Wooden Planks Research Articles

The role of expectation in multisensory body representation - neural evidence.

Sensory events contribute to body ownership, the feeling that the body belongs to me. However, the encoding of sensory events is not only reactive, but also proactive in that our brain generates prediction about forthcoming stimuli. In previous studies, we have shown that prediction of sensory events is a sufficient condition to induce the sense of body ownership. In this study, we investigated the underlying neural mechanisms. Participants were seated with their right arm resting upon a table just below another smaller table. Hence, the real hand was hidden from the participant's view and a life-sized rubber model of a right hand was placed on the small table in front of them. Participants observed a wooden plank while approaching - without touching - the rubber hand. We measured the phenomenology of the illusion by means of questionnaire. Neural activity was recorded by means of near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results showed higher activation of multisensory parietal cortices in the rubber hand illusion induced by touch expectation. Furthermore, such activity was correlated with the subjective feeling of owning the rubber hand. Our results enrich current models of body ownership suggesting that our multisensory brain regions generate prediction on what could be my body and what could not. This finding might have interesting implications in all those cases in which body representation is altered, anorexia, bulimia nervosa and obesity, among others.

USE OF 3D TECHNOLOGIES WITHIN THE CONSERVATION OF THE ANCIENT WINDOWS OF THE BASILICA OF S. SABINA IN ROME. CONSTRUCTION OF EXHIBITION STANDS IN CARBON COMPOSITE ON A MILLED STRUCTURE

Abstract. Rare and precious window elements from the Paleochristian Basilica of Saint Sabina in Rome, made of plaster gypsum with translucent selenite used as glass for light transmission, were discovered by Antonio Muñoz during the restoration of the building at the beginning of the 20th c. Originally standing within the stone window frame, were then mounted on wood planks with screws for holding together the scattered fragments. The surfaces were covered with grime and the selenite elements were blinded by the wooden supports. During the recent conservation treatment at ISCR, traces of Egyptian blue on the internal surfaces were detected. Cleaning with laser allowed their conservation and the removal of gypsum deposits from the fragile selenite. 3-D scanning was performed for milling, out of polystyrene blocks, the counterforms that were needed for turning the artifacts upside down. After cleaning and re-assembling of the fragments, a new 3-D scan was performed to obtain a complete model of the artifacts that was used to define the best orientation of the windows, both for exhibition purposes and for the distribution of the weight-related stresses. Following a project based on 3-D modeling, exhibition stands were produced with a core material milled out of PET foam, reinforced with outer skins made with carbon fiber adhered under vacuum to the core material with epoxy resin. The new exhibition stands, very light and rigid, permit all-round appreciation of the artifacts and allow the light to shine through the selenite elements.

SHAPE AND CONSTRUCTION OF BRICK VAULTS. CRITERIA, METHODS AND TOOLS FOR A POSSIBLE CATALOGUE

Abstract. The use of cloister vaults in the construction of noble buildings, as covering elements for square or rectangular rooms, is widespread and well-known. The geometric continuity at the intrados makes generally possible the execution all over the span of frescoes, stucco and decorations. The construction of brick vaults, from the late Middle Age, was sped up by limiting the centering to the wooden planks arches that were instrumental in the profile determination. Nowadays, the availability of several procedures, phases and tools for carrying out a survey allows to draw reliable assumptions about the construction methods and the execution time. It is mandatory to determine the properties of the binders, the shape and dimensions of the bricks, and to carry out a comparison between the geometry of the intrados surface and the evidences emerging at the extrados. The support of the laser scanner technique allows to accurately identify the surface profile and thickness. All these indications, in turn, are useful, in view of an interpretation of the structural behavior, to identify weaknesses, and to highlight contributing factors of instability (if any). The paper focuses on a well-documented case, the Magio Grasselli palace in Cremona in which the cloister vaults of two main rooms show different construction systems, although they were built almost at the same time. The thermographic recordings and laser-scanner surveys highlight the various arrangements used for the cloister vaults.

