Wooden Handle Research Articles

Innovative Ecofriendly Coconut Husk Brushes

AIM : To reduce the time, energy and labours to cleaning the floor and bathroom by using the of innovative ecofriendly cocnut husk brushes. INTRODUCTION : The outer of almost houses are made by favors, interlocks or tiles or cement. Those are made dirty due to walking or by own vehicles or green algae of thallophytes are grown on the outside floor due to rain and also bathroom become dirty due to daily use. We can easily clean the floor and bathroom by using of the innovative ecofriendly cocnut husk brushes (Innovative Indigenous Floor And Bathroom Cleanig Brushes) in very less time which is made by coir husk. This is eco friendly brush. This brush worked on the principle of Simple Mechanism Theory. METHODS: Take two plates of 1.5x5 inches size of metal plate and these are bent as an arc. 4-5 holes are made on those plates equally for screw nuts. 3 pieces of desirable size of coir husk are cut at one end which becomes a brush. Each coir husk has a hole at another end as shown in the figure. Now, these coir husks are inserted between arc plates and fixed by the help of bolts tightly. Half feet of bent pipe is welded to this one with 60 degree angle as shown in the figure. And then two feet length wooden handle is fixated to this pipe as a handle. Now we can easily clean by rubbing it against the bathroom tiles or outside floor with the help of water. It takes only one minute to clean 1 sq mt area. Comparatively with plastic brush takes three to four minutes. So we can save plenty of time along with being eco friendly. It costs 100 rupees only.

Development of an Automated Wooden Handle Packaging System with Integrated Counting Technology

Manual counting and packaging processes often involve repetitive, error-prone tasks. Specifically, packaging wooden handles, utilized in gardening tools and cutlery, typically relies on labor-intensive methods with dimensions varying in diameter, length and mass. These variations complicate packaging, requiring precise counting and diverse handling solutions. This article introduces an automated counting structure tailored for a wide array of wooden handles manufactured by a company in northern Portugal. Employing standardized mechanical design methodologies, we delineate crucial stages encompassing the design, development, implementation and testing of this specialized counting equipment. The machine has been partially integrated into the management system of the company, taking into account future global integration according to the Industry 4.0 concept.

Experimenting with Pig-based Skin Model for Burns. Testing of Mean Literature Findings.

Introduction: Animal models that closely mimic human burn wound healing processes are essential for developing effective burn wound treatments. Pigs are useful animal models for studying burn wound healing. From their extensive literature review, Andrews and Cuttle (2017) reported mean temperature and exposure time values. This study was done to provide initial burn depth for another experiment comparing two burn wound treatments. The secondary goal was to validate a systematic review on porcine burn model standardization. Material and Methods: Six four-week-old Large White x Landrace gilts were housed in a closed structure for 10 days to acclimatize. The procedures were performed under general anesthesia. A round 2.5 cm copper plate welded to an aluminum rod with a wooden handle caused the injuries. The burning device was used to reach a contact temperature of 110 C on the pig's skin. The objective was to create a superficial partial thickness (SPT) burn for 10 seconds (Group 10s) and a deep partial thickness (DPT) burn for 20 seconds (Group 20s) using a plate heated at 110ºC. No stabilizer or pressure controller was used. Wounds were conclusively dressed and harvested 24 hours later. The usual hematoxylin-eosin protocol was used to cut and stain 4-micron sections. Results: A significant difference (p 0.01) was observed in dermis involvement, with a mean of 85.61 % (95% CI= 80.62 to 90.61) for group 10s and 123.71% (95% CI= 114.91 to 132.50) for group 20s. An exposure time of 20 seconds increased dermis depth-related total collagen denaturation by almost 50% compared to 10 seconds. Conclusions: In conclusion, our experiment produced DPT burns in 10 seconds and FT burns in 20 seconds without a pressure application device.

