Wooden Floor Research Articles

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Capillary Radiant Heating Floor

In order to study the temperature transference characteristics of capillary radiant heating ground, a glowing temperature change flooring model is typically established to analyze the influence of different factors on the heat transfer characteristics of the heating system. The results show that the distribution of covering temperature is uneven in the radiant heating system, and the fluctuation amplitude increases with the increase of the pipe spacing. At the same time, the change of the surface temperature is further analyzed for the finishing layer material on the radiant heating storey. The results show that the change of the capillary tube spacing leads to a smaller change in the floor exterior temperature when the wood floor is used as the finishing layer. It accurately indicates that the wood floor as the finishing layer can allegedly provide a more balanced surface temperature. Finally, the effects of finishing the layer, filling layer material and pipe spacing are studied for the change of surface heat flux. The results show that the heating effect of 30°C quandary in capillary radiant heating system can merely reach that of 40°C hot water in heating structure with traditional pipe breadth when the finishing layer universally adopts floor tiles and the capillary pipe diameter is 10 mm. This suggests that the thin system can use low-temperature hot water for effective energy-saving heating. The above research results can thoughtfully provide theoretical guidance for radiant floor heating.

Condition assessment of timber in the old built heritage - a case study

Where the rehabilitation and repair of ancient buildings is prevalent, the primary focus is on preserving existing materials and construction techniques. To achieve this, it is crucial that technicians have the expertise and tools to assess the value of traditional materials. This article introduces a practical methodology for identifying and evaluating the physical-mechanical properties of wood in ancient ordinary buildings. The study is grounded in the latest technical-scientific guidelines at the European level and adheres to grading rules defined by European regulations, which have been adapted for structures in service. The methodology also addresses the assessment of widespread biological degradation. The study provides a robust foundation for the technical implementation of in-service inspection actions for wooden structures in built heritage in Portugal and Europe, but its findings can be extrapolated to other countries as well. As a practical illustration, we present and discuss the assessment of a beam representative of a 19th-century ordinary building's wooden floor structure. In this case study, we applied a practical and viable assessment strategy, supported by an on-site inspection procedure. We conclude that inspection work is fundamental to underpinning a well-structured project and that equipping technicians with experience in working with ancient buildings and a practical and straightforward methodology is key to successful condition monitoring. This work forms part of the research activity conducted at Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS) and has been funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) as part of project UIDB/04625/2020.

Study of the physical and mechanical properties of capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum [Bentham] Hooker f. ex Schumann) wood as a potential for solid wood flooring production

The present study aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of a 20-year-old plantation of the species Calycophyllum spruceanum, known in Peru as “capirona,” for its potential for wood flooring production. For this purpose, samples were collected from six trees in a plantation located in the district of Curimaná, department of Ucayali, Peru. Physical and mechanical property tests were conducted following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D143-94(2000) standard. The results showed that capirona has a basic density of 0,68 g/cm3, which is considered a heavy wood, and exhibits moderate dimensional stability. The mechanical properties demonstrated that the wood has a high resistance to bending and compression parallel to the grain, and a very high resistance to compression perpendicular to the grain, hardness, shear, and toughness. Based on the Peruvian Technical Standard (NTP) 251.135:2013, the characteristics of capirona wood for flooring were evaluated, yielding positive results and indicating its potential for solid wood flooring production.

Discontinuous Galerkin method for vibration of structures with piecewise constant material properties

In this work, the vibrations of a structure excited by an impact source are modelled using the time domain nodal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method, which solves linear elasticity equations. A scaled lightweight wooden floor (LWF) structure which consists of components that differ in their mechanical properties is taken as a case study. The Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions for piece-wise constant material properties are used to obtain accurate numerical fluxes in the DG method, and their detailed derivation is the main contribution of this work. Free boundary conditions are applied on the surface of the structures, and constant viscous damping force is added to the model to have vibrational energy losses. To validate the numerical results, the mobility of the structure is calculated and compared with experimental data. The agreement is good regarding the natural frequencies, with a maximum absolute difference of less than 11 Hz in the frequency range below 200 Hz. The adopted damping approach is shown to be insufficient to represent a broad frequency range.

Preparation of Nano Silicon Carbide Modified UV Paint and Its Application Performance on Wood Flooring Surface.

