Wooden Tablets Research Articles

咸安 城山山城 木簡의 新考察

咸安 城山山城 木簡의 新考察

Korea’s Record of Ancient Wooden tablets and calligraphy

목간(木簡)은 생활기록과 행정문서들이 대부분이다. 생활기록은 내용이나 기록양식에 있어서 기념기록인 금석문과 달리 매우 다양하다. 다양한 기록문 화는 서체학에 있어서 뿐만 아니라 역사, 국어사, 서지학(문헌학) 등의 종합적인 연구자료를 제공한다. 목간 기록의 분류는 기록방법과 기록내용으로 분류할 수 있다. 기록방법은 표제, 편철, 도각, 낙인, 패찰 등의 기록방법이 있고, 기록내용은 논어, 게송, 기원, 증표, 습자, 재가, 수위, 처방, 인사추천, 서찰, 청원, 부기, 기사, 시가, 구구단, 보고서 등의 내용을 기록한 목간이다. 묵서인 고대목간의 자형은 예서나 팔분에서 해서로 발달하는 과정에 있다. 행정 관료에 의한 행정기록들에는 경생(經生)들에 의한 사경서법(寫經書法) 의 영향도 있고, 독자적인 서법의 경향도 있다. 목간을 통하여 이러한 독특한 서법들을 발견할 수 있다. 목간의 연구가 금석문의 연구와 다른 점이 바로 이런 점에 있다. 한국 고대 해서법은 6세기 생활기록인 행서나 초서를 먼저 선호 하여 사용된 후 해서의 필법이 갖추어졌다. 이 시기가 해서의 기본 필법이 갖추어지는 시기이다.Most of wooden tablets were used for recording everyday life and for administrative purpose. Unlike an epigraph, the records of daily life were various in the contents and the form. A variety of recording culture have been providing the comprehensive research materials in a variety of fields: calligraphy, Korean language history, bibliography and so on. Wooden tablets are classified into a recording method and a content. The recording methods are as in the following classification with : title, filing, carving, branding, labelling and etc. The contents recorded were as in the following : the Analects of Confucius, a praise for Buddha, praying, a certificate, a calligraphy, an approval, a prescription, a letter, an article, a poem, a multiplication table, a report and etc. The shape of character written in the ink in ancient wooden tablets was in the process from ”clerical script” and ”neo-clerical script” to ”regular script”. The administrative documents written by the officers were influenced by the transcription method of Buddhist scriptures(of young students) and a unique calligraphy method. These special calligraphies were found through studying the wooden tablets. It is clear that chronological calligraphy research brightens the prospects to study the calligraphy, finding trace of ink stick in the wooden tablets. That’s why the study of wooden tablets is different from of an epigraph. In ancient Korea, people had preferred and used “semi-cursive script” and “cursive script” in calligraphy, the “regular script” were used after that. In this period, the basic writing method of “regular script” were set.

중학교 역사교과서 속 고대 목간 자료의 검토와 활용

It reviewed the status of ancient wooden descriptions contained in middle school history textbooks from the 2007 revision curriculum to the 2009 revision curriculum. I think it is meaningful that the analysis of historical textbooks related to ancient wooden tablets is the first time since the study on history textbooks was mainly conducted by analyzing illustration materials such as descriptions and maps. The wooden writing was written by the ancient people of the time, so it also provides a wealth of information about ancient history that is unknown in the literature. Therefore, it is very important to interpret the remaining characters and understand their meaning. However, the analysis on the status of historical textbooks in middle school showed some problems. In this article, I have considered the desirable direction of describing ancient wooden tablets in the middle school history textbooks. In particular, the research focused on the wood-to-wall type of writing, the relevance of wooden materials to the body of text books, and how well the primary source system reflects the value of wooden tablets. Based on this, the features of the ancient wooden description were summarized before the improvement measures for problems with the description were proposed.

Sangaku Optimization Problems: An Algebraic Approach

During the Edo Period (1603-1867), Japan was isolated from the influence of western mathematics. Despite this isolation, Japanese mathematics, called Wasan, flourished, and a unique approach to present mathematical problems was developed. Painted wooden tablets called sangaku were hung on display at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples for recreational enjoyment and religious offerings. More than 900 tablets have been discovered with problems developed by priests, samurai, farmers, and children. The vast majority of these problems were solved using analytic geometry and algebraic means, and the collection as a whole is frequently referred to as Japanese Temple Geometry. Within the collection of the sangaku, several optimization problems appear with answers included. However, the methods used to obtain those answers are absent. Because the work of Newton and Leibniz was unknown to the Japanese mathematicians of that time and no evidence exists of contemporaneous Japanese mathematicians having a formal definition of the derivative, their solution techniques to these problems remains unresolved (Fukagawa and Rothman 2008). To illustrate a possible noncalculus approach for the solution to sangaku optimization problems, we will examine two specific examples. To help readers visualize the two examples, Maple™ animations have been created by the authors and can be found at http://www.mesacc.edu/~davvu41111/Sangaku.htm.

