Wooden Tablets Research Articles

Swedish Church Art from the Introduction of the Reformation in 1527 until the Synod in Uppsala 1593

This article is a survey of Swedish church art from the Reformation, introduced in 1527 by Gustav Vasa, until the Uppsala Synod in 1593 andthe beginning of Orthodoxy. The tolerance shown towards the old cultobjects was typical of the Swedish Reformation. At the same time, therewas an almost total cessation in the production and import of sacral art,this mostly for economic reasons, but also because there was no needfor more cult objects. Especially toward the end of the 15th century, therehad been a large influx of such items to the churches. Only in the field of mural painting was there some activity after the Reformation, and about 20 (known) churches were decorated with murals from 1530 to 1590. However, their motifs remained very much in the Catholic tradition with one difference – non-biblical subjects such as saints (apart from St. George and St. Christopher) were excluded. Motifs from the Old Testament dominated and were often put in a typological context. Medieval moralities also lived on: Memento mori (Wheel of Fortune), Vanitas (Love of the Wordily Goods, the Good and Bad Prayers) and Devil-scenes (Shoe-Ella, Asmodeus). Several murals stem from the reign of John III (1567-92), the Vasa king most engaged in ecclesiastical affairs. In 1575 he forced the priests to accept an addition to the Church Ordinance, the Nova OrdinantiaEcclesiastica, which aimed to persuade the Swedish Church to take a middle position between Catholicism and Protestantism, a thought which isreflected in murals from his time. It is, however, also here that we find proof that Renaissance ideas had come to Sweden: Vices and Virtues (Glanshammar), a painter’s self-portrait (Valö).During the reign of his predecessor Erik XIV (1560-67), a large immigrationof Calvinists to Sweden had taken place. They had drawn the king’s attention to the Decalogue, according to which no images of God were allowed. A possible sign of Calvinist influence is a wooden tablet from 1561 in Storkyrkan in Stockholm, containing eleven quotations from the Bible (in Latin) that stress the importance of the sermon in the service. Also in 1561, the first known Swedish Reformation altarpiece was installed in Västra Husby, Västergötland, with a motif the Last Supper.Thereafter, more and more new altarpieces replaced the old, but their motifs remained more or less the same as in Catholic times (with the above exceptions). A painted, wooden altarpiece from ca. 1600 in Gamleby, Småland, contains the period’s only known protest against Catholicism. In the main part there is a depiction of the Last Judgement, in the predella, all the Apostles are holding keys in silent protest against the Catholic Church’s teachings that only St. Peter was allowed to carry the keys to the gates of Paradise.

태안 마도3호선 해양유물 중심으로 본 고려시대 음식문화

Tean Mado Shipwreck No. 3 is presumed to have been shipwrecked between 1260 and 1268. It departed from a Southern costal area of Yeosu in Jeonnam Province to Ganghwa Island, its final destination at which the temporal regime of Koryo Dynasty was located. In the shipwreck, a total of 35 wooden tablets were found, and forwarding places, senders, receivers, descriptions, and quantities of freight were written on the wooden tablets. The names of receivers included Kim Jun, who was influential in the late Musin Era of the Koryo Dynasty, and key institutions such as Junmin and Sambyulcho of the Musin force. Twenty wooden tables had lists of food items such as barley, abalone, salted-fermented abalone, mussel, dried mussel, salted fermented mussel, dried shark meat, fish oil, pheasant, and dried dog meat. The food items in the late 13th century were systematically examined using scientifically determined food organic remains and records of wooden tablets among the marine relics of Mado Shipwreck No. 3.