This study aims to tackle the drawback of non-abrasion-resistance of wood flooring with paint finish. A new method for preparing wood flooring with super-abrasion-resistant coatings by adding nano silicon carbide (SiC) particles to the paint was developed. As indicated by the results, the best mass fraction of nano SiC powder added in ultraviolet (UV) paint is 2.0%, the suspension liquid is stable when the mass concentration of sodium hexametaphosphate added is 2.5%, and it is better for the site humidity to remain below 75% when the nano SiC paint coating is applied. During the preparation of wood flooring with super-abrasion-resistant coating finish, the dosage of finish applied each time should not exceed 30 g/m2. During the sanding process, the sanding speed needs to be increased by about 2 m/s compared with that for the ordinary UV nano SiC primer in production. The test results of the performance of finished products indicate that the prepared wood flooring has better film abrasion resistance, adhesion of paint film, and film hardness. Meanwhile, because the paint film is durable and weather resistant, the service life of flooring is effectively extended, avoiding a significant waste of the product's use value and broadening the product's application range.

The Impact of Top-Layer Sliced Lamella Thickness and Core Type on Surface-Checking in Engineered Wood Flooring

Surface-checking is a significant quality issue of veneer and sliced lamellae-based wood products. This study explores how surface-checking in sliced lamellae-based engineered wood Flooring (EWF) is influenced by two key structure parameters: core type and top-layer thickness. The core types assessed were a standard solid wood lamellae with a veneer back-end layer (S), a standard solid wood lamellae core with veneer back-end layers on the two sides (DS), and a single-layer oriented strand board (OS) core. The EWF element’s top-layer lamellae were plain sliced at nominal dimensions of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mm from freshly sawn slabs of European oak (Quercus spp.). The surface-checking of EWF specimens was quantified based on a digital image correlation (DIC) method, which outputs a surface-checking index. The surface-checking results were evaluated using a Tweedie compound Poisson data distribution to fit a general linear model. The model evaluated the impact of individual factors, sliced lamellae thickness and core type, and their interaction. The checking index confidence intervals were estimated using a bootstrapping technique. Findings reveal a significant interaction between studied factors and provide insight into optimizing top-layer thickness and core construction to diminish surface-checking. A low sliced lamella thickness on standard solid wood lamellae core resulted in low surface-checking, deemed relevant for further research.

Numerical Analysis of Vibroacoustic Response of Timber Floor Panels Damped with Porous Materials

This research aims to investigate the impact of incorporating porous materials on reducing noise and vibration in wooden floor panels, and to analyze the vibroacoustic performance of the assembled panel under different types of excitation and boundary conditions, particularly in the lower frequency range. The study begins with an experimental investigation and numerical modeling to determine the mechanical properties of the orthotropic wood material used in the floor panels. Subsequently, a finite element formulation, based on a variational approach, is presented to study the vibroacoustic response of an elastic structure coupled with a porous material exhibiting realistic behavior. The porous material is characterized by two phases: solid and fluid, represented in the formulation through the displacement field for the solid phase and the pressure for the fluid phase. This formulation offers the advantage of reduced computation cost and simplifies the coupling between all domains. To calculate the acoustic radiation of the structure, the Rayleigh integral is employed. Utilizing the proposed numerical approach, a comprehensive study is conducted to analyze the reduction in vibration–acoustic response of the floor with the incorporated porous layer, taking into account different types of excitation and boundary conditions applied to the system.

Effect of Differences in Wooden Floors on Human Physiology and Psychology during Walking II.

Effect of Differences in Wooden Floors on Human Physiology and Psychology during Walking II.

Waterlogged wood remains found in a Late Bronze Age settlement (İnönü Cave) on the Western Black Sea coast of Türkiye

The remains of wooden structures belonging to the Late Bronze Age were unearthed during the excavations carried out in the İnönü Cave, which is located approximately 25 km inside the Ereğli district of Zonguldak, on the western Black Sea coast of Türkiye. Thanks to the special conditions of the cave, the woods that makes up the structures that have survived until today has been examined within the scope of this study. All wood flooring elements examined in this study consist of water-filled wood, except for one example (NNDK-1), which has semi-water-filled properties. In the construction of the wooden floor, one oak species from the white oak group (probably Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and one pine species from the Sylvestris group (probably Pinus nigra Arnold), Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner and Acer L. sp. were used. In addition, the most used genus in its construction was oak (Quercus L., section Quercus). The inhabitants of İnönü cave in the Late Bronze Age must have met their wood needs from nearby local resources. Wood anatomical analysis pointed out the occurrence of riverine forests formed by Black alder along the streams and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests formed by Sessile oak, maple, and Black pine in İnönü cave and its vicinity. These, together with others like Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Carpinus betulus L., Carpinus orientalis Mill., Salix alba L., and Populus nigra L., are the genera/species present in the region today.