Risks assessment, production and trade of processed wooden mortal from hardy plant species in Nigeria's vulnerable semi-arid zone

Most of the farming tools used by farmers in the semi-arid zones of Northern Nigeria including hoes, axes, and diggers with wooden handle are complimented by woods. The reliance on these basic tools by farmers has further accelerated the destruction of valuable tree species for the production of these tools/items. This study therefore, examined the production and trading of wooden mortal and pistil in a fragile ecological zone of Nigeria. Results indicated that the ravage production and trading of these tools is engaged exclusively by men aged 20 to 70, with most between 30 and 50, who have not attended formal school and have been in the business for over twenty years. The most preferred species used in the production were <Ficus platyphylla, Faidherbia albida, Vitellaria paradoxa, Prosopis Africana, Balanites aegyptica, Lannea microcarpa, Daniellia oliveri, Vitex doniana, Diospyros mesfilipromis, Afzelia Africana, Isoberlina doka, Parkia biglobosa, and Ceiba pentandra. It was found that from the highly matured tree, only 10 to 20 units are produced and each unit is traded at ₦5000 to ₦10000 Nigerian Naira at 10 to 30 units per month, with 30 to 50% of the plant biomass wasted and used as fuel wood.

Artifacts from the Perspective of Effutu Masquerade Performance: An Aesthetic Album

Artifacts from the Perspective of Effutu Masquerade Performance: An Aesthetic Album

Erratum: Eyestalk Ablation to Increase Ovarian Maturation in Mud Crabs.

Erratum: Eyestalk Ablation to Increase Ovarian Maturation in Mud Crabs.

State-Of-The-Art Developments in Soil Lifting Hand Tool : A Review

Shovel is commonly used for soil lifting, weed removal,ormation, lifting straw, etc. Due to soil packing, unequal height, and other factors, the standardized spade size is not suitable for every worker and every field situation. As a result, the standard shovel lacked flexibility and was unsuitable for all of the labours need to work productively. So a shovel should be introduced that can quickly change the shovel metal head or blade angle to carry out the task effectively, and the wooden handle should be replaced with a suitable alternative.The authors have undertaken several studies looking which aims to research on shovel that increases overall yield while also immediately lowering time consumption and protection.

Раннетюркская оградка из Юго-Восточного Алтая

The article presents the results of the study of the materials obtained during excavations of the early Turkic enclosure at the Chichke-I site. Th is multi-temporal archaeological complex, located 13 km southwest of the Kurai village of the Kosh-Agach district of the Altai Republic, studied in 1982–1983 by the Ongudai detachment of the Altai archaeological expedition of Altai State University. Enclosure 159, located in the northeastern part of the site, was one of the studied objects. During the excavations it was found out that the basis of this structure is a quadrangular enclosure, the sides of which consisted of 18 vertically installed slabs. In the central part of the object, at a depth of 0.35 m from the surface, an iron bit, a stirrup, a knife with the remains of a wooden handle, and an animal bone were found. An analysis of the fi xed structures and a few accompanying inventory made it possible to date the enclosure to the end of the 5th — 6th centuries AD, with a possible narrowing of the indicated chronology to the framework of the fi rst half of the 6th century AD. Th e materials obtained during the excavations of this object expand the range of sites of the initial stage in the history of the Turks of Central Asia, and also supplement the still rather fragmentary information about the features of the ritual practice and material culture of the nomads of the indicated period.