Korean linguistic significance about Wooden Tablet No.221 from Haman Seongsan Sanseong Mountain fortress함안

Korean linguistic significance about Wooden Tablet No.221 from Haman Seongsan Sanseong Mountain fortress함안

Old Korean Writing on Wooden Tablets and its Implications for Old Japanese Writing

The texts inscribed on wooden tablets ( mokgan 木簡) contain many examples of Korean hanja 漢字, unique characters developed and used in Korea. The fact that a few examples of these Korean hanja from Silla 新羅 resemble gugyeolja 口訣字 in shape enables us to hypothesize that gugyeolja attested in later periods might find their origins in these Korean hanja used on mokgan . In addition, some Korean hanja may also be observed in ancient Japanese texts, which supports the notion that Japanese writing practice was influenced by the notational conventions of the peninsula. In Japan, the origin of the use of both phonetic and semantic readings of Chinese characters can be traced to Baekje, and the use of what is now known as okuri-gana 送り假名 may be closely related to Silla’s conventions of hunju eumjong 訓主音從 and mareum cheomgi 末音添記. The historical change from an on-gana 音假名-based writing system to a kungana 訓假名-based practice in ancient Japan can be understood as the shift from following the notational conventions of Baekje to following those of Silla.

La formation de la commanderie impériale de Dunhuang (Gansu) des Han antérieurs : l’apport des sources archéologiques

Located in the westernmost part of the Gansu province, Dunhuang commandery was founded under the Former Han dynasty (206 BCE–8 CE), during the reign of Emperor Wu (140–87 BCE). With the objective of protecting and retaining full control over the lands conquered from the Xiongnu, the occupation of this territory is the result of an unprecedented military expansion in the northwest. Until the early 20th century, our knowledge of this commandery came solely from the reading of official histories written during or after those events. Then, archaeological investigations in Dunhuang and Guazhou region revealed remains of this occupation such as the westernmost parts of the Great Wall. Archaeologists discovered more than 150,000 wooden tablets mostly written by Han dynasty soldiers and border officials. Such documents offer a more precise and detailed view of the functioning of this commandery and of its local administration. Important as these tablets are, they do not add a great deal to our understanding of the years of formation of Dunhuang commandery (between 111 and 90 BCE). By looking at several fortified sites discovered in Dunhuang and Guazhou region, the author will show that it is possible to gain a better comprehension of the formative period of this commandery.

The Laoguanshan Cemetery of the Han Dynasty in Tianhui Town, Chengdu City

AbstractIn July 2012 through August 2013, four earthen shaft pit tombs with wooden chambers were excavated in a cemetery of the Western Han Dynasty located in Tianhui Town, Jinniu District, Chengdu City. All of the four tombs, which had been looted and disturbed, were in similar sizes and same south-north orientation, and could be classified into two types by the presence and absence of the bottom chambers. 620 pieces of grave goods were unearthed from these tombs, most of which were lacquered wooden wares and pottery wares, as well as some bronzes and iron objects. The most important discoveries are the over 50 wooden tablets unearthed from M1, the jade seal and four loom models made of bamboo and wood unearthed from M2 and 920 (numbered) bamboo slips and lacquered human figurine with marks of meridians and acupuncture points unearthed from M3. The bamboo slips unearthed from M3 were mostly medical works, the contents of which were about medical theory, meridian and pulse, diagnoses, causes and symptoms of diseases and the treating of diseases, etc.

