Woody Vines Research Articles

Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation of Tripterygium wilfordii and its application to enhance the accumulation of triptolide

Triptolide, an important representative active compound of Tripterygium wilfordii, is hopeful to be developed into modern drug. However, the content of triptolide in natural plants is very low, which seriously restricts its development in the pharmaceutical industry. As a perennial woody vine, research on the genetic transformation of T. wilfordii is challenging and slow, which limits the process of improving triptolide content through biotechnology. In this study, the concentrations and combinations of growth regulators for T. wilfordii callus induction and regeneration were firstly optimized. The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (1 mg/L) was efficient to induce callus formation from leaf explants, while 2.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine with 0.1 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid had the best effect on regeneration from callus. Subsequently, the effect of different concentrations of screening agent (kanamycin or hygromycin B) on callus induction rate was determined. Then, Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation was established and validated by two different plant expression vectors, pCambia1301 and pJCV53, corresponding to β-glucuronidase histochemical assay and monomeric red fluorescent protein fluorescence detection, respectively. It took 3–4 months from A. tumefaciens infection to complete transgenic plant regeneration. Based on this transformation system of T. wilfordii, the overexpression of miltiradiene synthase gene (TwMS) was performed. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of TwMS were highly up regulated in the transgenic plants compared with control line. The detection of high-performance liquid chromatography showed that overexpression of TwMS resulted in a 1.20–1.51-fold increase of triptolide in the transgenic lines. These results indicated that this efficient A. tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation provides a useful tool for future T. wilfordii genetic engineering studies to enhance the accumulation of triptolide in this economically important medicinal plant.

An Effective Inoculation Method for Phytophthora capsici on Black Pepper Plants.

Piper nigrum L. (black pepper) is a typical woody vine that is an economically important spice crop across the world. Black pepper production is significantly impacted by root rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici, which has seriously influenced the industry development as a "choke point" problem. However, the molecular genetic mechanism of resistance in black pepper is unclear, leading to slow progress in the development of new black pepper varieties. An effective inoculation and precise sampling system for Phytophthora capsici on black pepper plants is essential for studying this plant-pathogen interaction. The main aim of this study is to demonstrate a detailed methodology where the basal head of black pepper is inoculated with Phytophthora capsici, while also providing a reference for the inoculation of woody vine plants. The basal head of the black pepper plant was pinpricked to damage it, and mycelial pellets covered the three holes to retain the moisture so the pathogen could infect the plant well. This method provides a better way of solving the instability that is caused by traditional inoculation methods including soil drench or root dipping. It also provides a promising means for studying the mode of action between plants and other soil-borne plant pathogens in agricultural precision breeding.

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Ficus tikoua Bureau

Ficus tikoua Bureau (F. tikoua Bur.) is a perennial woody vine in the Moraceae family that has been used as a traditional folk medicine for centuries to treat many diseases such as chronic bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery, rheumatism, and other inflammation-related diseases in certain parts of China, India, Vietnam, and Laos. This medicinal plant contains beneficial secondary metabolites belonging to various chemical classes, including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, and alkaloids. In this review, we have summarized the natural compounds isolated from F. tikoua Bur. and their biological effects.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Nekemias cantoniensis (Hook. et Arn.) Planch 1873 (Vitaceae)

Nekemias cantoniensis (Hook. et Arn.) Planch 1873 is a woody vine species native to South and Southwest China that is rich in flavonoids and also displays excellent pharmacological activities. The purpose of this study was to characterize the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of N. cantoniensis using Illumina pair-end sequencing data. In summary, the complete cp genome of N. cantoniensis exhibits a quadripartite structure with a length of 162,655 base pairs, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 89,341 base pairs, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,076 base pairs, and two inverted repeats (IRs) regions of 27,119 base pairs. The overall GC content of the genome is 37.41%, while the corresponding values for the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 34.75%, 32.89%, and 43.02%, respectively. The genome contains 137 genes, of which 87 are protein coding, 36 are tRNA coding, and eight are rRNA coding. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses revealed that N. cantoniensis was clustered with N. grossedentata.