The First Linguistic Study of ‘Wooden Slips’ in Korea: Review of The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets by Lee, SeungJae

The First Linguistic Study of ‘Wooden Slips’ in Korea: Review of The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets by Lee, SeungJae

태안해역 출수 고려 목간의 서체적 특징 : 마도 1·2·3호선 목간을 중심으로

본고는 주문받은 물품을 싣고 개경으로 향하던 중 충남 태안 해역에서 침몰된 세 척의 고려 선박에서 출수된 꼬리표목간의 서체적 특징을 살펴보기 위한 것이다. 발송지가 죽산현, 회진현, 수녕현, 안로현인마도 1호선과 무송현, 고부현, 고창현, 장사현인 마도 2호선은 13세기 전반, 여수현인 마도 4호선은 13세기 후반의 것으로 밝혀짐에 따라 목간의 묵서를 통해 고려 말기 전라도 관리들의 서예 수준을 알 수 있다.BR 마도 1호선 목간에는 행서가 주를 이루고, 해서, 초서가 조금 사용되었다. 그 행서에는 초서의 결구와 운필이 많고 서풍이 다양하여 여러 관리가 꼬리표목간을 작성했을 것으로 추정된다. 전체적으로 백제 목간을 연상시키는 노련미와 절제미가 있는데, 특히 나주 복암리목간의 글씨와 분위기가 흡사하다. 드문해서는 북위풍으로 쓰여 남북조풍 해서가 고려까지 전승되었음을 말해 준다. 초행서가 주를 이루는 가운데 수취인의 이름에는 오히려 해서의 필의가 많아 운송이 목적인 꼬리표의 용도에 맞는 서체를 선택했음을 알 수 있다.BR 마도 2호선은 대부분 해서로 쓰였는데, 그 솜씨가 초학자의 수준에 머물러 마도 1호선의 유창한 행서와 구별된다. 같은 수취인에게 보낸 꼬리표는 같은 발송인이 썼다는 사실, 지역에 따라 관리의 서사 솜씨가 다르다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 개경에 사는 사람의 성만 적어도 운송이 된다는 점에서 마도 2호선의 성격을 짐작할 수 있다.BR 주로 개인에게 발송한 마도 1, 2호선과는 달리 마도 3호선에는 고위직의 개인뿐만 아니라 무신정권 관청이나 기관들에 보내는 화물이 많다. 서체도 행서가 주를 이룬 마도 1호선, 해서가 주를 이룬 마도 2호선과는 달리 해서와 초서 필의가 짙은 다양한 서풍의 행서가 고루 사용되었고, 각 서체의 서풍도 다양하며, 양면의 서체나 서풍이 같기도 하고 다르기도 하다. 시기가 가장 늦은 마도 3호선 목간의 글씨는 마도 1, 2호선의 목간 글씨보다 평균적으로 서사 수준도 높다. 특히 고려의 금석문에는 초당의 구양순풍이 많은 편인데, 3호선 목간의 해서에는 중당의 안진경풍도 쓰여 주목된다.BR 전체적으로 초서의 필의가 많은 행서 목간을 통해 고려에서는 향리들도 초서를 깊이 공부했음을 알 수 있다. 이것은 중국에서 송 사대가의 글씨를 중심으로 첩이 성행했고 그들의 글씨가 고려 중기의 문인들을 중심으로 널리 유포되었기 때문이다. 그리고 그 영향으로 고려 후기인 13세기에는 향리에 이르기까지 행초서가 널리 학습된 것으로 보인다. 이처럼 마도 1, 2, 3호선 목간에 쓰인 관리들의 생생하고 다양한 육필은 고려 후기 전라도 서예사를 재조명할 수 있는 계기를 마련해 준다.

태안해역 출수 木簡의 비교를 통한 해운활동 고찰 : 마도 4호선을 중심으로

태안해역 출수 木簡의 비교를 통한 해운활동 고찰 : 마도 4호선을 중심으로

태안해역 출토 목간의 어학적 특징

태안해역 출토 목간의 어학적 특징

태안해역 고려 침몰선 발굴과 출수 목간

태안해역 고려 침몰선 발굴과 출수 목간

Marquis of Haihun’s tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Nanchang, Jiangxi

AbstractSince March 2011, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and other institutions conducted excavation to Marquis of Haihun’s tomb of the Western Han Dynasty located on the Guodun Hill in Datangping Township, Xinjian District, Nanchang City. Marquis of Haihun’s tomb consisted of the burial mound in the shape of a truncated pyramid, the grave in a 甲 -shaped plan and the rectangular wooden coffin chamber. The wooden coffin chamber was partitioned into the main chamber, the passage, the ambulatory-shaped storage quarters and the corridor. The artifacts unearthed from the tomb included gold objects, bronzes, jades, lacquered and wooden wares, textiles, pottery wares, bamboo slips and wooden tablets, etc. Referring to the unearthed artifacts and the relevant historic textual materials, the occupant of this tomb is estimated to be Liu He, the first generation of the Marquis of Haihun of the Western Han Dynasty. The site of the Purple Gold City, the graveyards of the Marquises of Haihun of all of the generations and the cemeteries of the noble and common peoples formed the largest and best preserved settlement site of marquisate of the Han Dynasty found to date with the richest connotations.