UJI BEBAN PADA STRUKTUR BANGUNAN CAGAR BUDAYA JEMBATAN LOJI KOTA PEKALONGAN

The Loji Bridge in Pekalongan City is a cultural heritage building that was built in 1880, during the Dutch East Indies colonial period. The Loji Bridge is more than 150 years old and is still standing and is only used for bicycle and motorbike traffic. When it was built, it was an important bridge because it was a bridge on the north coast road. Until now, this has been the way of the economy. The condition of the bridge is currently unknown as to its structural feasibility. The Pekalongan city government will revitalize the bridge left over from the Dutch era so that it can be used again. If it is not possible for traffic to be used, it will be used as a place for MSME activities. So in the city of Pekalongan there are interesting places to attract visitors as culinary tourism spots and others.To determine the suitability of the bridge structure with a span of 50 meters, testing needs to be carried out. The test carried out is a load test. Why is a loading test carried out because there is no bridge building data, superstructure data or substructure/foundation data. So with a loading test you can immediately determine the amount of load the bridge can safely withstand.The loading method uses water loads, namely by creating a loading pool. The load is adjusted to the planned traffic load / live load. The equipment installed and recorded during the test is to determine and monitor the bridge settlement, either in the pillars or beams. Monitoring is carried out to maintain deflection / settlement. So that the decrease / deflection that occurs during testing is still within safe limits.The equipment used to monitor and record deflection is a Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT) which is connected to a data logger and computer. The LVDT is placed on wooden stakes / poles stuck into the river bed, so that the readings decrease relative to the river bed.Loji Bridge with a span of 50 meters consists of 4 pillars and 2 abutments. Upper structure with asphalt pavement, wooden plank floor. The abutments use river stone pairs and the pillars use 7 solid pipes with a diameter of 12 cm. Later, it is planned to replace the wooden floor with a reinforced concrete slab floor on the bridge.

Deformation rate of engineered wood flooring with response surface methodology and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system.

Controlling the deformation rate is the key to improving the product quality of engineered wood flooring. In this work, the changes in the deformation rate of engineered wood flooring were in focus with cold-pressing, response surface methodology, and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system were used to explore the relationship between deformation rate and processing parameters, including adhesive spreading rate, pressing time, and pressing pressure. According to the results, the deformation rate was positively related to pressing time, while it increased first and then decreased with both the increase of adhesive spreading rate and pressing pressure. Meanwhile, a mathematical model was developed, and the significant influence of each term on the deformation rate was analyzed. This model had high feasibility and can be used to describe the relationship between the deformation rate and processing parameters. Furthermore, an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system model was established. It has higher accuracy than that of the response surface methodology model, and it can be used for predicting deformation rate and optimizing processing parameters. Finally, an optimal processing conditions with the lowest deformation rate was determined as follows: 147 g/m2 adhesive spreading rate, 12s pressing time, and 1.2 MPa pressing pressure, and it hope to be adopted in the industrial processing of engineered wood flooring with respective of the higher product quality and lower production costs.

Optimal log floor patterns

Multi-storey timber constructions predominantly employ engineered wood products as their primary materials. However, these materials undergo extensive processing, including cutting, grading, sorting, planing, and gluing, significantly increasing their cost and environmental impact. An alternative approach to promote the use of timber in construction is to use logs for columns, beams, and floors in buildings, taking advantage of the significant advancements in parametric design and robotics. Nevertheless, it presents specific challenges, such as developing appropriate designs for log connections and establishing protocols for their mechanical characterisation, which are beyond the scope of this research.The main focus of this article is to conduct a comparative examination of various layout patterns for log floors, aiming to minimise wood consumption and floor thickness. To obtain generalisable conclusions independent of parameters such as wood strength, loads or floor dimensions, an original optimisation method has been developed, inspired by morphological indicators. This article demonstrates that the conventional approach of using parallel joists along the shorter span may not always be advantageous. Instead, it highlights cost-effective solutions that enhance the value of smaller-diameter and shorter logs.