A dataset of Neotropical liana research focusing on the strategies of control for forest restoration and management practices

Key messageForest fragmentation leads to a micro-environmental condition that favors the proliferation of liana, which infest trees, compete with them, and reduce their performance. To report the state of the art of the main actions to manage this structural component of tropical forests, we surveyed the control strategies in the literature in the last 71 years, highlighting research goals, tree-climber interactions, management, restoration, and conservation.Dataset access is at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6678112. Associated metadata are available athttps://metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/srv/fre/catalog.search#/metadata/712ff481-dfa2-4ddb-b4fa-fcbd7c517842ContextLianas (woody vines) are considered structural parasites of tropical trees because they start their development as terrestrial seedlings but need to reach a tree canopy for higher light availability. The tree-liana coexistence usually can damage tree species, thus removing lianas has been suggested as an alternative to reinforce forest regeneration.AimsThe dataset compilation begun during the first author doctoral work and a first dataset on neotropical lianas was published (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4050477) in 2020. The present dataset (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6678112) presents an update of the 2020 dataset with additional amend (published articles from 2018 to 2021) and enhanced metadata descriptions. Our aim is providing an updated database extracted from scientific literature compiling information related to the effect of lianas on tree and forest structure and diversity, and to contribute to improve decision making on forest restoration and management.MethodsWe made a systematic literature review on lianas in the Neotropical region (native or restored) from 1950 to 2021. First, we selected studies on liana management and described each paper according to the following topics: vegetation status, positive (P), and negative (N) effects of lianas on each species, the species in focus, and the suggested management strategy.ResultsAlmost 83% of the studies pointed out tree-climber interactions as negative to trees. Cutting was the management strategy adopted in 92% of the studies. Controlled burning, enrichment, and selective cutting were adopted in only one paper. Rainy and seasonal forests were the vegetation types with more studied sites (20 and 17 respectively). Only one study suggested enhancing forest diversity through direct seeding of lianas. Four studies evaluated the impact of lianas on forest diversity and forest fauna.ConclusionThe data collected showed the different impacts of liana management on the diversity and structure of tropical forests. It can endorse environmental control and management practices and evaluate the consequences of these techniques in recovering forests or improving timber production.

Utilization Potential of 10 Forest Woody Vines Grown in the Quezon Protected Landscape (QPL), Quezon, Philippines: Physical and Mechanical Properties

The physical and mechanical properties of 10 woody vines grown in Quezon, Philippines were determined to assess their suitability for different end-uses such as handles, frames, and weaving materials for various kinds of handicrafts and furniture. The tests were done to compare the properties of the 10 vines species that showed significant differences in physical and mechanical properties. For the physical properties, alagau-baging (Premna subscandens), hinggiw-puti (Melodinus cumingii), and diplay (Rhaphidophora acuminata) gave the lowest green moisture content (35.87, 39.28, and 79.99%, respectively) and smallest diameter (9.16, 7.93, and 9.64%, respectively) and longitudinal shrinkage (0.66, 1.87, and 1.22%, respectively). However, they also showed the highest relative density (0.47, 0.55, and 0.51, respectively). For mechanical properties, the tensile strength (TS) of diplay was significantly higher than other species in split (39.44 MPa) and round (41.78 MPa) forms under green conditions. On the other hand, kamagsang-pula (Agelaea trinervis) (56.34 MPa and 41.48 MPa) and alagau-baging (Premna subscandens) (32.84 MPa and 48.64 MPa) gave the highest TS in split and round forms at 18% MC each. For folding endurance (FE), singkamas-singkamasan (Mucuna reticulata) and hinggiw-tigas (Ficus trichocarpa) had the most folds in split (86 and 83, respectively) and round forms (92 and 98, respectively). The radius of curvature (RC) of sili-sili (Ampelocissus botryostachys) (71.54 mm) was the highest and no failure was observed in diplay (Rhaphidophora acuminata). Moreover, the maximum force of the prototype baskets (132.84 kgf) and trays (129.23 kgf) showed higher than baskets from the commercial species studied (51.97 and 95.35 kgf, respectively). Based on the results of the study, the 10 woody vines are suitable and could be used as alternative raw materials for handles, toys, frames, and weaving materials for handicrafts and furniture.

Supra-optimal leaf area index of a temperate liana Pueraria lobata for competition with Solidago altissima at the expense of canopy photosynthesis.

