Wooden Fence Research Articles

Munculnya Krapyak dan Perubahan Lingkungan di Mataram pada Abad ke-17

Humans have been hunting animals for thousands of years. Hunting activities can no longer be seen as simply killing animals. Hunting has such a broad meaning. In the 17th century, Mataram kings did hunting as a habit in krapyak. This name of area is a large area surrounded by a wooden fence filled with animals. The Mataram kings could freely hunt without fearing being attacked by wild animals. The king’s habit of hunting in krapyak was often thought of merely as a pastime. This research attempts to scrutinize the effect of the development of krapyak environmental change at Mataram in the 17th century through literature study. Then, the study used both resources, primary and secondary historical data. An anthropocentric approach and materialism-historical analysis were used to understand the damage caused by the development of krapyak and the environmental change that occurred. This research shows that hunting in krapyak is not merely seen as a king’s pastime, but also affirms territorialization and implicitly legislates wildlife ownership. The presence of it also indicated environmental changes in the Mataram area in the 17th century.

Numerical modeling of bamboo fences with various infill porosities deployed for mangrove restoration

As part of mangrove restoration initiatives eco-friendly fence has been implemented in eroded coastal areas in recent years. These fences provide the capacity to mitigate incoming wave energy and facilitate sediment deposition, thereby promoting the establishment and maintenance of mangrove habitats. Nevertheless, it is crucial to investigate the influence of the infill porosity on the wave dissipation performance of these fences, as the infill porosity can vary considerably across different restoration projects. The aim of this research is to explore the relationship between the infill porosity and wave dissipation effectiveness to identify more efficient designs for these eco-friendly restoration measures. The experiments involving wave interactions with fence models were conducted in a wave flume measuring 0.8 m in width and 25 m in length. Four wooden fences with distinct infill porosities ranging from 0.60 to 0.90 were strategically positioned to assess wave transmission, reflection, and dissipation phenomena under 18 distinct wave conditions. Additionally, the simulating waves till shore (SWASH)model was employed to calibrate critical bulk drag coefficient parameters and simulate the flow velocity distribution surrounding the fences under the experimental wave conditions. The findings indicated that a fence with a reduced infill porosity exhibits a higher wave transmission coefficient. However, this is accompanied by a higher reflection coefficient and lower wave energy dissipation within the fence. Both the infill porosity and incident wave conditions influence the flow velocity distribution characteristics in the vicinity of the fences. The area where the interaction between waves and fences is the most prominent is concentrated in the upper water layer immediately adjacent to the frontal section of the fences. Understanding the velocity distribution and hydrodynamic characteristics of the fence area aids in better determining the suitable porosity of fill materials for engineering applications.

경남내륙지역 목관·목곽묘의 구조적 특징과 축조양상

This study examined the wooden gasket tombs and wooden chamber tombs in Gyeongnam Inland areas from two main perspectives. It summarizes recent excavation cases to review the structural characteristics of these tombs and infers the construction style and burial methods through the example of the Jeongjang-ri Tomb No. Ⅲ-86. Firstly, the wooden gasket tombs consist of ① burial area (tomb pit), ② wooden gasket, ③ backfill soil, ④ topsoil, ⑤ wooden fence, and ⑥ mound, which are not significantly different from those found in the Yeongnam region. However, the wooden gasket tomb at Jangchon-ri B-25 is a unique half-cut chamber type. What is particularly noteworthy is that the lower part of the tomb pit is excavated about 10° eastward from the top, where the wooden gasket is placed. Additionally, the wooden gasket tomb at Dohang-ri #48 lacks backfill soil and exhibits a distinctive structure with retaining walls. The structure of the wooden chamber tombs consists of ① burial area (tomb pit), ② wooden chamber, ② wooden gasket, ③ pedestal, ④ backfill soil, ⑤ topsoil, ⑥ capstone, and ⑦ outer wall. There are various types of wooden chamber tombs, including single-chamber style, double-chamber style, and compound chamber style. Among them, the wooden chamber tombs in Jeongjang-ri is notably distinct because it has separate compartments on both walls for the relics among the double-chamber style tombs that have both the inner and outer walls and the single-chamber style tombs. Additionally, the floor surface is excavated to install a pedestal, and two to five wooden planks are placed across it. And it is clear that the inside and outside are installed on the wooden board. Second, the architectural features and burial styles have been reconstructed by inferring the procedure of construction based on the structural features of the Jeongjang-ri Tomb No. Ⅲ-86. The assumed procedure is as follows: Excavation of the ① burial area and ② tomb pit and installation of the pedestal → Installation of horizontal wooden planks and longitudinal planks → ④ Installation of inner and outer walls and backfilling → ⑤ Placement of body and artifacts → ⑥ Closing and sealing of the wooden gasket and mound construction. Therefore, the Jeongjang-ri Tomb No. Ⅲ-86, among others, holds significance as it provides an opportunity to comprehensively reconstruct the structural characteristics and construction processes of wooden chamber tombs in the Gyeongnam Inland region.