Effects of implanted wood components on environmental restorative quality of indoor informal learning spaces in college

The recovery needs of college students are growing. This study aimed to investigate the effects of implanted wood components in indoor informal learning spaces on restorative quality and the main mediators of the degree of wood configuration on restoration likelihood. Taking the library's leisure discussion area as the space carrier, students were recruited to experience virtual reality (VR) in ten kinds of spaces with different wood-component implantation schemes and conduct a restorative perceptual evaluation. First, the restorative perception of the space implanted with the wood structure and wood enclosure components was stronger than that of the space implanted only with wood enclosure components, especially when the wood rate exceeded 60%. The wood-component implantation scheme with the highest restorative score was as follows: the wood rate was in the range of 60–80%, with wood beams, wood columns, wood floor, wood roof, and wood walls being implanted simultaneously. Second, when the wood rate was below 80%, the restorative quality was substantially improved by increasing the wood rates and wood-application positions on the space surface. The restorative quality slowly decreased when the wood rate exceeded 80%. Finally, fascination, compatibility, naturalness, and preference mediated the effects of the degree of wood configuration on judgements of the restoration likelihood. Among them, the mediating effect generated through naturalness and preference was relatively large. Our research results provide wood-application guidance for the design and renewal of healthy indoor informal learning spaces in colleges, providing a reference for future research on the restoration of wood spaces.

Modelling the Unidentified Abortion Burden from Four Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms (Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, Brucella ovis, and Chlamydia abortus) in Ewes Based on Artificial Neural Networks Approach: The Epidemiological Basis for a Control Policy.

A two-stage cluster survey design was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of abortifacient microorganisms and to identify putative factors of infectious abortion. The overall seroprevalence of Brucella was 70.7%, while Leptospira spp. was 55.2%, C. abortus was 21.9%, and B. ovis was 7.4%. Serological detection with four abortion-causing microorganisms was determined only in 0.87% of sheep sampled. The best GLM is integrated via serological detection of serovar Hardjo and Brucella ovis in animals of the slopes with elevation between 2600 and 2800 meters above sea level from the municipality of Xalatlaco. Other covariates included in the GLM, such as the sheep pen built with materials of metal grids and untreated wood, dirt and concrete floors, bed of straw, and the well water supply were also remained independently associated with infectious abortion. Approximately 80% of those respondents did not wear gloves or masks to prevent the transmission of the abortifacient zoonotic microorganisms. Sensitizing stakeholders on good agricultural practices could improve public health surveillance. Further studies on the effect of animal-human transmission in such a setting is worthwhile to further support the One Health initiative.

Effects of Impact Sound Insulation of Floor Covering on the Properties of Wood Organic Resilient Material

近年來樓板緩衝材多以玻璃棉、橡膠墊或發泡類等工業化之產品為主，在製程或回收利用上亦須依賴大量能源之供應。因此，本研究在地球永續與循環經濟之課題下，以栓皮櫟（Quercus suber）樹種作為研究對象，利用木栓層（Cork layer）組織特性，開發木質有機緩衝材，並搭配複合木地板之面材進行樓板衝擊音隔音性能之探討。研究結果顯示，在栓皮櫟樹皮顆粒使用比例為30 %時，衝擊音降低量預估值達22 dB，較10 %及20 %之比例條件佳，且低頻衝擊音降低量數值較常見之橡膠發泡與PU發泡佳，顯示本研究之木質有機緩衝材除符合生態綠建材之原則外，亦可提升建築樓板之隔音性能。In recent years, glass wool, rubber, and foam were the main materials used in floor resilient material, which consume a lot of energy in the process of recycling. Under the topic of earth sustainability and circular economy, in this study, we took Quercus suber as the research object, and use the organizational characteristics of the Cork layer to develop wood organic resilient material. We discussed the floor impact sound insulation performance of laminate wood flooring and wood organic resilient material. The result showed when using 30 % cork oak, the impact sound reduction value of the floor covering was 22 dB. The impact sound insulation performance of low frequencies of wood organic resilient material was better than rubber and foam. The wood-organic resilient material produced in this study was in line with ecological green building materials and improved the sound insulation performance of building floors.

Penerapan Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Pada CV Aulia Di Surabaya

CV. Aulia is a company engaged in the wood flooring processing industry and selling wood floors. The purpose of this study was to find out whether there is a difference between the calculation of the cost of production that has been done by the company and the calculation of the cost of production based on theory or what should be by using the Full Costing Method. This type of research is qualitative research. The research data was obtained by conducting observations, interviews, and literature studies. The results of the research show that there are differences in the difference between the calculation of the cost of production according to the company and the calculation of the cost of production based on theory or what it should be. The calculation of the cost of production used by the company so far is still very simple, namely by calculating the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs and factory overhead costs which only include indirect labor costs. The calculation of the cost of production is based on theory or should have a higher nominal value compared to the calculation of the company's cost of goods according to the company. This is because all factory overhead costs such as auxiliary costs, fuel costs, electricity costs and electricity depreciation costs are included in the calculation of the cost of production.