Leaf area index (LAI) measured for the actual plant canopy is higher than the LAI that maximizes canopy photosynthesis (referred to as optimal LAI) because each individual can increase its light interception by unilaterally producing more leaf area. The LAI of an invasive woody vine Pueraria lobata (kudzu) is one of the highest among plant species, sometimes attaining nearly 10m2m-2. The high LAI casts heavy shade over neighboring plants, making their survival difficult. Interesting to note is that the high LAI also increases self-shading, thereby decreasing its own photosynthesis processes. In the present study, the influences of the high LAI on light interception and canopy photosynthesis, as well as on the inter-specific competition was investigated on a roadside P. lobata vegetation in Japan. With the aid of a canopy photosynthesis model and a sensitivity analysis, it was revealed that the actual LAI was 2.2-3.0 times higher than the optimal LAI for maximizing canopy photosynthesis. In the following year, a field experiment was conducted where a nearly optimal LAI was maintained throughout the growth period by regularly clipping the leaves of P. lobata. Ultimately, the field results revealed that even with a nearly optimal LAI, P. lobata was outcompeted by a competing alien weed, Solidago altissima (tall goldenrod). These results indicate that the supra-optimal leaf area, rather than maximum canopy carbon gain, makes P. lobata the dominating species in light-competing environments.

Genome-wide analysis of MYB family genes in Tripterygium wilfordii and their potential roles in terpenoid biosynthesis.

Terpenoids are a class of significant bioactive components in the woody vine of Tripterygium wilfordii. Previous studies have shown that MYB transcription factors play important roles in plant secondary metabolism, growth, and developmental processes. However, the MYB involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in Tripterygium wilfordii are unknown. To identify Tripterygium wilfordii MYB (TwMYB) genes that are involved in terpenoid biosynthesis, we conducted the genome‐wide analysis of the TwMYB gene family. A total of 207 TwMYBs were identified including 84 1R‐TwMYB, 117 R2R3‐TwMYB, four 3R‐TwMYB, and two 4R‐TwMYB genes. The most abundant R2R3‐TwMYBs together with their Arabidopsis homologs were categorized into 26 subgroups. Intraspecific collinearity analysis found that the 74.9% of the TwMYBs may be generated by segmental duplication events, and 36.7% of duplicated gene pairs were derived from the specific whole genome duplication (WGD) event in Tripterygium wilfordii. In addition, interspecies collinearity analysis found that 16 TwMYB genes formed homologous gene pairs with MYB genes in seven representative species, which indicated they may have a key role in evolution. Notably, we found that the TwMYB genes were differentially expressed in various tissues by expression pattern analysis. In order to further select the candidate genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis, the assay of Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induction and analysis of phylogenetic tree was conducted. It was speculated that six candidate TwMYB genes (TwMYB33, TwMYB34, TwMYB45, TwMYB67, TwMYB102, and TwMYB103) are involved in regulating terpenoid biosynthesis. This study is the first systematic analysis of the TwMYB gene family and will lay a foundation for the functional characterization of TwMYB genes in the regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis.

Molecular cloning and characterization of three phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes from Schisandra chinensis.

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), which catalyzes the conversion from L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, is a well-known key enzyme and a connecting step between primary and secondary metabolisms in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway of plants and microbes. Schisandra chinensis, a woody vine plant belonging to the family of Magnoliaceae, is a rich source of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans exhibiting potent activity. However, the functional role of PAL in the biosynthesis of lignan is relatively limited, compared with those in lignin and flavonoids biosynthesis. Therefore, it is essential to clone and characterize the PAL genes from this valuable medicinal plant. In this study, molecular cloning and characterization of three PAL genes (ScPAL1-3) from S. chinensis was carried out. ScPALs were cloned using RACE PCR. The sequence analysis of the three ScPALs was carried out to give basic characteristics followed by docking analysis. In order to determine their catalytic activity, recombinant protein was obtained by heterologous expression in pCold-TF vector in Escherichia coli (BL21-DE3), followed by Ni-affinity purification. The catalytic product of the purified recombinant proteins was verified using RP-HPLC through comparing with standard compounds. The optimal temperature, pH value and effects of different metal ions were determined. Vmax, Kcat and Km values were determined under the optimal conditions. The expression of three ScPALs in different tissues was also determined. Our work provided essential information for the function of ScPALs.

Climate and hydraulic traits interact to set thresholds for liana viability

Lianas, or woody vines, and trees dominate the canopy of tropical forests and comprise the majority of tropical aboveground carbon storage. These growth forms respond differently to contemporary variation in climate and resource availability, but their responses to future climate change are poorly understood because there are very few predictive ecosystem models representing lianas. We compile a database of liana functional traits (846 species) and use it to parameterize a mechanistic model of liana-tree competition. The substantial difference between liana and tree hydraulic conductivity represents a critical source of inter-growth form variation. Here, we show that lianas are many times more sensitive to drying atmospheric conditions than trees as a result of this trait difference. Further, we use our competition model and projections of tropical hydroclimate based on Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 to show that lianas are more susceptible to reaching a hydraulic threshold for viability by 2100.