함안 가야리 토성 소고

The Earthen Fortress of Haman Gayari are the remains of Earthen Fortress representative of Aragaya along with the Malisan Ancient Tombs, which were recently designated as a UNESCO World Heritage sites. The sites are located in the hills of Gayari, which offers an excellent view of most of the Hamancheon Stream basin. Although references to the sites have been confirmed since the Joseon Dynasty, the archaeological investigation began in 2018 and continues until 2022. As a result of the investigation, Earthen Fortress, which was built using formworked earth techniques, was confirmed for the first time in the Gaya area, and the interior space of a Earthen Fortress, one building with an elevated floor, seven buildings with pit-dwelling, four pits, and the pillar hole groups, archaeologically proving it was a living space for the Aragaya ruling class. In particular, Earthen Fortress, which has a total circumference of about 2.4 kilometers, is the largest among the Earthen Fortress of Gaya culture, and is on par with the royal fortresss of the Three Kingdoms, such as Buso Fortress in Buyeo and Wolseong Fortress in Gyeongju. The construction technique of the Fortress shows a difference between the first wall and the repaired, and the expanded wall. The first wall was built using the formworked earth techniques and the construction method, which is different from the formworked earth techniques of Hanseong Baekje. The repaired and expanded wall, embankment techique was used and the defense power was reinforced by installing a wooden fence. The structure of the Earthen Fortress consists of inner fortress and outer fortress, and shows a unique pattern connecting the Gayari Embankment from the northeast of the outer fortress. Also in the south of inner fortressthere is a presumptive embankment sites, which is also observed in Japanese colonial era photographs and intellectual maps. And the structure of the wall changes with time, and it changes from earthen fortress to a wooden fortress. Wooden Fortress is again divided into the slope barrier stage and the top barrier stage, and in the latter case, there is a possibility that the wall was raised once more. The construction techniques and structures of this sites do not simply show Aragaya's civil engineering technology, but it is a clue to understanding exchanges with neighboring countries and an important evidence to gauge Aragaya's national power. And around the Gayari sites, there are many major sites of Aragaya, including Bongsan Fortress, West ridge of the Malisan Ancient Tombs, Seonwang Ancient Tombs, Deokjeon Ancient Tombs, Pildong Ancient Tombs, and Gayari Embankment sites, so it is highly likely that Gayari Earthen Fortress was the royal fortress of Aragaya.

Wave transmission coefficient reduction by wooden fences

In this study, we investigate the efficiency of wooden fences in reducing wave amplitude using a modified version of the Linear Shallow Water Equations. The resulting model is solved analytically and numerically to obtain the wave transmission coefficient. We apply a staggered finite volume method to obtain the numerical solution of the model, which is subsequently validated through comparison with the analytical solution of the equations and experimental data from a previous study. The validated scheme is then employed to simulate the wave attenuation of wooden fences. We anticipate that this method will prove valuable in the construction of coastal defense systems, particularly for the protection of mangroves.

Effect analysis of wooden fence width on wave transmission by SWASH model

Wooden fences, a permeable structure, have become a nature-based solution for supporting traditional structures to restore mangrove forests along the Mekong deltaic coasts. Even though prior studies have explored a number of hydraulic functions of these fences, an in-depth investigation into the influence of fence width on wave dissipation and damping is needed to consider. Therefore, this paper employs a numerical approach to thoroughly examine the impact of fence width on wave damping. The findings illustrate the substantial role of fence width in governing the dissipation of incoming waves. The correlation between the transmission coefficient and the fence width is established. This relationship also concludes that the larger the fence thicknesses, the lower the transmission coefficients. Notably, the study also identifies that the transmission coefficient experiences a slight decline beyond a certain width threshold.