A time period study on the efficiency of luminol in the detection of bloodstains concealed by paint on different surfaces

Forensic Science is the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. It is a science which relies on physical evidence; one of the important physical evidences being blood. The purpose of this research was to determine the efficacy of luminol reagent in detecting bloodstains on different surfaces, concealed by multiple layers of paint, over a period of time and also to compare the intensities of chemiluminescence exhibited by them. In this study, dry wall, wooden planks and metal surfaces were identified as commonly encountered surfaces at crime scenes and hence 25 of each surface were simulated and blood was spattered, which were then concealed by progressive layers of paint specific to each surface. Thereafter, each surface was critically observed for the intensity of chemiluminescence, following the application of luminol and the results were documented as photographs. The research was conducted for duration of 50 days, in order to study the effect of ageing of concealment upon detection of bloodstains using luminol. Varying intensities of chemiluminescence were displayed by all the three simulated surfaces deposited with paint over bloodstains up to three layers of concealment, depending on the nature of the surface which were captured using photography. The highest intensity of chemiluminescence was shown by concealed bloodstains on dry wall and metal surfaces, despite the number of layers of concealment. However, an increase in the number of layers of concealment produced a significant decrease in the intensity of chemiluminescenece displayed by the bloodstains concealed by paint upon reacting with luminol on metal sheets, which was not found to be uniform and consistent on the other surfaces. These findings highlight the fact that bloodstains concealed by paint could be effectively detected by luminol reagent, despite the nature and ageing of concealment and thereby provide a lead to the investigation.

Tracing the Mother to the Daughter, the Self to the Image: Separation Anxiety in Beckett’s Footfalls

This paper focuses on the allure of the maternal, a metapresence in Samuel Beckett’s play Footfalls. The paper examines the pre-Oedipal role of the mother into shaping the vocal and kinetic rhythms of her daughter. There is a detailed discussion on the force that steers the daughter towards the mother and vice versa and how this force resists the spectacular matricide that the audience longs to commit on the theatrical space. This piece will seek to trace the play of the incestuous auditory and visual intimacy between May, pacing up and down the wooden plank, and her Mother. The paper will also discuss the tendencies of a defensive narcissism in these women that is gratifying, a natural consequence of pathogenic repression and concealment, and symbolizes plenitude and plurality.

Design, manufacture and test of seismic shear (transverse) wave’s source for engineering purposes

This research finds touches to the design and manufacture of generating seismic shear (transverse) waves polarized source system. The system consists of a source of surface horizontal movement (horizontal traction source) using a piece of wood (wooden plank). A series of field tests were conducting in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the system and the quality of the generated seismic shear wave. Through the obtained recordings and the quality of the received waves and its directional characteristics, which clearly show the system's success in achieving the aim of this study .In addition to the importance of the shear wave velocities in computing the elastic modulus to be used for engineering purposes of any intended projects.

The case study of The daughters of the Emperor Ferdinand I by Jakob Seisenegger, in Trento (Italy): analytical hygro-mechanical results as a support in risk assessment for technical interventions

In this paper, a long-term monitoring experience on a panel painting, carried out using a whole set of analytical tools before the scheduled conservation intervention, is described. The object under analysis is a painting of the XVI century, “The daughters of the Emperor Ferdinand I” by Jakob Seisenegger, painted around 1534 and preserved in the storerooms of the Superintendency of the Trento Province and of pertinence of the Buonconsiglio Castle. The wooden support is built using many narrow planks of pear wood; some degradation evidences are visible, caused by insects and by the previous storing conditions. Old strong conservation interventions, when the present battened crosspieces structure was applied, have induced the non-optimal state of conservation as well. The panel painting has been monitored for some years in its storeroom, climatically uncontrolled for most of the time, using: displacement transducers, put in different positions, relevant from the structural point of view; microclimatic monitoring (temperature and relative humidity); mass variation monitoring, using an innovative differential scale able to measure the response of the panel to the fluctuations with an otherwise impossible resolution. The monitoring provided the experimental hygro-mechanical tendencies of the painting as a contribution in the design phase of the new crosspieces that will be applied to the panel and for the definition of the acceptable variations of the microclimate in the exhibiting site. The experimental data, coupled with a FEM modelling approach, allowed the characterisation of the individual response of the panel to fluctuations taking into account partial hysteresis. This research has been performed in collaboration with the Superintendency of the Autonomous Province of Trento.

Neural network modeling of conditions of destruction of wood plank based on measurements

The paper deals with the possibility of predicting the ultimate load breaking timber sample based on the loading force dependence on the deflection before destruction. Prediction of mechanical properties of wood is handicapped by complex anisotropic structures. The anisotropic nature of the material and, in a great measure, the random nature of wood grain local features defining moment of destruction lead to a significant dependence of the required load on the individual characteristics of a particular bar. The ultimate load is sought as a function of the coefficients of the neural network approximation of the loading force dependence on the deflection. For this purpose, a number of experiments on timber sample loading until the destruction is conducted. Modeling of the conditions of material destruction may provide the required safety control in building industry.