Complete chloroplast genome of Holboellia grandiflora Réaubourg (Lardizabalaceae), a plant with an edible fruit

Holboellia grandiflora Réaubourg (Lardizabalaceae) is an evergreen twining perennial woody vine. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the complete chloroplast genome sequence of H. grandiflora. The complete chloroplast genome sequence was 157,811 bp in length and contained a large single-copy region of 86,554 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,975 bp. A pair of inverted repeats of 26,141 bp were included. It contained 130 genes, comprising 37 transfer RNA genes, and eight ribosomal RNA genes, as well as 85 coding sequences (CDSs). The GC content of the complete chloroplast genome sequence was 38.7%. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship among the three species of Holboellia (H. grandiflora, H. angustifolia, and H. latifolia). These findings provide a reference for phylogenetic relationships and assessment of the genetic structure of the Lardizabalaceae family.

Influence of spices and herbs incorporation on popular Indian dairy products: A review

Spices and Herbs have created a lot of awareness in today's culture, leading people to turn to nature for safer herbal remedies due to their various well-proven therapeutic benefits and absence of adverse effects. Furthermore, herbs are also well-known for their capacity to serve as natural preservatives, antioxidants, and flavor enhancers. Spices and Herbs include not just herbaceous plants, but also the bark, roots, leaves, seeds, flowers, and fruit of trees, shrubs, and woody vines, and have been used for millennia as both food and medicine. Spices and Herbs have been used as an extract, juices, or in dried forms in various Indian dairy products which have resulted in the enhancement of flavor, appearance, quality and overall health benefits. This review paper summarizes the effects of numerous Spices and Herbs used in sandesh, lassi, paneer, ghee and Ice cream.

Putting small and big pieces together: a genome assembly approach reveals the largest Lamiid plastome in a woody vine.

The plastid genome of flowering plants generally shows conserved structural organization, gene arrangement, and gene content. While structural reorganizations are uncommon, examples have been documented in the literature during the past years. Here we assembled the entire plastome of Bignonia magnifica and compared its structure and gene content with nine other Lamiid plastomes. The plastome of B. magnifica is composed of 183,052 bp and follows the canonical quadripartite structure, synteny, and gene composition of other angiosperms. Exceptionally large inverted repeat (IR) regions are responsible for the uncommon length of the genome. At least four events of IR expansion were observed among the seven Bignoniaceae species compared, suggesting multiple expansions of the IRs over the SC regions in the family. A comparison with 6,231 other complete plastomes of flowering plants available on GenBank revealed that the plastome of B. magnifica is the longest Lamiid plastome described to date. The newly generated plastid genome was used as a source of selected genes. These genes were combined with orthologous regions sampled from other species of Bignoniaceae and all gene alignments concatenated to infer a phylogeny of the family. The tree recovered is consistent with known relationships within the Bignoniaceae.

Global Warming Favors the Development of a Rich and Heterogeneous Mycobiota on Alien Vines in a Boreal City under Continental Climate