Pedestrian visual satisfaction and dissatisfaction toward physical components of the walking environment based on types, characteristics, and combinations

An uncomfortable urban environment negatively affects residents' physical and mental health. Creating a high-quality walking environment is increasingly acknowledged as an essential component of promoting walking to improve people's health. Configuring key physical aspects of the walking environment to be more appealing satisfies the needs of pedestrians and encourages walking. However, pedestrians' satisfaction or dissatisfaction, which may vary according to the characteristics and combinations of environmental and landscape components, have rarely been investigated at the detailed street level. This study investigates pedestrians' satisfaction and dissatisfaction with physical environmental components, including types, characteristics, and combinations. This study surveyed 810 pedestrians regarding their visual preferences among 200 walking environment images to identify satisfying and dissatisfying components (i.e., satisfiers and dissatisfiers). Results indicate that, depending on their characteristics, some components can act as either satisfiers (e.g., wood and steel) or dissatisfiers (e.g., plastic). The effects of combinations of components can also be synergistic or antagonistic rather than merely additive, with either positive (e.g., adjacent road with wooden fences) or negative (e.g., adjacent road with curved path) combined impacts. This study informs the creation of a more satisfactory walking environment at the street level by guiding landscape planning, including the addition, removal, and modification of physical environmental components, ultimately contributing to an increase in urban residents' walking activity.

Coastal wave-energy attenuation by artificial wooden fences deployed for mangrove restoration: an experimental study

By offering natural protection along offshore wetlands, mangroves play a crucial role in providing great ecological and economic benefits to local communities. However, mangroves are currently facing an increasing threat of decline worldwide due to widespread human activities and climate change. Recently, eco-friendly wooden fences have been deployed along eroded coasts for mangrove restoration projects, and these fences have the capability to attenuate incoming waves and strengthen sediment deposition in new habitats for mangrove colonization and persistence. However, the design and performance of the fences used can differ substantially among different projects; therefore, it is necessary to study the major factors affecting the wave dissipation performance of these fences and find out a more effective structural design. Thus, we focus on two distinct types of fences with and without porous infill to study the function of infill porosity and frame density, and physical experiments of waves transmission through the fences were carried out in a wave flume, in which nine wooden fences with varied infill porosities (0.60–0.90) and frame densities (0.40 and 0.70) were predetermined to measure the wave transmission, reflection, and wave dissipation. In total, 180 experimental runs were conducted under 18 wave conditions with different wave steepness. The results showed that the fence with a lower infill porosity appears to increase wave transmission coefficient that comes at a cost of a higher reflection coefficient and less wave-energy dissipation inside the fence, and the fence with the highest porosity infills (90%) is nearly equivalent to the fence without any infills but a dense frame in terms of wave damping performance. Moreover, the wave transmission through both fences with and without infill can be remarkably affected by incoming wave steepness. The outcome of the research is not only indicating the importance of the appropriate infill porosity in attenuating incoming waves but also guiding the design of mangrove restoration project in offshore wetlands.

Tang remains from the Keyak Khduk Beacon site in Yuli County, Xinjiang

Abstract Through consecutive fieldwork seasons from 2019 to 2020 at the Keyak Khduk Beacon site, the excavation team of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has unearthed a variety of structures such as a residential area, a berm, a wooden fence, a ramp, and several ash piles. All uncovered artifacts are of practical use for frontier soldiers, including paper and wooden-strip documents, objects made of ceramic, bronze, iron, wood, stone, bone, horn, leather, textile, and grass, and many remains of plants and animals. The excavated texts mention different levels of military units such as “Tonghai Garrison” and “Yulin Garrison” and multiple military roads such as “Loulan Route,” “Yanqi Route,” and “Mazezei Route.” The information fills the gap in the historical records about the military defense system under the Karasahr Garrison, one of the Four Garrisons of Anxi, proving the Tang’s effective administration and governance over the Western Regions. This excavation project has provided new materials for understanding Tang garrisons’ planning characteristics and construction techniques in the Western Regions. It will also greatly facilitate research progress in Dunhuangology, Turfanology, bibliography, history of calligraphic art, and other related fields.