NEW BURIAL OF THE SECOND HALF 10th — EARLY 11th — CENTURY NEAR ST. SOPHIA CATHEDRAL OF KYIV

In 2021, as part of the «Great Restoration» state program, the cobblestones around St. Sophia’s Cathedral in Kyiv were replaced. During these works, the archaeological exploration was carried out with the participation of authors, as a result of which the ancient burial was discovered and investigated.
 The dimensions of the burial pit were about 3 × (1— 1.2) m. It had a depth of 1.6 m, and its bottom situated at a depth of 2.4 m from the modern surface.
 The remains of a rectangular wooden funeral construction were found below, assembled from boards and fastened with more than two dozen iron nails.
 Its overall dimensions are (2.2—2.7) × (0.6—0.64) m and a height of 0.5-0.55 m.
 The remains of two transverse wooden supports were recorded under the funeral construction. They had a triangular cross-section and lay edge down. Each of them was 0.7 m long and 0.15 m wide.
 The skeleton was lying on its back, oriented with its head on northwest. His bones, except for the skull, were preserved in a satisfactory condition.
 The billon jewelry such as the wire rings near the head and a ring on the little finger of the right hand, were found in the burial. The iron a knife with a wooden handle was located near the right knee. Also the two hemispherical bone buttons with carved decoration were discovered on the legs below the pelvic bones. Difference between ornaments, the technique of their execution, sizes and profiles of buttons found nearby Sophia Cathedral testifies to the fact that each of them made by various craftsmen.
 The buttons of a similar shape and ornament there are known from mounds in Chernihiv (Ukraine), Gniozdovo (Russia) and Nishapur (Iran).
 A segment of the barrow with a width of 1.25 m and a depth of 0.75 m was recorded a few meters from the burial trench. This made it possible to determine
 the approximate diameter of the mound above the burial like 5.5-6 m.
 Traces of the development of urban development of the beginning of the 11th century are recorded on the site of the mound. The next stage was in the 20s and 30s of the 11th century, when the St. Sophia Cathedral was built, one of the apses of which was covered part of the territory of the mound. At the same time, one of the apses of the cathedral was covered part of the territory of the mound.
 Considering the historical context of the development of the ancient Kyiv mound necropolis, the mound discovered in 2021 near the northeastern corner of St. Sophia Cathedral can be dated to the second half of the 10th — beginning of 11th century, and most likely between 970 and 1000.

PUTUSAN HAKIM DALAM MENJATUHKAN PIDANA TERHADAP ANAK PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA KEPEMILIKAN SENJATA API ATAU BENDA TAJAM

One form of criminal acts of possession of weapons committed by children or children who are in conflict with the law is in Decision Number: 14/Pid.Sus-Anak/2019/PN Gdt. The research method uses a normative and empirical juridical approach. Sources of normative and empirical data. Collecting data through library research and field research. The data analysis used was qualitative juridical. The results of the research and discussion show that the factors causing the child to be the perpetrator of a criminal act of possession of firearms or sharp objects based on Decision Number: 14/Pid.Sus-Anak/2019/PN Gdt are 1 (one) sharp weapon blade with a wooden handle and a wooden cover is the property of Son HA Bin YH who was brought with the aim to protect themselves. Criminal responsibility for children as perpetrators of criminal possession of firearms or sharp objects based on Decision Number: 14/Pid.Sus-Anak/2019/PN Gdt is to impose a 4 (four) month imprisonment and charge the child to pay a court fee of IDR 2,000 (two thousand rupiah). Judges' legal considerations in imposing criminal sanctions on children as perpetrators of criminal acts of possession of firearms or sharp objects based on Decision Number: 14/Pid.Sus-Anak/2019/PN Gdt are in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law. What is burdensome is that the child's actions are disturbing society, while what mitigates is the child admits frankly and regrets his actions and promises not to repeat it and the child has never been punished.

To haft and to hold: Evidence for the hafting of Clovis fluted points

Clovis fluted points vary considerably in technology and morphology, but also share a set of attributes, the most diagnostic of which are the flute scars, the remnants of the flake removals from the basal region that travelled up towards the tip. Fluting on Clovis and Clovis-like points generally extends no further than a third of the way up the face of the point. Finished points are usually ground smooth along the base and lower edges, suggesting facilitation of the hafting (attachment) to a wooden shaft or handle by way of an ivory or bone socket. The points may have been hafted directly to a main-shaft and used as a thrusting spear during close encounter attacks, or in the hand as knife or butchery tool. Alternatively, an intermediary shaft, or foreshaft may have been used to secure the point. The suggestion of foreshafts being used by Clovis hunters received support after the discovery of bone rods in association with mammoth remains and Clovis points at the type site at Blackwater Draw, New Mexico in 1936. Several other Clovis-aged sites across North America have yielded ivory and beveled rods that have also been associated with foreshafts and the hafting of Clovis points. Scratches that are present on a couple of Clovis points made on varieties of obsidian, have been identified as being “hafting abrasion” evidence, this roughening of the surface would have helped in securing the point into the shaft or socket. In one example from the Hoyt site in Oregon, remains of a “pitch” or hafting adhesive was discovered in the abrasions in the fluted area of the point.