The species richness and composition of macro- and microfungi on vine species in the parks of Ekaterinburg City (the Ural macroregion, Russia) located in the southern boreal vegetation subzone in a continental climate was studied. The average annual air temperature has increased by 3.1 °C since the beginning of the 20th century; therefore, the conditions for the growth of vines have improved. These conditions include warmer winters and, consequently, less frost damage to perennial plants. Due to the warmer climate, the area of vines grown in the city has increased five times over half a century, and the yield of grapes has grown 3.7 times. The alien East Asian vines are the most dominate vine species cultivated, while European, North American, and native plant species, including archaeophytes, together only represent a handful of the species cultivated. At the same time, 65% of the area of woody vines in the city is covered by a North American species, namely Parthenocissus quinquefolia. An increase in the number of vine species, their biomass, and covered areas contributes to an increase in the number of fungal species growing on these vine species. In total, 81 species of phytopathogenic and 87 species of saprobic macro- and microfungi have been recorded during the century-long history of mycological research in Ekaterinburg City. Mycobiota of vines in Ekaterinburg City is biogeographically heterogeneous and 1.1–3.2 times richer in comparison with ones of the regions located on the northern limit of natural ranges of the vines. Recorded macrofungi (Basidiomycota) are predominantly present on native boreal species; however, some exotic tropical and subtropical East Asian fungal species (that have not ever been recorded on other substrates in the natural forests of the Urals and Siberia) are found here too. Recorded microfungi are highly specialized vine-associated species (mainly Ascomycota) that are widespread within the natural ranges of the vines and absent in the boreal zone of Eurasia: there are 63 vine-associated species (15 macro- and 48 microfungi) in Ekaterinburg that are not found in the Urals on other substrates. Many of these species have been recorded for the first time in this study, so we consider that they invaded Ekaterinburg City in the last 20 years, likely due to the warming climate observed over the last decades in the region. There are 19 and 32 species of phytopathogenic fungi collected in the families Cucurbitaceae and Vitaceae, respectively. During the past 40 years, the recorded fungal species richness has increased by 16% on Cucurbitaceae, as well as 37% on grapes. In this study, the distribution of vine-associated fungi, including phytopathogenic fungal species, from the nearest regions of ancient vine culture (Southern European Russia and the Caucasus, Central Asia, the south of the Russian Far East) to the boreal regions of the Urals were investigated. The increase in the range of these phytopathogenic fungal species can lead to significant economic losses to the regional agricultural sector.

Making (remote) sense of lianas

Abstract Lianas (woody vines) are abundant and diverse, particularly in tropical ecosystems. Lianas use trees for structural support to reach the forest canopy, often putting leaves above their host tree. Thus they are major parts of many forest canopies. Yet, relatively little is known about distributions of lianas in tropical forest canopies, because studying those canopies is challenging. This knowledge gap is urgent to address because lianas compete strongly with trees, reduce forest carbon uptake and are thought to be increasing, at least in the Neotropics. Lianas can be difficult to study using traditional field methods. Their pliable stems often twist and loop through the understorey, making it difficult to assess their structure and biomass, and the sizes and locations of their crowns. Furthermore, liana stems are commonly omitted from standard field surveys. Remote sensing of lianas can help overcome some of these obstacles and can provide critical insights into liana ecology, but to date there has been no systematic assessment of that contribution. We review progress in studying liana ecology using ground‐based, airborne and space‐borne remote sensing in four key areas: (i) spatial and temporal distributions, (ii) structure and biomass, (iii) responses to environmental conditions and (iv) diversity. This demonstrates the great potential of remote sensing for rapid advances in our knowledge and understanding of liana ecology. We then look ahead, to the possibilities offered by new and future advances. We specifically consider the data requirements, the role of technological advances and the types of methods and experimental designs that should be prioritised. Synthesis. The particular characteristics of the liana growth form make lianas difficult to study by ground‐based field methods. However, remote sensing is well suited to collecting data on lianas. Our review shows that remote sensing is an emerging tool for the study of lianas, and will continue to improve with recent developments in sensor and platform technology. It is surprising, therefore, how little liana ecology research has utilised remote sensing to date—this should rapidly change if urgent knowledge gaps are to be addressed. In short, liana ecology needs remote sensing.

The interactive effects of CO2 and water on the growth and physiology of the invasive alien vine Pereskia aculeata (Cactaceae): Implications for its future invasion and management

Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is a primitive leafy cactus indigenous to Central and South America that has become a problematic invasive alien plant elsewhere in the world. In South Africa the plant invades established forests, clearings, thickets and plantations along the southern and eastern higher rainfall regions of the country. Pereskia aculeata is a woody vine (liana) that scrambles up existing vegetation competing for resources, often causing canopies to collapse under its weight. Similarly, to other invasive vines, mechanical and chemical control is challenging due to the plant growing intertwined with indigenous vegetation and therefore, biological control using specialist insect herbivores is considered essential for its management. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are expected to favour weeds, however this response is likely to be influenced by projected changes to rainfall patterns. Pereskia aculeata were grown from truncheons for five months at three CO2 concentrations: 250 (sub-ambient), 400 (ambient) and 600 (elevated) ppm under two watering regimes, reduced-water (200 ml wk−1) and ambient-water (400 ml wk−1), to simulate two annual rainfall scenarios of ~520 mm (below present optimal) and ~1040 mm (present optimal), respectively. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) increased growth rates, biomass accumulation and reduced leaf nutritional quality (nitrogen content and C:N ratios), but only for ambient-water treatment plants. Nevertheless, higher photosynthetic rates under eCO2 improved water use efficiency for both water treatments, which was greatest for the reduced-water treatment plants. Management of P. aculeata in South Africa is already extremely challenging and with rising atmospheric CO2, P. aculeata has the potential to become more problematic, particularly in optimal rainfall areas. Furthermore, with improvements in water use efficiency, P. aculeata has the potential to expand into lower rainfall areas, although it is unlikely to pose the same risk as those plants invading higher rainfall sites.