Das Heiligtum des Jupiter Optimus Maximus auf dem Pfaffenberg/Carnuntum 3: Ausgrabungen und Funde im Spannungsfeld der Interessen. By Werner Jobst (Der römische Limes in Österreich 41.3). 3 vols. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 2021. Pp. 990 + 43 folding plans. €249. ISBN 978-3-7001-8399-0 (cloth).

<i>Das Heiligtum des Jupiter Optimus Maximus auf dem Pfaffenberg/Carnuntum 3: Ausgrabungen und Funde im Spannungsfeld der Interessen</i>. By Werner Jobst (Der römische Limes in Österreich 41.3). 3 vols. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 2021. Pp. 990 + 43 folding plans. €249. ISBN 978-3-7001-8399-0 (cloth).

ON THE ISSUE OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES OF THE EASTERN FORTIFICATION OF BILSK HILLFORT

Bilsk is the largest fortified settlement of the Early Iron Age in Europe. The defensive line of the site consists of a rampart and the moat of more than 30 km length surrounding the area of ca. 5 thousand hectares. Over the years of the exploration of this archaeological site the idea of the time of settlement of certain parts of the archaeological complex, the origin and peculiarities of the creation of grand defensive structures was gradually formed. A special role in the process of their formation and use was played by the Eastern fortification, the fortified walls of which existed for more than two centuries. Recent exploration of its rampart and moat taking into account the results obtained last years suggest the creation of strong defencive system on the place of unfortified settlements and offered new vision of the appearance of fortified walls.&#x0D; The analysis of excavation materials of different years allows us to state that the territories occupied by unfortified settlements in the pre-fortress period were much larger and went beyond the future line of wood-earth fortifications. For more than a century and a half in the western part of the settlement complex there were no defencive structures. Only open settlements are known, which appeared in the last third of the 8th century BC. The situation changed in the second half of 6th century BC when the eastern part of the complex was occupied by the population with other traditions. Probably at the beginning of the third quarter of the 6th century BC the founders of the settlement, located in the eastern part of the watershed plateau, surrounded the most important part of the village with a wooden fence (a wall of logs, or mud). A similar wall defended the settlements within the modern Western settlement. The defensive line of the Great Fortress was later planned according to the same principle. We believe that such a light fence, without additional engineering structures, had no defensive significance but determined its own social space of settlements, which housed the estates of local tribal leaders, the most important public buildings and other facilities. Probably belonging to the different tribal groups prompted the inhabitants of the two settlements to strengthen the system of defence and surround the perimeter of each of them with an earthen rampart. The settlements gradually turned into a kind of residence of the local elite. We can assume that in the last third of the 5th century BC or at the beginning of the last quarter of this century, most likely, in the unstable situation in the region, the single strong defensive line in the form of an earthen rampart with a wooden wall on the ridge and a moat in front of them was created. The rampart and moat of the Great Fortress probably delineated the boundaries of the centre of the tribal union. The representatives of different ethnic groups and different social groups lived in this large area. The created defensive line with a length of 35 km was relevant until the middle of the 5th century BC until the time of the appearance of the settlement within the Western settlement. In the Eastern settlement life continues for another century and a half, until the endof the 4th century BC.

Posttraumatic pneumonectomy and management of severely contaminated pleural space.

Posttraumatic pneumonectomy and management of severely contaminated pleural space.

Creating a Millennial-Long Chronology in Northern Canada: Dendroarchaeological Dating of the Moose Horn Pass Caribou Fence (KjRx-1), Mackenzie Mountains, NT

The Moose Horn Pass Caribou Fence site (KjRx-1) consists of three wooden fences located in a remote area of the Mackenzie Mountains in Canada’s Northwest Territories. Situated in the traditional homeland of the Shúhtagot’ine (Mountain Dene), they were used to assist past hunters to harvest northern mountain caribou by channeling multiple animals toward kill zones. The main fence is nearly 800 m in length and terminates in a corral structure after descending from high ground into a valley. The two smaller fences are located north and south of the main fence, and they do not descend into the valley. Standard dendrochronological methods were employed to determine the ages of wood taken from the fence structures. Seventy-five living white spruce (Picea glauca) trees in the area were cored to determine the overall tree-ring growth patterns in the local environment. The chronology of living trees was supplemented by the inclusion of 29 standing-dead trees to establish a longer chronology of dated ring widths. Sixty-two of 89 cross-sections cut from the fence timbers were crossdated and added to the overall chronology, which created a well-replicated chronology of ring-widths from 972 to 2016 C.E. The terminal dates of material from the three fence systems suggest that the complex was built from trees that died over a wide temporal period, spanning the years 1314 to 1876 C.E, with clusters of dates between ca. 1420–1480 and 1580–1750 C.E. The millennial-long chronology developed in this study can now be used as a base to assist in dendroarchaeological dating of many more artifacts from the region.