Design and Fabrication of a Manually Operated Vegetable Leaf Slicing Machine

This paper entails the design and fabrication of a manually operated vegetable leaf slicing machine. The developed machine consists of a hopper, the cutter housing, the cutting blades, the rotating shaft, and a wooden handle. The machine was designed to enhance the hygienic slicing of vegetable leaf materials and for prevention of knife-related injuries for both domestic and commercial use. The machine was tested with a slicing efficiency of 95.52 % with a provision of an alternative quick vegetable cutting process with no injuries, no electric power supply and with little or no noise to the operating environment.
 Keywords: Vegetables, slicing, cutting blade, knives, hopper

Ein Schweizer Taschenmesser des Jungpaläolithikums? Experimente zu nicht jagdwaffenbezogenen Verwendungen von Rückenmessern

Backed lithic artifacts are an important part of the Upper Paleolithic tool kit, and are often among the most abundant categories of lithic tools found at Magdalenian and Gravettian sites. Often these tools are exclusively referred to as projectiles, and indeed many – if not most – backed pieces may have been parts of composite projectile heads, mounted laterally onto organic points (e.g., Allain and Descouts 1957; Allain 1979; Abramova 1982; Bergman and Newcomer 1983; Leroi­ Gourhan 1983; Plisson 1985; Nuzhnyi 1993; Christensen and Valentin 2004; Sano 2009; Langlais 2010; Araujo­Igreja 2011; Tomasso et al. 2018). Experiments of varying comprehensiveness concerned with the use of (Magdalenian) backed pieces as projectile inserts have confirmed the effectivity of this setup (e.g., Moss and Newcomer 1982; Pétillon et al. 2011; Gauvrit Roux et al. 2020). However, backed pieces sometimes also served other purposes like cutting, sawing, shaving, scraping or perforating (Moss and Newcomer 1982; Moss 1983; Owen 1988; Piel­Desruisseaux 1998; Christensen and Valentin 2004; Taller et al. 2012). The modular technological system involving these lithic artifacts is highly versatile, mobile and dynamic as there are numerous possibilities of use and as the small lithic inserts are easy to transport and the composite tools themselves are easy to maintain and repair. Here, we present the results of an experiment where different tasks were carried out using backed pieces hafted in a wooden handle or operated handheld. The design of the handles loosely follows examples found at Canadian Dorset sites where bladelets comparable in size to Magdalenian backed pieces were hafted and used as knives (Owen 1988, 88ff.). We tried out the tools in various activities (cutting, perforating and carving/whittling) on a set of worked materials (wood, antler, marine shell, smoked meat, dried, semi­tanned hide, and tanned leather). After the completion of these tasks, the applicability, durability and usefulness of the setup were evaluated and the lithic inserts were checked microscopically for use­wear traces.

МУМИФИЦИРОВАННОЕ ПОГРЕБЕНИЕ РЕБЕНКА ИЗ МОГИЛЬНИКА САРЫГ-БУЛУН (ЦЕНТРАЛЬНАЯ ТУВА) В СВЕТЕ ДАННЫХ АРХЕОЛОГИИ, РЕНТГЕНОГРАФИИ, АНТРОПОЛОГИИ И ГЕНЕТИКИ