Finding Patterns of Construction Systems in Low-Income Housing for Thermal and Energy Performance Evaluation through Cluster Analysis

Energy consumption in buildings depends on many factors, including envelope materials. This paper aims to propose a method based on cluster analysis for finding reference models based on actual construction systems of low-income housing. Such reference models can be used in future thermal and energy performance studies. Data on the envelope composition of a sample of 106 dwellings were obtained through a field survey in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. Cluster analyses were performed to group similar materials and construction systems together, and therefore, a reference model was obtained for each cluster. Computer simulations and hypothesis tests were performed to verify whether the reference models represented the sample. Three reference models were obtained from the cluster analysis. Cluster 1 comprised houses with ceramic-brick walls, concrete floor, and concrete slabs. Cluster 2 comprised houses with ceramic-brick walls, concrete floor, ceramic tiles, and wooden ceilings. Cluster 3 comprised houses with wooden walls, wooden floor, cement tiles, and wooden ceilings. Cluster 1 performed better than the other clusters in the cold season (mean degree-hour was 1299 for cooling and 1361 for heating in the reference model). Cluster 2 performed better the other clusters over the hot season (mean degree-hour was 1014 for cooling and 1451 for heating). Cluster 3 showed the worst performance (mean degree-hour was 3793 for cooling and 2988 for heating). Thus, the hypothesis tests have shown that the three reference models differ from each other and can represent their clusters properly. Cluster analysis was a practical and objective method for obtaining reference models.

Vibrational performance of wood floors in traditional residential timber structures in southwest China

ABSTRACT As one of the main forms of traditional timber buildings, the column-and-tie timber (Chuan-Dou style) structure is still widely used in South China. Compared to global behavior of those structures, less attention was paid to the vibrational performance of the wood floor systems in the structures. In this study, both traditional wood floor systems and nailed cross-laminated timber (NCLT) floor systems were tested in a full-scale column-and-tie structure. The vibrational properties of the two floor systems, including the fundamental frequency, the deflections at static point load root-mean-square amplitude, were obtained and compared. It was found that in terms of the fundamental frequency and the deflections at static point load, both floors meet the suggested requirements. In the sense of root-mean-square amplitudes, the vibrational performance of both floors is not satisfying. The vibrational performance of the NCLT floor is better than that of the traditional floor, and the vibrational performance of the NCLT floor may be improved further by increasing the number of nails between laminations and changing the boundary conditions in the subsequent study, which is only our speculation, and the real situation needs to be further investigated. This research helps to understand the vibrational performance of traditional wood floors and provides a possible floor system with better vibration serviceability in column-and-tie timber structures.

Measurement of surface-checking in sliced lamellae-based engineered wood flooring using digital image correlation

The lack of quantitative methods for surface-checking measurements may hinder improving the product characteristics of engineered wood flooring products built with sliced top-layer lamellae. This study evaluated the digital image correlation method for its applicability to surface checking measurements in engineered wood flooring elements with the top-layer comprising the plain sliced lamellae of oak (Quercus spp.) species with nominal thicknesses of 1.5–4.5 mm. The method involves observing full-field surface displacements of the sliced lamellae-based wood flooring specimens subjected to an accelerated sorption/desorption cycle. Detection of surface checks relates to discontinuities in surface displacements which can be interpreted from the output strain data as strain peak regions. Additionally, a surface-checking index was defined to describe the extension of surface-checking. Exposure tests were performed on a combination of coating presence and a different number of testing cycles. The main findings provide insight into the method procedure parameters, such as exposure duration, climate conditions, analysis parameters and recommendations regarding the digital image correlation setup settings and specimen manufacturing.

Pengendalian Kualitas Produk Kayu di CV. Berdikari Sukses dengan Menggunakan Metode Seven Quality Tools

The objective of this research is to select a high-quality product for a successful self-released CV and reduce a non-high-quality product to a successful independent CV during the production process. Success is a company that works in the industry of building goods made of wood. Products made include wooden floors, wood for building materials, handrails, door frames, and floors with deck. There are seven major quality control tools that can be used to control quality. These include sheet checks, histograms, control charts, pareto diagrams, fishbone diagram, scatter diagrammes, and stratification. When a processed wood is rotated, there are three types of damage that can occur: monocular or perforated damage, damaged damage in the middle part, and hard damage. The biggest damage is border or hole damage, which accounts for 47.19 percent of the total damage. The inability of wood products to break. The total damage percentage is 13481, with an intermediate rupture of 30.55% and the lowest resistance result of 22.24%.