Allelopathy of the Medicinal Plant Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f. and Its Phytotoxic Substances with Allelopathic Activity

Allelopathic plants and their related phytotoxic chemicals have been explored as alternatives for environmentally friendly weed management. Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f., a woody vine, is well-known for its uses in various therapeutic treatments, and several bioactive compounds have been isolated from this species. However, to date, no phytotoxic substances from D. volubilis have been reported. Hence, in this research, we aimed to investigate the allelopathic effect of D. volubilis and characterize its phytotoxic substances. Extracts of D. volubilis exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the seedling growth of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and cress (Lepidium sativum L.). The extracts were purified through several chromatography steps, yielding two phytotoxic substances, and using spectroscopy, their structures were determined as dehydrovomifoliol and loliolide. The compounds inhibited the Italian ryegrass and cress seedlings with the I50 (concentrations needed for 50% inhibition) values ranging from 0.022 to 0.102 mM, for loliolide and 3.24–4.60 mM, for dehydrovomifoliol. These results suggest that both phytotoxic compounds might be responsible for the allelopathy of D. volubilis, and they may be released into the soil through the decomposition of the D. volubilis leaf and probably act as allelopathic active substances. Therefore, the extracts of D. volubilis and its related phytotoxic compounds may be applied as biological agents for controlling weeds.

First report of passion fruit leaf blight caused by Nigrospora sphaerica in China.

First report of passion fruit leaf blight caused by Nigrospora sphaerica in China.

Future Spatial Prediction of Invasive Plant Merremia peltata in Indonesia

Merremia peltata is a woody vine that considered as invasive plant. It causes serious threats to the regeneration of native plant. Many strategies to control its invasiveness have been continuously implemented, but climate change causes complicated problems. This study aimed to understand the impact of climate change to its current and future distribution. Ensemble model by combining Random Forest and Support Vector Machine was used to predict its distribution. There were 33 occurrence records derived from Global Biodiversity Information Facility and reliable scientific journals. The 19 climatic variables were tested using a multicollinearity test. AUC and TSS were used to evaluate the model. Multicollinearity test using 0.7 threshold produces 7 selected climatic variables. AUC and TSS have the value >0.80 indicating the model has good performance. The predictive future distribution map shows that its distribution shifts to other regions in 2070 compared to the predictive current distribution. The predictive current distribution covers 30.4 % of the total land areas of Indonesia, while the predictive future distribution (RCP 4.5) covers 28.12 % and RCP 8.5 covers 23.59 %. It indicates that the suitable geographic distribution areas of M. peltata reduces around 3-7 % of the total areas of Indonesia in 2070.

A global review on wood growth rings in lianas

Lianas (woody vines) have a critical role in ecosystem dynamics, especially in the tropics. At present, there is an increasing need to develop reliable methods to measure liana’s growth and age, given their suggested increase in abundance following deforestation events and climatic changes. Dendrochronological analyses offer powerful tools that provide temporal information for ecological studies at different scales, with the first step being the detection of distinct growth rings and compiling a list of species with this feature. Hence, this study offers a thorough list of lianas with distinct growth ring markers across both gymnosperm and angiosperm lianas, with and without cambial variants, from both north and southern hemispheres, based on global surveys, bibliographical references and our own collections. Lianas with distinct growth rings are common in species from both temperate and tropical regions. We found 530 lianas with distinct growth rings belonging to 74 families. Bignoniaceae, Celastraceae, Malpighiaceae, Menispermaceae, and Leguminosae are the families with more species listed. Thick-walled and/or radially flattened latewood fibres, semi-ring-porosity, marginal parenchyma, ring-porosity were the main anatomical markers delimiting growth rings in lianas. Future analyses evaluating the periodicity of growth ring formation, mainly in species with cambial variants, are the next step to advance dendroecological application in lianas.