In 1988 on the right bank of the Yenisei River in Central Tuva, two burial mounds from the Saryg-Bulun burial ground were excavated. Burial № 5 attracted special attention of archaeologists — it contained the partially mummified remains of a child with a rich and unusual inventory (bow, quiver with arrows, a hat, engraving on a wooden handle) in a wooden block. A recent genetic analysis made it possible to establish, contrary to expectations, the female sex of an individual. Over the years, thanks to the development of natural scientific methods, it was possible to gradually obtain new data on the life and death of this girl. The article presents the results of an examination of the mummy by the method of microfocus digital radiography and a new paleogenetic study, which made it possible to determine the child’s mitochondrial haplogroup (D4g2, which is widespread in East and Central Asia). The rich grave goods indicate the high status. Her biological age was determined — 6–7 years. Indicators of physiological stress (Harris lines), the presence of noticeable physical exertion on the belt of the upper extremities during the child’s life, and rickets were revealed. Radiography made it possible to detect artifacts invisible during a superficial examination, for example, a knife that was previously unnoticed in the deck. Genetic data are consistent with observations on the possible horizontal flattening of the girl’s facial skeleton and the spatula-like shape of her upper incisor. The applied methods and the results obtained allow authors to look in a new light at the issues of the genesis of the Aldy-Bel culture and the theme of childhood in the early Scythian time.

The Relationship of Age, Working Periode, and Work Attitude with Complaints of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome on Workers in the Sumenep Batik Industry Indonesia

Making batik pattern is a job involving hand pinning the canting spout (a small metal cup with a wooden handle) and bending. Unnatural working position for a long time can cause a variety of health problems to workers, one of which is the hands. This can cause Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) which is closely related to repeated and excessive use of hands. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of age, working periode and work attitude with complaints of carpal tunnel syndrome on workers in the Sumenep Batik Industry. This study is an analytical research using observational methods and through a cross sectional approach. The population in the study were all worker in batik who worked using canting. The sample was 32 workers out of 47 workers in the population. Data was collected using interview, questionnaires, panel tests, and work attitude measurements using the RULA observation sheet. The results showed that 68.8% of respondents experienced complaints of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. The majority of CTS complaints were from respondents aged 36-45 years, working for more than 10 years, and having high risk work attitude. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between age, working period and work attitude with CTS complaints. Industrial owners are expected to prepare the same number of melted-wax pan and the workers, so that the workers will have more ergonomic work attitudes. Workers are suggested to take short breaks, do CTS exercises, to immediately visit to the nearest health center if they experience CTS complaints

Железный чекан сакского времени из могильника Джал-Арык II (Кетмень-Тюбинская долина, Западный Тянь-Шань)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the iron battle hatchet from mound 2 of the Jal-Aryk II burial site in Ketmen-Tyube valley in the western part of Tien Shan. Purpose. Battle hatchets are a rare category of weapons of Saka culture in the Tien Shan region. Therefore, the publication of one of the first finds of this type of weapon, which was made in the 1960s, is considered important. Results. The combat hatchet has a straight pin, massive hammered butt and closed shaft-hole for the wooden handle. The combat hatchet also has iron capping, protecting the end of the handle. The features of the funeral inventory from the burial where the hatchet was found and based on analogies from Central Asia and Altai, and dates back to the late 5th – early 4th centuries BC. The closest parallels to it can be found in Saka burials in Semirechie and in related materials of the Kamen (Kamenskaya) culture in the Forest-Steppe of Altai. Conclusion. The investigated combat hatchet is one of the earliest examples of iron arms of the Saka culture in the Tien Shan region. In addition, we can conclude that this type of weapon appeared in their culture as a result of very close cultural contacts with the ancient population of the Forest-Steppe of Altai. However it was ultimately concluded that the combat hatchet from the Ketmen-Tyube valley had local origin and reflects the independent line of development of this type of weapon in the local Saka culture, based on samples from the Forest-Steppe of Altai.

