knowledge, and what relationships could be observed in this knowledge system. The research was conducted in the autumn of 2021 at three universities in the North-East region of Hungary with 272 pre-service teachers participating voluntarily. The word association method was used for the study. Greatest association frequency was measured. The analysis of association fields proved the interdisciplinary nature of the students’ knowledge of energy awareness. The highest association frequency was measured in the area of renewable energy sources and their use, while the least association frequency was measured in the area of empathy. The association graphs showed no meaningful difference in relationships between the studied student groups. The results showed definitive, unrelated knowledge.

Diversity in Lay Perceptions of Social Class Among Finnish Youth

This study explores young Finnish people’s lay perceptions of social class with a focus on the class terms used to form hierarchies based on their everyday understanding. Our approach is based on cultural class research, which focuses on diversity and subtle nuances of class. The participants were 519 young people ages 15 to 25. The data were collected using the word association method and analyzed by quantitative and qualitative content analyses. While 254 participants perceived Finland as having social classes, their perceptions differed from each other. Half of them formed class hierarchies with more explicit logic, and the other half used more implicit ways of forming hierarchies with diverse class terms based on themes of economy, employment, power, majority/minority, and education. Our findings show ample diversity in both the vertical and horizontal perceptions of social class among young lay people.

Meanings of social isolation for young Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has left a high number of infected and dead in the world, where several social measures have been imposed on the population, especially social isolation.
 Objective: Given this scenario, based on Vygotsky's socio-historical theory, this original article aimed to identify the meanings of social isolation in the COVID-19 pandemic for Brazilian youth.
 Method: A survey was carried out, with the participation of 571 young Brazilians, women and men aged between 18 and 25, who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Free Word Association Method (FWAM), analyzed with the help of IRaMuTeQ.
 Results: The results showed that virtualized socialization is insufficient for the social demand of young people and that their routine was transformed with the insertion of obligations and leisure primarily in the home environment. Still, young people brought their resignifications in this period, in the face of collective responsibility.
 Conclusions: It is concluded that isolation brought negative consequences on relationships and mental health of young people, but also a greater social awareness.

SUBCONSCIOUS INSIGHTS AS A SOURCE OF CREATIVE INSPIRATION OF R. BRADBURY

The peculiarities of literary principles of American Writer R. Bradbury represented by the author’s self-reflective views on the techniques of stimulating the subconscious, the peculiarities of memory and imagination activity in the process of writing are analyzed in the given article. It is revealed that the word-association process introduced by R. Bradbury echoes the method of free association of Z. Freud. The application of the word-association method led R. Bradbury to the idea that the subconscious for the literary person is a source of unique ideas and a stimulant of creative process. In addition, Bradbury used special techniques (lists of words, self-revelation) in order to activate his subconscious, to make it supply the level of conscious with thoughts, ideas and memories that are usually hidden in the depths of the subconscious. These elements of the creative process stimulate the writer’s imagination by activating the work of the subconscious and memory by making specific connections between these elements aiming to create new literary meanings.

Consumer perception of breads made with germinated rice flour and its nutritional and technological properties

Gluten-free bakery products have nutritional deficiencies and technological flaws; therefore, some alternatives could improve these characteristics. Germinated rice flour has become a promising alternative due to its differentiated composition. The nutritional and technological properties of gluten-free bread made with germinated rice flour were analyzed. The cultivars IRGA 424 RI and IRGA 430 (Brazil, RS) rice varieties were used for this purpose. Germination was performed in the incubation oven BOD for 24 h and 48 h at 25°C. Of the flours, the proximate composition, colorimetric and texturometric profile, protein and starch digestibility, total and resistant starch, specific volume, image test, physical and sensory proprieties, online consumer research and association of words were analyzed after bread production. The germination improves the nutritional, technological, and sensory aspects of bread and increases the protein content and starch digestibility. Bread made from the IRGA 430 variety with germination period of 24 h gave higher specific volume; the IRGA 424 RI variety with a germination period of 48 h showed higher values of Chewiness, Hardness, and Gumminess. In addition, the present study revealed that the results obtained using the word association method in conjunction with the rice flour and germinated grains consumption questionnaire and the market questionnaire reflect the perception of consumers and potential buyers of this type of food.