FURTHER THOUGHTS ON THE FUNERAL RITE OF ROMENSKA CULTURE

The study of the funeral rite of the Eastern Slavs and the dynamics of its development is important for the clarification of the religious, state-creating, ethno-cultural and social processes of the Old Rus formation. In the paper the author makes a new attempt of the comprehensive analysis of the burial sites of chronicle Severians who are identified with the bearers of Romenska archaeological culture. For this purpose, the most complete and reliable catalogue of these sites included 142 items has been created.&#x0D; Statistical calculations show at the main part of the Dnieper Left Bank in the 9th—10th centuries the dominance of cremation rites away from the burial, placing the urn in the upper levels of the mound. Burials of this type are at least 82 % of Romenska culture cremations. They are reflected in literary sources. Burials at the level of the horizon and in small holes should be considered only as a few deviations from the classical Romenski rite. Burials of these types are characterized by such specific elements as circular wooden fences and ritual hearths, and most of them do not contain the urns. Differences in the funeral rites of the Dnieper Left Bank can be explained by the reasons of both ethnographic and chronological nature.&#x0D; In the second half of the 10th century in the Severians area a few cremations are recorded at the places of burial. No Romenska culture pottery or ornaments were found in any of these complexes: they all contained exclusively the Old Rus materials. There is no doubt that the rite of cremation at the place was brought to the Dnieper Left Bank by settlers from the Middle Dnieper together with the establishment of the Kyiv Princes power.&#x0D; Radical changes in the Romenski funeral rite occur in the late 10th — early 11th centuries. The rite of inhumation at the level of the horizon becomes dominant, less often in the mound pits. Although a number of scholars link these changes to the socio-economic changes in society the author considers it possible to explain them only by the total Christianization of the newly acquired territories by Kyiv. It is likely that the cremation of the dead was strictly forbidden by the church.

Bamboo Fences as a Nature-Based Measure for Coastal Wetland Protection in Vietnam

Climate change has induced sea-level rise and a high intensity of storms, which create high nearshore waves. These caused severe mangrove degradation and erosion along the coastal wetland areas in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. Mangroves in the coastal wetland foreshore can withstand only some certain design storm waves and grow under several certain submerged conditions. Therefore, reducing waves and shallowing wetland elevation for recovering mangroves and protecting them in an early birth state is important. Bamboo or melaleuca fences have been used as a nature-based solution to reduce waves and currents approaching the shore for these above purposes along Vietnamese Mekong deltaic coasts. This paper investigates wave transmission through the bamboo fence system and assesses its effectiveness in protecting the mangroves. Waves were simultaneously measured at two locations for comparison: in front of and behind the fences. The result shows that the wave reduction by the fences is considerable, and sedimentation occurs rapidly in the shelter areas behind the fences, which is highly favorable for the recovery and growth of mangroves. Next, the empirical formulae have been proposed for relationships between the wave transmission coefficient of the fence and the dimensionless wave-structures parameters, such as the relative water depth, the wave steepness, and the fence freeboard. The findings create a basic technical reference for designing a naturally friendly-based solution by using bamboo and/or wooden fences in coastal protection generally and protecting mangroves specifically. The outcome of the research contributes to narrowing an existing gap in Vietnamese design guidelines for coastal wetland protection and also facilitates the use of locally available eco-friendly materials for coastal management along the Vietnamese Mekong delta coasts.