태안 마도1·2호선 해양 유물로 본 고려시대의 음식 문화

This study examined the food culture of the Koryo Dynasty during the early 13th century based on the records of wooden tablets and marine relics from the 1st and 2nd ships of Mado wrecked at sea off Taean while sailing for Gaegyeong containing various types of grain paid as taxes and tributes. The recipients of the cargo on the 1st ship of Mado were bureaucrats living in Gaegyeong during the period of the military regime of the Koryo Dynasty, and the place of embarkation was the inlet around Haenam (Juksan Prefecture) and Naju (Hoijin Prefecture) in Jolla-do. On wooden tablets were recorded 37 items of rice, cereal, and fermented foods. The measures used in the records were seok [石-20 du (斗)] for cereal, seok [15 du, 20 du] for fermented soybean paste, and pot (缸) and volume (斗) for salted fish. The places of embarkation on the 2nd ship of Mado were Jeongeup (Gobu Prefecture), Gochang (Jangsa Prefecture, Musong Prefecture), etc. On wooden tablets were recorded 29 items of rice, cereal, fermented foods, seasame oil, and honey. The volume measure for yeast guk (麴), the fermentative organism for rice wine, was nang [囊-geun (斤)], and the measure for sesame oil and honey, which were materials of oil-and-honey pastries and confections, was joon (樽-seong, 盛). Honey and sesame oil were luxury foods for the upper-class people of the Koryo Dynasty, and they were carried in high-quality inlaid celadon vases in Meibyung style. Food names and measures written on wooden tablets and actual artifacts found in the 1st and 2nd ships of Mado are valuable materials for research into agriculture, cereal, and fermented foods of the Koryo Dynasty in the early 13th century. Besides, relics such as grains and bones of fish and animals from the Koryo Dynasty are expected to provide crucial information usable in studies on food history of the Korean Peninsula.

The Characteristics of Noin of Silla in the Sixth Century - Focusing on the Uljin-Bongpyeong Monument of Silla and the Wooden Tablets of the Seongsan Mountain Fortress -

신라의 노인은 일반민과 차별화된 특수한 존재이다. 노인은 6세기 신라사회의 신분질서, 특히 하층민의 존재형태를 밝힐 수 있는 중요한 법적 신분이다. 본고는 6세기 신라 노인의 성격을 검토한 내용이다. 주로 <울진봉평신라비>(524년)와 <성산산성목간>(560년경)의 노인 자료를 분석하였다.BR 먼저 <울진봉평신라비>의 별교령을 검토하여, ‘前時 王大敎法’을 기준으로 하여 촌락표기에 일정한 변화가 있음을 밝혀내었다. 곧 前時에 王이 大敎法을 시행한 결과, 居伐牟羅와 男?只는 이전의 단순한 노인 집단이 아니었다. 지방행정체계 속의 정식 奴人村으로 자리매김하게 되었다.BR 다음으로 <성산산성목간>에 보이는 노인의 성격을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 노인을 私奴婢로 볼 수가 없음을 확인하였다. 아울러 노인 목간에 등장하는 2인의 성격을 물품발송자와 국가적 차원의 輸役에 동원된 운송자(노인)로 파악하였다.BR 마지막으로 노인의 명칭을 분석하고, 이를 통해 노인의 신분적 속성과 직역을 도출하였다. 그리하여 6세기 신라 노인의 성격은 身良役賤의 처지에 있었던 신분임을 밝혀내었다.

Radiocarbon Dating of the Neolithic Lakeside Settlement of Dispilio, Kastoria, Northern Greece

Dispilio is the only excavated Neolithic lakeside settlement in Greece. Archaeological research provided evidence that the site was continuously used from the Early Neolithic (∼6000 BC) to the Late Chalcolithic period (∼1200 BC, Mycenaean period). During several archaeological campaigns, a portion of the settlement has been excavated that enabled a sufficient understanding of the architectural layout of homes, the building materials, and the organization of space, while the finds (fragments of pottery, stone and bone tools, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic clay figurines, miniature representations of objects also on clay, animal and fish bones, charred cereal grains, and other fruits) provided information on the everyday lives of the Neolithic inhabitants. A series of charcoal and wood samples, originating mostly from the Middle and Late Neolithic layers of the site, were radiocarbon dated and their dates range from ∼5470 to 4850 BC. The most unexpected of the finds, a wooden tablet from the lake bearing engraved symbols, was14C dated to 5260 ± 40 BC. In addition, clay tablets and pottery vessels engraved with similar symbols were also unearthed from layers dated to the same period. If this proves to be a primary source of written communication, the history of writing should be reconsidered and Neolithic societies should not be considered “societies without writing.”