Technical and construction aspects of FRP coated wooden gillnetters of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra

It was observed that there is a trend in the Ratnagiri fishermen to cover the hull portion of their gillnetters by FRP, to extend its life. The overall length of such type of gillnetters ranged from 06.81 m to 10.00 m. Similarly, overall breadth and depth ranged between 1.25 to 3.10 m 0.47 to 1.6 m, respectively. Inboard engine of 7 to 24 hp were normally installed on the FRP coated wooden gillnetters having gross tonnage of 0.34 to 7.42 t. Construction cost of average size (8.5 m length, 2.2 m breadth and 1.0 m depth) wooden plank built boat coated with FRP, was approximately Rs. 4.0 to 5.0 lakhs, having a average life span of around 15 to 18 years, if maintained properly.

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The objective of the study was to determine the effect of various layer compositions on the properties of 3-layer vertically glued laminated bamboo beam (LBB). Bamboo strips for LBB fabrication were prepared from mature culms (± 4 years old) of andong bamboo ( Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjaja ) collected from private gardens in West Java. The strips were pre-treated by soaking them in 7% boron solution for four hours. Three-layer LBBs were manufactured with six different layer compositions, including bamboo combination with wood planks of manii ( Maesopsis eminii Engl.) or sengon ( Falcataria moluc c ana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) as the core layer. The LBB was manufactured using Water Based Polymer-Isocyanate (WBPI) adhesive. The glue spread and cold pressing time applied were 250 g/m 2 and one hour, respectively. Results showed that the average density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and width expansion of LBB were 0.65 g/cm 3 ; 11.1%; 2.09%; and 1.99%, respectively. No delamination occurred in all samples using WBPI adhesive, which indicates high bonding quality. The average bonding strength and percentage bamboo failure (dry test) of LBB were 61.6 kg/cm 2 and 90%, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of LBB were significantly affected by the layer composition. The presence of wood laminates as the core layer of LBB and the cross wide orientation of the core layer decreased mechanical properties of LBB. On the contrary, the presence of cross-layer in LBB structure increased dimensional stability of the produced LBB.Three-layer thick laminated bamboo beam made of vertically glued andong bamboo strips with various constituted layer composition and all constitued layers laminated together in parallel grain direction had strength values comparable to those of class II of solid wood strength, eventhough the core layer was made of sengon or manii planks.

Optimization of the process parameters in rice mill using Response surface methodology (RSM)

Objective of the current study was to analyze a wooden plank used as a loading ramp to perform manual handling task with a view to redesign and develop the new one for agriculture. Developed ramp was more wide, static and non slippery than the wooden plank. For this purpose experiments were conducted on a group of 10 experienced manual handlers in the KLA rice mill of Rudrapur Block, district Udhamsingh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India. The reliability and validity of the developed, modern loading ramp was assessed by using response surface methodology in terms of change in MSD, heart rate and VO2 max. Therefore RSM was applied to optimize the operating parameters of ramp such as load weight, height of ramp and time. As per Box Behenken design total 17 experiments were carried out. Each parameter was varied over three levels as load weight of 40, 50 and 60 kg., height of ramp 3, 4 and 5 feet, and the time viz. 3, 4 and 5 min. ANOVA test and coefficient of determination (R2) were applied. In result it was observed that use of developed pant loading ramp was able to reduce heart rate of selected respondent’s from 135.4 beats/min. to 126.76 beats/min., MSD from 85.45 to 22.80 % and VO2 max from 39.45 to 34L/min.

Bending of Sawn Wood Products Obtained from Conventional Sawing and Parallel to Generatrix Sawing

This paper considers bending of sawn wood products obtained from logs by conventional sawing and sawing parallel to generatrix. Issues related to strength and stiffness of sawn wood products sawn parallel to generatrix have not being studied yet, thus such issues are of practical and scientific interest. Earlier our investigation dealt with changes in tilting angle of wood fiber of sawn wood materials obtained from logs by conventional sawing and sawing parallel to log generatrix. This concept is used for generating of mathematical models describing changes in elasticity modulus across the wood plank width which enables to foresee the wood plank bending strength and stiffness. The proposed procedure allows for the evaluation of wood planks bending stresses occurred when various log sawing schemes were used. Wood planks bending value is calculated to cover the difference between stiffness of wood planks obtained at the implementation of both sawing schemes. The investigation results are not only of scientific interest, but are also of practical interest in terms of construction and fabrication of laminated wood structures, wood structural panels etc.