Tarkhansky Ostrog of the 17th−18th centuries: directions of search and the beginning of research

The purpose of this paper is to report on the process and results of locating the Russian fortress of Tarkhansky Ostrog of the 17th–18th centuries on the basis of information from written sources and cartographic materials directly related to the location of the site. The objectives of the research included preliminary identification of the presumable remains of the object by means of reconnaissance (20 sq. m) archaeological excavations and the use of geophysical methods (magnetometer mapping with Gem Systems GSM-19WG). This paper considers the information from chronicles, cartographic and written sources of the end of the 17th–19th centuries about Tarkhansky Ostrog, situated at the confluence of the Tura and Tobol Rivers in Western Siberia; the key milestones of its search, undertaken by our research team, and its prospective location and identification are reported. The basis of the investigation was formed by scanty written information about Tarkhansky Ostrog and by the cartographic materials of S.U. Remezov, as well as archaeological reconnaissance works carried out in modern times in the area of confluence of the rivers in the Yarkovsky district of Tyumen Oblast. G.F. Miller was mapping the Russian fortress to the place of the Tatar settlement of Tarkhan-kala, not far from the mouth of the river Tura, on the southeast side of Tobol. According to his description, the fortress was founded in 1628 and represented a citadel with a wooden fence and two turrets. P. A. Slovtsov wrote that Trakhansky Ostrog “at the mouth of the river Tura” was founded in 1631. Following the extensive analysis of the descriptions and cartographic materials, and as the result of the terrain analysis, an ancient butte (250 m  40 m) of a suplra-floodplain terrace was discovered in 2020 on a floodplain inundable during seasonal floods to the southwest of the village of Tarkhany. It corresponds with the description of Yatman hill given by G.F. Miller; even today some traces of, seemingly, “Kuchum’s outpost” can be seen on this height. In the southern part of the butte, we carried down a 4 m  5 m reconnaissance dig. The cultural deposit yielded scanty fragments of the Koptyaki Culture, Late Bronze Age, and Medieval ceramics, although mainly represented by shards of crockery manufactured on a potter’s wheel. Of the artefacts, a clasp knife, a brass thimble, a lead bullet, a gun flint, a lead strap seal, and a silver kopeck of Tsar Fyodor III Alekseyevich have been found. All the articles are dated to the 17th c., with the exception of the lead seal which belongs to the 19th c. With a high probability, we assume that the butte is associated with Tarkhansky Ostrog, although one can only talk about its decisive identification after large-scale archaeological investigations.

Breeding ecology of Rufous Casiornis Casiornis rufus in south-east Brazil

We present new reproductive information for the Rufous Casiornis Casiornis rufus, based on studies undertaken during 1991–99 and in 2018, in the municipality of Arcos, Minas Gerais, south-east Brazil. We found eight nests, all sited in cavities of dead trees or wooden fence posts, on average 62.8 cm above ground. Clutch size was usually three eggs, pale beige overlain with complex markings throughout, similar to those of the genus Myiarchus. Eggs measured on average 22.8 × 16.96 mm, mass c.3 g. Incubation lasted c.15 days, and nestlings remained in the nest 15–17 days, being fed by both adults, mainly with orthopterans. Three of the eight nests produced young that fledged. One nest was predated by both a Black-striped Capuchin Sapajus libidinosus and a Crane Hawk Geranospiza caerulescens, and another by a Black-tufted Marmoset Callithrix cf. penicillata. Nests were constructed in August, and the last nestlings fledged in late October. Most aspects of the breeding ecology of Casiornis are identical to those of other members of the Myiarchini.

Spectacular Work: Labor as Entertainment at the World's Columbian Exposition Fairgrounds

Night is falling in the city. Holiday shoppers bustle down the sidewalk, some pausing to gaze at a colorful billboard publicizing the delights of an upcoming exposition. A few crafty rats scamper along a tall wooden fence, stalked by a sinister ratcatcher of the Dickensian mold. Children frolic, fight, and tease one another in front of the fence, the familiar syncopated strains of Tchaikovsky'sNutcrackeroverture underscoring their exuberant street play. This is not, however, the early 1800s Germany of the upper-class Stahlbaum family. It's 1892 Chicago. In the Joffrey Ballet's 2016 production ofThe Nutcracker, the story of Clara Stahlbaum's innocent Christmas Eve dalliances with an anthropomorphic nutcracker and their journey to the Land of Sweets becomes the story of Marie, the daughter of a Polish immigrant single mother, whose fantasyland is the future Chicago World's Fair. Marie's mother, we learn, is a hired artist working on the fair's sculptures. Marie, Fritz, and their mother inhabit a wooden shack in the heart of the construction site, surrounded by the skeletal structures that will become the White City's buildings. Drosselmeyer is now “The Great Impresario,” a character of vision and magnetism inspired by the fair's Director of Works Daniel H. Burnham, and Marie's working-class mother transforms in the second act into the embodiment of the fair's golden Statue of the Republic, a less saccharine substitute for the Sugar Plum Fairy. The mutual affection of Mother and The Great Impresario spans both acts, and though the ballet leaves unclear the outcome of their budding romance, in it young Marie sees the promise of her American dream: a contented nuclear family.