Investigation of conceptual networks related to climate change among inhabitants: A case study in Eastern Hungarian settlements with word association method

Abstract In this study, the word association method was applied in relation to municipalities in Eastern Hungary (Hajdú-Bihar county), where the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) already exists, and where the SECAP has not yet been introduced. In addition to the six municipalities examined, Debrecen, a county seat with the SECAP, was also included in the survey. The aim was to explore the conceptual networks related to climate change and the strength of the relationship between the stimulus word and the associated concepts. The associations representing a common meaning were categorised. The results show that the distribution of conceptual networks and that of categories related to climate change exhibit a similar picture in the group of municipalities with (3 villages) and without the SECAP (3 villages), although significant differences were found when the settlements were examined separately (7 municipalities). Studying the distribution of categories by demographic groups, it was found that educational attainment determines, to the greatest extent, the answers.

Adaptation of the food choice questionnaire – Digitalization of the word association method

AbstractIn the last decade, bread consumption was decreasing in Hungary (from 44.5 kg to 34.4 kg/capita). Our aim is to identify the factors influencing the consumption of different bread and bakery products, using the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ).FCQ is frequently used to explore factors (e.g., price, packaging, etc.) influencing the purchase of different food products. The adapted version of the FCQ for breads and bakery products is not yet available in Hungarian language. Word association (WA) and triangulation methods are usually used in the adaptation process.Due to COVID-19, WA method was performed with a newly developed application presenting six photos of breads. This was completed by 193 participants. Responses were analysed using a categorizing triangulation technique, based on which the FCQ was modified.In this study, we present the implementation and the results of the digitalized WA method and its use in the adaptation process of the FCQ.

Students’ Word Associations with Different Terms Related to the Wadden Sea: Does the Place of Residence (Coast or Inland) Have an Influence?

This paper presents students’ word associations with terms regarding the Wadden Sea. A continuous free word-association method was used in which the students from secondary schools (n = 3119, average age: 13.54 years) reported their associations with the stimulus words Wadden Sea, mudflat hiking tour, and tides in written form. Data were collected from students living close to the Wadden Sea and from students living inland. We performed a quantitative content analysis including the corresponding formation of categories. In addition, students’ school, out-of-school with the class, and private experiences the Wadden Sea ecosystem were recorded. The study shows that not only subject-related concepts should be considered at different levels, but non-subject-related aspects as well. The associations of the inland and non-inland students are statistically significantly different. The Wadden Sea and its biome were found to be completely unknown to some students. Students’ school, out-of-school with the class, and private experiences of the wetlands are also very mixed, regarding their Wadden Sea visitation frequency, and surprisingly cannot be directly derived from their place of residence. This research makes an important contribution towards the design of future biology didactic studies on the Wadden Sea.

Document Summarization Based on Coverage with Noise Injection and Word Association

Automatic document summarization is a field of natural language processing that is rapidly improving with the development of end-to-end deep learning models. In this paper, we propose a novel summarization model that consists of three methods. The first is a coverage method based on noise injection that makes the attention mechanism select only important words by defining previous context information as noise. This alleviates the problem that the summarization model generates the same word sequence repeatedly. The second is a word association method to update the information of each word by comparing the information of the current step with the information of all previous decoding steps. According to following words, this catches a change in the meaning of the word that has been already decoded. The third is a method using a suppression loss function that explicitly minimizes the probabilities of non-answer words. The proposed summarization model showed good performance on some recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation (ROUGE) metrics compared to the state-of-the-art models in the CNN/Daily Mail summarization task, and the results were achieved with very few learning steps compared to the state-of-the-art models.