Analysis of the in‐plane response of earthen masonry infill panels partitioned by sliding joints

SummaryThe vulnerability of infilled frames represents a critical issue in many regions with high seismicity around the world where infills are typically made of heavy masonry as they are used for thermal control of the buildings because of their thermal inertia. In this context, the use of earthen masonry infills can give a superior performance because of their ability to regulate thermal‐hygrometric performance of the building and sustainability of its life‐cycle.This paper presents a numerical study on the seismic behaviour of infill walls made of earthen masonry and partitioned with horizontal wooden planks that allow the relative sliding of the partitions. The combination of the deformability of earthen masonry and the sliding mechanism occurring along the wooden planks gives a high ductility capacity to the in‐plane response of the infill and, at the same time, significantly reduces its stiffness and strength, as compared with traditional solid infills made of fired clay units. As a result, the detrimental interaction with the frame and the damage in the infill when subjected to in‐plane loading can be minimized.The numerical model is validated with results from an experimental study and is used to perform a parametric analysis to examine the influence of variations in the geometry and mechanical properties of the infill walls, as well as the configuration of the sliding joints. Based on the findings of this study, design guidelines for practical applications are provided, together with simple formulation for evaluating their performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Black gathering: “The weight of being” in Leonardo Drew’s sculpture

The collector, according to Walter Benjamin and Charles Baudelaire, is the figure who treads the edge of day, roaming the margins of Enlightened society in search of its tossed-aside forms. Into this wasteland of rejected and disavowed life, the collector ambles as if in a dream. In her dream, disavowed living moves into a “better” world, one that lingers safely past the suffocating ether of tired taxonomies. Sculptor Leonardo Drew is a collector that creates and remakes in this spirit. Leonardo Drew purposely weathers objects – wood planks, fabric, cotton, animal carcasses, feathers, and other items – and makes abstract sculpture. By wearing down the object in the process of making something new, Drew intervenes into histories of racial and sexual subjection; histories that have made people into useable objects. Through his reassemblage of the rejectable, Drew imagines another world on the side of this one – a domain of living disaggregated from use and retethered to justice.

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF WOODEN PLANKS USED IN VIBRATORY CONVEYOR

Vibratory conveyors are utilized to convey a large variety of material limiting from dry powders to large solid piece of material throw forcefully etc. The conveyors are utilized for segregating drying, cooling etc. The major component of vibratory conveyor is designed exact, accurately and carefully, so that it won’t affect its operational process. Design of encouraging device is main aspect like wooden planks in this case. If encouraging device is not designed accurately then it will fail to operate critical operations in the system. Therefore encouraging device requires to be designed for large strength, good fatigue properties and for most likely to lead to a favorable outcome difficult to turn. In the project work brief failure analysis of currently used supporting member is done. Wood plastic planks are used to a large degree in wood plastic pallets. It is needed to examine and alter text, the trustworthy and reliable of wood plastic planks utilized in the surfaces of pallets. Able to rely on study of materials and sources in order to establish fact mainly has concentrated on metals; ceramics and wood products .wood plastic have sizing or scaling usage and degree of importance for their important advantages in keeping surrounding safe, reusing and profitable factor. In similarity to wood, they are assumed to be isotropic, withstanding to climate, dimension remains constant, hard, wear withstanding and many other advantage and they are able to prove that they are best suited for wood processing methods and have large profitable advantages. First aim was to look out why we use pine wood for helping vibratory conveyor that too with combination of two wooden planks and one steel plank made sandwiched in between them. After studying a brief about pine wood properties it shows following advantages [1].

16TH- AND 17TH-CENTURY ITALIAN CHIAROSCURO WOODCUTS: INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS, DEGRADATION, AND CONSERVATION