Tension Hemopneumothorax in the Setting of Mechanical CPR during Prehospital Cardiac Arrest

Introduction There are several complications associated with automated mechanical CPR (AM-CPR), including tension pneumothoraces. The incidence of these complications and the risk factors for their development remain poorly characterized. Tension hemopneumothorax is a previously unreported complication of AM-CPR. The authors present a case of a suspected tension hemopneumothorax that developed during the use of an automated mechanical CPR device. Case Description: A 67 year-old woman with a history of COPD and CABG was observed by an off-duty firefighter to be slumped behind the wheel of an ice cream truck that drifted off the road at a low rate of speed and was stopped by a wooden fence, resulting in only minor paint scratches. The patient was found to be in cardiac arrest with a shockable rhythm. No signs of trauma were noted, and equal bilateral breath sounds were present with BVM ventilation. After 13 minutes of manual CPR, fire department personnel applied their Defibtech LifeLine ARM mechanical CPR device to the patient. During resuscitation, the device had to be repositioned twice due to rightward piston migration off of the sternum. Seven minutes after AM-CPR application, the patient had absent right-sided breath sounds and ventilations were more difficult. Needle decompression was performed with an audible release of air. A chest tube was placed by an EMS physician and roughly 400 mL of blood were immediately returned. At the next 2-minute pulse check, ROSC was noted, and the patient was transported to the hospital. She had an ischemic EKG and elevated troponin. Chest CT showed emphysematous lungs, bilateral rib fractures, and a small right-sided pneumothorax. Despite aggressive measures, the patient’s condition gradually worsened, and she died 48 hours after presentation. Discussion/Conclusion: Migration of AM-CPR device pistons may contribute to the development of iatrogenic injuries such as hemopneumothoraces. Patients with underlying lung disease may be at a higher risk of developing pneumothoraces or hemopneumothoraces during the course of AM-CPR. Awareness of these potential complications may aid first responders by improving vigilance of piston location and by providing quicker recognition of iatrogenic injuries that need immediate attention to improve the opportunity for ROSC.

Characterization and typology of goat production systems in Algeria based on producers survey

BackgroundGoats, often associated with sheep, are a vital part of the national economy in many countries around the world, and goat farming contributes significantly to the family economy, sustainable livelihoods and poverty reduction. In order to study the goat farming system in Algeria, this study, which started between September 2012 and June 2015, involved 141 farms in 104 villages and 21 wilayas in Algeria.ResultsThe results showed that 99.29% of the goats producers were male, most of which (74.47%) were not the owners of the animals. Goat farming represents a main activity for only 18.44% of the farmers surveyed. They are generally found in small numbers often associated with a large sheep herd (78.72%). Of the 141 farms visited, 50.35% use a sedentary farming system, 17.71% practice seasonal transhumance during the dry season (May to October), and 31.91% are semi-sedentary. However, it is worth noting that females (85.82%) are often more numerous than males (14.18%) in the herd. The farm that generally constitutes the shelter is reduced in most cases to a simple pen, without a roof, inside which the animals are enclosed and whose space is delimited by a metal or wooden fence. Hygiene is in the majority of cases poor (57.45%). Most of the farms (78.01%) do not contain goats of the same breed, and crossbreeding is generally not controlled (78.72%) and is very rarely done with bucks of the same breed (14.89%). Most breeders (92.20%) largely neglect the health of their goats compared to sheep.ConclusionFinally, the Algerian goat seems to be largely neglected and considered as a secondary species associated with sheep. For this reason, it is mandatory to give more importance to this species. The Algerian government must carry out activities related to the conservation and improvement of breeding systems through the development of breeding programs and ensure the sustainable management of ecosystems used for food production.