REDESIGN N METAL CASTING TOOLS USING ANTHROPOMETRY AND QFD

The case in the metal casting process is when the metal is melted and then poured into a liquid metal reservoir and then poured into a pouring tool and then poured into a mold. In the process of pouring into the mold is still using manual equipment, namely by using wood which ends have a container such as a bucket ( bucket)) made of a mixture of white cement, brick fire sand and clay and the metal liquid pouring tool has a length of 1.5 cm, a weight of 5 kg with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of a container for liquid metal 20 cm does not include the load. If the pouring device filling with liquid metal, then the weight reaches ± 20 kg, with a weight of ± 20 kg the worker must pour the liquid continuously into the mold and at least each worker must go back and forth 6 times pouring metal liquid into a mold in a single combustion process.
 Based on the nordic body map questionnaire data as many as 8 workers felt pain in the shoulder and arm because the burden was born, resulting in workers often feel pain in the muscles of the arms and back. Because the wooden handle used to pour metal liquid is too slippery (exposed to sweat), so there is a need for improvement in activities.
 From the results of the above observations, it is necessary to design ideas for new work facilities. It expects to affect the improvements related to the position of the hand in the process of pouring liquid into the mold. Then the design idea needs to be done in the form of a casting tool that has been modified and can be used according to user needs and can be said to be ergonomic, safe, and comfortable. The method used in designing castings is quality function deployment and anthropometric techniques.

RESEARCH OF THE CHORNOLISKA CULTURE KURGANS IN THE DNISTER REGION

Two barrows of the late stage of Chornoliska culture were explored near Bernashivka of Mohyliv-Podilskyi district of Vinnytsia region.
 Mound of kurgan 1 consisted of stones of the various sizes and was rifled. The largest of stones are on a peripheral position and actually restricted the mound on all sides, although the large plates were in the center where they compose something like platform. Some stones were on a periphery. Evidently the mound had a rounded shape.
 Under the stone mound two graves have been discovered. The primary grave was located in the southern part of the mound in a pit of 1 m deep covered with stone slabs. Dimensions of the pit are 1.9 Ч 1.5 m. According to some observations the pit was covered with tree and stones. The floor was paved with slabs which almost have not survived. The skeleton of adult man lied in a crouched position on his right side, near the body the iron knife with remains of wooden handle was found. A very interesting feature of the grave is the entrance from the north side looks like the round pit with a diameter of 1.25 m, deepened to the bottom of the grave.
 The second grave was inserted into the mound at the level of the ancient surface. In this grave the skeleton of an adult man with an additional skull was in this grave. The ceramic goblet, the piece of iron pin, two clay spindle whorls, a bowl and fragments of other vessels have been discovered near it.
 In the center of kurgan 2 the stone grave 1.95 Ч 1.2 m in size and 0.8 m deep from the level of ancient horizon was found. The skeletons of two adults man and woman lied on their right side in a crouched position. Two iron knives, iron fibula, a pin, clay spindle whorl, fragments of vessels were found. Another collective burial was discovered northwest outside the kurgan. Kurgans are dated to the late phase of Chornoliska сulture cf. 9th—8th centuries BC.

Demystifying jadeite: an underwater Maya discovery at Ek Way Nal, Belize

Abstract

Орнаментированная булава – ударное оружие и символ власти военачальника у кыргызов Тянь-Шаня

Purpose. We analyzed an extremely rare finding of a mace with a small ornamental iron battle top fastened to a long wooden handle. This mace is a part of a collection of armament objects acquired by museum workers in the course of expeditions on the territory of Kyrgyzstan over the past decades. At present, this collection is stored in the Russian Museum of Ethnography in Saint Petersburg. During the previous historical period, when museum workers had been searching and gathering objects of traditional culture of different peoples on the territory of Central Asia, that finding was acquired together with other characteristic objects of traditional cultures from that region on the territory of Kyrgyzstan. Firstly, it was stored in the Museum of the Peoples of the USSR. We aimed at dating the artifact and identifying its purpose. Conclusion. We traced primary events in the history of studying different types of close combat strike weapons which were used by Kyrgyz warriors in Tian Shan during the Late Middle Ages and New Time. A result of the research conducted is a description of the ornamental iron battle top and the wooden handle of this mace decorated with carved rhomb ornaments. We date the artifact as belonging to the period of Late Middle Ages – New Time. According to the terms used for such types of weapons, the mace could have been used as a striking weapon; however, it its ornamental battle top is of a smaller size than that of traditional maces, so it could have been used as a symbol of power. Results. We conclude that this mace could have been a strike weapon in the course of close and hand-to-hand combats led by Kyrgyz warriors, but also it could have been used as a symbol of power by military commanders of the Kyrgyz forces.