Italian chiaroscuro woodcuts are among the most technically innovative of Renaissance prints for being printed in color. A woodcut is made from a wooden plank that is carved in relief, inked, and impressed on paper. Chiaroscuro woodcut prints – named from the Italian term for contrasting light and dark tones – involve printing an image from two or more woodblocks, with each block printed in a different color, to create transitional passages of shading. With two to five superimposed layers of colored, oil-based inks printed onto a paper support, the chiaroscuro woodcut is an object of complex stratigraphy. Several centuries of aging and deterioration of both the inks and paper can cause visual changes that affect a print's legibility, thereby distorting the historical and aesthetic interpretation of the work. A correct assessment of the physical characteristics of the printing process and the colored inks deployed, as well as the condition of the woodcut, is therefore fundamental not only to the art-historical evaluation of prints, but equally to the application of appropriate preservation and conservation measures. A technical survey of over 2000 Italian chiaroscuro woodcuts of the 16th and 17th centuries examined in international collections revealed trends in deterioration of colored inks such as discoloration, fading, blanching, and micro-fissures. Seventy-two prints from the Library of Congress, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and Grunwald Center for the Graphic Arts were examined further using instrumental analysis. The results of this joint study demonstrate the use of unstable colorants such as lead white, verdigris, vermilion, orpiment, and organic pigments. Based on the documented behavior of unstable colorants in oil paint, it is possible to infer how the visual appearance of prints containing such colorants is likely to have changed. The combined evidence is here analyzed in order to establish recommendations for conservation treatment, storage, and parameters for display and equally to inform art-historical interpretation.

Renovation of the wooden St. John The Baptist Church in Zaborol village near Rivne in the context of neo-vernacular trends

In Volhynian architectural heritage the prominent place belongs to wooden churches which are outstanding examples of old vernacular building culture. At the same time a modern renovation of such churches tends to replacing of original exterior wooden planking with PVC siding. This problematic phenomenon can be characterized as neo-venacular trend. It actualizes the problem of preserving the authenticity of such architectural monuments. The example of the St. John the Baptist Church in the Zaborol village near Rivne demonstrates the negative consequences of such renovating work. The need to prevent and control this process is accentuated.

UNUSUAL NEW FINDINGS AT FILIPPOVKA-1 BURIAL MOUND 1, SOUTHERN URALS

New excavations of a burial mound 1 at Filippovka-1, southern Urals, indicate an ancient reconstruction of its eastern part. A large trench was dug shortly after the mound had been erected, and its northern end was connected with the central grave by an underground passage. At the entrance, a cast bronze cauldron, 95 cm high and 1 m in diameter, was placed. At the southern end of the trench, level with the bottom of it, a grave overlaid with wooden planks was discovered. The grave revealed an extremely rich female burial, dating to the 4th century BC and thus contemporaneous with the central burial in the mound.

Electron-Beam Curing of Acrylate/Nanoparticle Impregnated Wood Products

This study investigated the feasibility of using an electron beam (EB) process to cure chemically impregnated wood products. Maple wood planks were impregnated with the low-viscosity resins 1,6 hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDA) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTA). The addition of nanoparticles into the formulation was also studied. The impregnated wood was then cured by EB irradiation. The EB curing method utilizes highly energetic electrons at a controlled energy level to polymerize and cross-link the polymeric materials. The thermal analysis results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed that the curing of chemically impregnated wood by electron beam radiation was validated. Polymerization exotherms were observed for the neat acrylate resin and formulations of acrylate/nanoparticles impregnated maple samples. No polymerization exothermal peaks were observed for both EB-cured impregnated maple and control maple samples, confirming that EB irradiation can serve as an efficient curing method to polymerize acrylate-impregnated wood products. The surface hardness of the EB-cured impregnated maple wood was improved up to 200%.

Resistencia de maderas tratadas térmicamente al ataque de Nasutitermes corniger en ensayos de preferencia de alimento

Resistance of thermally treated woods to Nasutitermes corniger in a food preference testThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of thermal treatment on the resistance of Corymbia citriodora and Pinus taeda woods to the xylophagous termite Nasutitermescorniger, in a food preference test. We used temperatures of 100 °C (control), 160 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C, 220 °C, 240 °C for both wood species, and 260 °C only for Pinus taeda. Three wood planks measuring 6 cm x 16 cm x 56 cm (thickness x width x length) were thermally treated and manufactured in specimens of 10.0 cm x 2.54 cm x 0.64 cm (longitudinal x radial x tangential). Specimens were distributed in randomized blocks, with six treatments (Corymbia citriodora) and seven treatments (Pinus taeda) with 10 repetitions in a 250 liters box with 10 cm of sand; specimens were inserted in the sand, up to 1/3 of their height. The test was maintained for 45 days under laboratory conditions (25 °C ± 2 °C and 65% ± 5% relative humidity). Temperatures of 220 °C and 240 °C slightly improved the resistance of Corymbia citriodora wood to the termite. Improvements on Pinus taeda wood happened at temperatures of 240 °C and 260 °C. The temperatures of 160 °C for the eucalyptus wood and 200 °C for pinus decreased their resistance to the tested termite.