Radiocarbon Dating of the Neolithic Lakeside Settlement of Dispilio, Kastoria, Northern Greece

Dispilio is the only excavated Neolithic lakeside settlement in Greece. Archaeological research provided evidence that the site was continuously used from the Early Neolithic (∼6000 BC) to the Late Chalcolithic period (∼1200 BC, Mycenaean period). During several archaeological campaigns, a portion of the settlement has been excavated that enabled a sufficient understanding of the architectural layout of homes, the building materials, and the organization of space, while the finds (fragments of pottery, stone and bone tools, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic clay figurines, miniature representations of objects also on clay, animal and fish bones, charred cereal grains, and other fruits) provided information on the everyday lives of the Neolithic inhabitants. A series of charcoal and wood samples, originating mostly from the Middle and Late Neolithic layers of the site, were radiocarbon dated and their dates range from ∼5470 to 4850 BC. The most unexpected of the finds, a wooden tablet from the lake bearing engraved symbols, was 14C dated to 5260 ± 40 BC. In addition, clay tablets and pottery vessels engraved with similar symbols were also unearthed from layers dated to the same period. If this proves to be a primary source of written communication, the history of writing should be reconsidered and Neolithic societies should not be considered “societies without writing.”

Trends and Prospects of Studies on Baekje wooden tablet

Trends and Prospects of Studies on Baekje wooden tablet

A Deciphering of Two Silla Poetry Fragments Inscribed on Wooden Tablets

Identification and decipherment of the writings on Gyeongju Anapji Pond Wooden Tablet no. 20 and Gyeongju National Museum Wooden Tablet no. 1 reveal that these tablets contain fragments of Silla poetry. Thus, there is a need to designate tablets containing poetry as a distinct category of poetry mokgan 木簡 (wooden tablet). Gyeongju Anapji Pond Wooden Tablet no. 20 contains a poem expressing the emotional agony of a general who successfully suppressed a revolt. This poetry fragment is typified by its rhythm (syllable count) consisting of the transposition of six-character lines and five-character lines, along with mixed Chinese and Korean word order, and can thus be categorized as an irregular form of hansi (classical Chinese poetry). Therefore, there is a need to designate a phase of irregular verse as a distinct stage in the developmental process of hansi in Korea that occurred prior to the advent of regular form hansi . The identification of the writings on Gyeongju National Museum Wooden Tablet no. 1 reveals the prevalence of many graphs often used in Sino-graphic orthography including hyangchal, idu , and gugyeol . Since most of the graphs on this tablet are also used in hyangchal , it is hypothesized that the text on this wooden tablet is written in hyangchal . Based on this hypothesis, line segmentation of the text on this tablet is compared to that of hyangga . Results show that both the structure and content of the poem resemble Silla hyangga . Thus, it is concluded that this tablet contains lines 8-9-10 of a ten-line Silla hyangga . In the poem, the speaker is applauding the king who is gathering and distributing wealth under a standardized system.

Are Roman seal-boxes evidence for literacy?

Increasingly, individual classes of artefacts are being studied less in their own right and more to garner support for broader theories and arguments. Roman seal-boxes, for example, are now routinely used as proxy evidence for literacy because it is generally accepted that they were designed to protect wax seals attached to personal letters written on wooden stylus tablets. The most unequivocal expression of this position is found in the work of T. Derks and N. Roymans, who argue that the presence of seal-boxes, even in rural areas, is evidence for the penetration of Latin literacy.1 Their work has proved influential; it was used, for example, by R. Hingley to argue that The seal boxes on non-villa settlements may indicate that the population of the Lower Rhine were drawing upon aspects of Roman culture — Latin language and the technology of writing — through a creative engagement with the imperial system.2 Yet there had been very little prior research into seal-boxes themselves to support these ambitious theories (a point noted by Hingley himself3).