A Study of Past Research on Sŏngsan Fortress Wooden Tablets and an Examination of Exacavated Wooden Tablet Documents

A Study of Past Research on Sŏngsan Fortress Wooden Tablets and an Examination of Exacavated Wooden Tablet Documents

목간을 통해 본 사비도성의 구조와 기능

목간을 통해 본 사비도성의 구조와 기능

小谷博泰著, 『木簡・金石文と記紀の研究』, 2006年5月10日, 和泉書院刊, A5判, 340ページ, 12,000円+税

小谷博泰著, 『木簡・金石文と記紀の研究』, 2006年5月10日, 和泉書院刊, A5判, 340ページ, 12,000円+税

함안 성산산성 제17차 발굴조사 출토 목간 자료 검토

함안 성산산성 제17차 발굴조사 출토 목간 자료 검토

TESTAMENT MANCYPACYJNY ANTONIUSA SILVANUSA

Testament by Bronze and Balance of Antonius SilvanusSummaryRoman wills, drafted per aes et libram, are mainly known from copies written in Greek on papyri. A will dating back to the 27th March 142 A.D., drafted by Antonius Silvanus, has survived the ravishes of time and thus allows us to understand the idea behind such forms of wills. Indeed, legal texts written by the Roman jurists and dating back to those times do not go into the contents of such wills. Hence, Silvanus’ will is a very important document which gives us an insight into the clauses which were regularly drafted into wills in that epoch. Silvanus’ final will and testament was written on a tabulae ceratae (a wooden tablet covered with a layer of wax). It was then meticulously closed in order to protect it from forgeries.

Shedding light on ancient secrets [cryptology of ancient documents

Many ancient texts have kept their secrets for centuries. But a host of low-tech and high-tech tools are helping cryptologists to reveal the past.WHEN ALAN TURING developed the machine that helped to crack the Enigma code, his aim was to understand messages that the Nazis wanted to keep secret. When ancient writing expert Roger Tomlin came across wooden tablets found recently at an excavation site in central London, he knew the words - now mere scratches on wood but originally marked in beeswax with a metal stylus almost 2,000 years ago - were not meant to be a secret. However, it took him a year to decipher them. The tablets are the oldest handwritten documents found in the UK, detailing financial transactions and events in early London, starting a few years after the Roman invasion of Britain; they even mention events related to the revolt of Queen Boudica of the Celtic Iceni tribe in what is now East Anglia, who stood up against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.

SI 3656 and other Kuchean tablets related to the Kizil grottoes in the St. Petersburg Collection

This paper introduces five wooden tablets written in Kuchean (Tocharian B) and kept in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences (IOM, RAS), namely SI 3656 (SI P/136в), 3669 (SI P/139д), 6385 (SI Strelkov-D/3), 1931 (SI Strelkov-D/51) and 6456 (SI Strelkov-D/85). THT4063, an unedited tablet kept in Berlin, the text of which is largely parallel with SI 6456, is also introduced here. According to the joint authors’ investigation, which has been ongoing since 2009, these tablets are economic and administrative documents, and some of their features are comparable with the Kuchean sale contract THT4001. The severely damaged SI 1931 is particularly valuable because it proves that three currencies circulated in pre-Tang Kucha. Together with THT4063, the other four tablets are closely related to the Yurpāṣka Monastery, which is repeatedly mentioned in the findings from the Kizil grottoes as well as the graffiti surviving there. Therefore, the content of these tablets helps scholars to restore the history of this important Buddhist site as well as the activity of foreign expeditions in Chinese Turkestan.

韓國에서 出土된 ‘椋’자 木簡으로 본 동아시아 簡牘文化의 전파

韓國에서 出土된 ‘椋’자 木簡으로 본 동아시아 簡牘文化의 전파

Japanese Temple Geometry: A Digital Sangaku About a Regular Pentagon and the Golden Ratio

Sangaku are wooden tablets depicting geometric or mathematical problems. They are objects typical of the Edo period. Since these tables were exposed in the temples, the related geometry is known as the Japanese Temple Geometry. Here we illustrate a digital approach to Sangaku. The specific problem we are discussing in the construction of a regular pentagon.

Calligraphic Style of the Wooden Tablets of the United Silla by Use

Calligraphic Style of the Wooden Tablets of the United Silla by Use