Assessing the Public Knowledge Structure Towards Renewable Energy Sources in Hungary

The aim of this study is to investigate the attitudes of the Hungarian population towards renewable energy sources in order to lay the foundations for energy policy decisions. 1062 individuals were included in the representative survey. The word association method was used to assess whether the population was aware of the meaning of the expression ‘renewable energy sources’, their potential uses, what they think about their application and whether they see the advantages and potential difficulties. A Conceptual Network (CN) was compiled, based on the relative frequency of the associations made with the concept “renewable energies” which led to the conclusion that the most widely known renewable energy sources are solar, wind and hydro energy. It was revealed that public attitudes are unanimously positive. It was also determined that almost 20% of the population do not know what the concept of renewable energy source means. The gender of the responders had no significant effect on the CN; however, in terms of age, there were stronger differences – it was revealed that younger generations are more knowledgeable about the subject. There were significant differences in terms of education. People with the lowest level of education demonstrated a significant lack of information.

ASSESSING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS FISH SAUCE PRODUCTS BY USING FOOD CHOICE QUESTIONNAIRE

This study aims to assess Vietnamese consumer behavior towards fish sauce product. It consists of two experiments. In the first experiment, consumer concept was explored using word association method. It was performed on 300 Vietnamese consumers with the prompt word as “fish sauce”. The data were analyzed by a triangulation method. The results evoke six factors associated with fish sauce as Sensory Appeal, Health, Price, Convenience, Traditional Value, Quality and Safety. These findings were the starting point for a modification of food choice questionnaire (FCQ) adapted to fish sauce product. In the second experiment, the modified FCQ with 18 items was used to assess the consumer behavior. The survey was performed on 300 Vietnamese consumers. The data were analyzed by using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The obtained model with five factors was adapted to fish sauce for Vietnamese consumers ( = 1.67, GFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.92, RSME = 0.47). In this, Sensory Appeal is the most important factor which might affect consumer food choice motivations. We expect that these results will be useful for the local manufacturers who want to develop traditional food products and/or enlarge national market.

Perceptions of Brazilian consumers regarding white mould surface‐ripened cheese using free word association

The aim of this study was to understand the perceptions and/or choices of Brazilian consumers regarding white mould surface‐ripened cheeses using the free word association method (FWAM). A total of 350 words, including ‘high quality’, ‘nice’, ‘beautiful’, ‘ammonia/milk aroma’, ‘soft and creamy texture’, ‘mild flavour’ and ‘velvety appearance’, were used by 408 volunteers. These words were influenced by the cultural diversity of foods. The FWAM can help to develop strategies to strengthen the frequent and occasional consumption of white mould surface‐ripened cheese, and also to encourage its consumption by those who currently do not purchase this product.

ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE STRUCTURES USING FREE WORD-ASSOCIATION TEST IN CHEMISTRY LEARNING

This study aims to determine the cognitive structure of high school students of class XI with free word-association method in teaching chemistry at the material buffer solution. The research was conducted in the second semester with a sample of 37 students at SMAN 89 Jakarta. The method used is qualitative in interpretivism paradigm, focused on the analysis of cognitive structures using free word-association method in teaching chemistry. Data obtained by interview, documentation, observation and student assignments through free word-association. Instruments free word-association tests contain stimulus word of "buffer" to collect information about students' conceptual structure in the material buffer solution. The data were subject to content analysis and divided into categories through coding. Results of this study is there are five categories in the distribution of cognitive structures through free word-association test. These categories include the definition of a buffer solution, buffer solution properties, creation of buffer solution, pH buffer solution and calculate the buffer system in biological systems. The most dominant category is category nature buffer solution. The conclusion is that students have the cognitive structure of the most widely through recall or rote learning and there are learning difficulties experienced by students in learning material buffer solution.

ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE STRUCTURES USING FREE WORD-ASSOCIATION TEST IN CHEMISTRY LEARNING

This study aims to determine the cognitive structure of high school students of class XI with free word-association method in teaching chemistry at the material buffer solution. The research was conducted in the second semester with a sample of 37 students at SMAN 89 Jakarta. The method used is qualitative in interpretivism paradigm, focused on the analysis of cognitive structures using free word-association method in teaching chemistry. Data obtained by interview, documentation, observation and student assignments through free word-association. Instruments free word-association tests contain stimulus word of "buffer" to collect information about students' conceptual structure in the material buffer solution. The data were subject to content analysis and divided into categories through coding. Results of this study is there are five categories in the distribution of cognitive structures through free word-association test. These categories include the definition of a buffer solution, buffer solution properties, creation of buffer solution, pH buffer solution and calculate the buffer system in biological systems. The most dominant category is category nature buffer solution. The conclusion is that students have the cognitive structure of the most widely through recall or rote learning and there are learning difficulties experienced by students in learning material buffer solution.

Does phonological overlap of cognate words modulate cognate acquisition and processing in developing and skilled readers?

ABSTRACTVery few studies exist on the role of cross-language similarities in cognate word acquisition. Here we sought to explore, for the first time, the interplay of orthography (O) and phonology (P) during the early stages of cognate word acquisition, looking at children and adults with the same level of foreign language proficiency and by using two variants of the word-association learning paradigm (auditory learning method vs. auditory + written method). Eighty participants (40 children and 40 adults, native speakers of European Portuguese [EP]), learned a set of EP-Catalan cognate words and noncognate words. Among the cognate words, the degree of orthographic and phonological similarity was manipulated. Half of the children and adult participants learned the new words via an L2 auditory and written-L1 word association method, while the other half learned the same words only through an L2 auditory-L1 word association method. Both groups were tested in an auditory recognition task and a go/no-go lexical decision task. Results revealed a disadvantage for children in comparison to adults, which was reduced in the auditory learning method. Furthermore, there was an advantage for cognates relative to noncognates regardless of the age of participants. Importantly, there were modulations in cognate word processing as a function of the degree of O and P overlap that were restricted to children. The findings are discussed in light of the most relevant bilingual models of word recognition.

Hedonic and Word Association Techniques Confirm a Successful Way of Introducing Fish into Public School Meals

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the acceptance of fish meatballs introduced into the lunch of 132 6‐ to 14‐year‐old students at a public school in Brazil. Responses were obtained using a seven‐point facial hedonic scale and the word association method was used to determine children's cognitive perception of the product. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate the effects of age and gender on the acceptance of fish meatballs and established a predictive model for different acceptance levels. The technique known as correspondence analysis was used to verify the relationship between the acceptance rates or student's age with the terms that emerged during the word association. Results showed that age was significantly and inversely correlated with the acceptance of fish meatballs. The cognitive evaluation of the word association results through the word association technique demonstrated that the preferences of the younger students are given by the appearance of the fish meatballs, and, in as they grow older, their cognitions become more abstract. We found that the word association can be effectively used for cognitive assessment in children, and fish meatballs proved to be a potentially accepted food in school meals of the Brazilian public education.Practical ApplicationsFish is considered as a high nutritional value food in the diet. However, it has low acceptance among children. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the attributes and insights that lead the children to accept a fish‐based product.

Teachers' Attitudes toward using Vocabulary Materials via Association, at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia

Vocabulary teaching techniques become significantly important in the field of EFL research. The interest of this study has been focused on exploring teachers' perspectives regarding effective teaching strategies such as association method. The study aims to examine teachers' attitudes and their knowledge towards association method. The data were collected from 30 teachers of English language at Jazan University in Saudi Arabia. The participants are international staff members who come from nine countries. The vocabulary association teaching method questionnaire was designed to survey teachers' perceptions toward certain vocabulary techniques. Data analysis was analyzed by SPSS, including descriptive statistics. The study has shown that the word association has a positive role in teaching vocabulary. Therefore. the results of this study indicated that teachers in general prefer teaching vocabulary through word association method which is considered as interesting one for teaching EFL students. Moreover, this method enhances the students' interests, engagement, motivation and increasing their vocabulary.