Paying prostimon for new vineyard land (T. BM inv.no. EA 56920). A bilingual set of wooden tablets from the archive of Horos, son of Nechouthes

Edition of T. BM inv.no. EA 56920. - A bilingual set of wooden tablets from the archive of Horos, son of Nechouthes. - A parallel set of wooden tablets from the archive of Peteharsemtheus, son of Panebchounis. - Paying prostimon or qns in Ptolemaic Egypt.

Tree-ring, plant seeds, pottery and wooden cooking tools dated a wooden well at Saidaiji temple in Japan

This paper concerns research of a wooden well excavated at Jikidoin (dining hall complex) of Saidaiji temple located in Nara, the former 8th century capital of Japan. It is an example of interdisciplinary research including dendrochronology, archeology, architectural history, philology, and archaeobotany.The well is comprised of 20 hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) boards, dendrochronological analysis was conducted to determine how and when it was built. As a result, it was discovered that the timbers were processed from trees felled in 767 A.D. It was also determined from the carpentry marks that remained on the surface of the boards, that the lumber was obtained all at the same time.Plant seeds, wooden cooking tools and dishes, mokkan (wooden tablets), pottery, etc., were found buried inside the well. The discovery of cultivated plant seeds and wooden tools proved the site was part of Jikidoin. Based on the age of mokkan and pottery, it is presumed that the well ceased to be used around the end of the 8th century A.D.The investigation revealed much information concerning its specific construction and when the well was abandoned. The study is a rare example among excavations in Japan that reveals the usage of the well, especially the specific date of construction, period of use, and abandonment.

A Study on the Signature of Ancient Chinese Wooden tablets

A Study on the Signature of Ancient Chinese Wooden tablets

‘Interpreting’ at Vindolanda: Commercial and Linguistic Mediation in the Roman Army

AbstractA fragmentary tablet from Vindolanda(Tab. Vindol. II,213) contains an occurrence of the verbinterpretari(‘interpret’, ‘explain’, ‘mediate’) in an apparently commercial context, relating to the grain supply for the Roman fort. This usage is paralleled in a text on a wooden stilus tablet from Frisia in the Netherlands. ‘Interpreters’ and their activities make rather infrequent appearances in the Latin epigraphic and documentary records. In the Danubian provinces, interpreters (interpretes) are attested as army officers and officials in the office of the provincial governor. ‘Interpreters’, in both Latin and Greek inscriptions and papyri, often, however, play more ambiguous roles, not always connected with language-mediation, but also, or instead, with mediation in commercial transactions.

Old Korean Numerals Inscribed on the Wooden Tablet Excavated at the Site of Mireuksa Temple

Old Korean Numerals Inscribed on the Wooden Tablet Excavated at the Site of Mireuksa Temple

Acoustical Design and Measurement of 316 Classroom in TYUT

This paper involves the acoustical design and measurement of sound quality in the new 316 classroom in TYUT. Based on the “Code for design of sound insulation of civil buildings” GBJ118-2010， this paper deals with the acoustical design of the frequency characteristics of reverberation time in the new 316 classroom in TYUT. Before the acoustical design in new 316 Classroom, the measurement of reverberation time (T20, T30, EDT) with frequency 500-1000Hz in empty room are 3.86-4.72s; After the acoustical design that the perforated wooden sound absorption tablet wall within glass wool sound absorption and the gypsum -slab mineral wool board ceiling are mounted in new 316 Classroom in TYUT, the measurement of reverberation time (T20, T30, EDT) with frequency 500-1000Hz in empty room are 0.72-0.82s.Through the checking of the testing data and the evaluation of the users, the acoustical design of the new 316 classroom in TYUT is in accordance with the requirements of Code for design of sound insulation of civil buildings GBJ118-2010.

The Issues and Subjects of the Research on the Wooden Tablets of Bogam-ri, Najoo-si

The Issues and Subjects of the Research on the Wooden Tablets of Bogam-ri, Najoo-si