Wood Workers Research Articles

The Art of Wood Work in Kashmir

The Art of Wood Work in Kashmir

Assessing ultrastructure and density properties to predict wood hardness of young fast grown plantation teak

The use of plantation timber has been increasing to supply raw material for timber manufacturing. Super teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f), a fast grown teak planted in Indonesia was successfully harvested in very young age (5 years old). This frequently rises queries whether the young super teak could meet the minimum quality criteria for wood working. Investigation on wood properties should be undertaken to measure the required wood properties. However, physical and mechanical testings require a long time process and large size samples. Therefore, a non-destructive method to predict wood properties of standing trees need to be developed. This study aims to assess ultrastructure and density properties to predict wood hardness of young fast grown plantation teak. Samples were collected from super teak plantation in East and West Java. Crystallinity and its quantifiers were measured using X-Ray Diffraction. The hardness was determined using an Instron® universal strength testing machine. The result showed that wood density was significantly related to wood hardness for all structural directions; the power relationship explained 52-56% of the variation. Degree of crystallinity (DC) and crystallite width were found as parameters affecting wood hardness. DC was positively correlated to wood hardness for all structural directions (r=0.2; r2=0.04), whereas crystallite width was negatively correlated to radial and end-grain hardness (r=0.2; r2=0.04). The power of prediction increased only by 1-5% when crystallinity factors were included with density, thus the extra effort of using XRD is not warranted for non-destructive prediction of wood hardness.

Environmental and resource aspects of substituting cemented carbide with polycrystalline diamond: The case of machining tools

Synthetic diamond competes with the conventional cemented carbide (WC–Co) tool material in some applications due to its extreme hardness. However, so far, these materials have not been compared from a life cycle perspective regarding their environmental and resource impacts. The aims of this study are i) to provide detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) results for industrial polycrystalline diamond (PCD) production from diamond grit produced via high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) synthesis and ii) to conduct the first comparative LCA of PCD and WC-Co tools for the cases of wood working and titanium alloys machining. The results show that the main hotspot in HPHT synthesis of diamond grit, which is the main precursor to PCD, is the use of WC-Co in the high-pressure apparatus. In PCD tool production, the electricity input and the use of tungsten and molybdenum contribute the most to environmental and resource impacts. The environmental and resource impacts of the PCD tool production can be reduced with 53–83% if solar electricity and full WC-Co recycling is applied. The comparison shows high environmental and resource improvements when substituting WC-Co tools with PCD tools in wood working, but not in titanium alloys machining.

Mind the Gap

The “narrative turn” in biomedical discourses has dominated twenty-first-century medical humanities, pursuing the premise that narratives of illness, including patient and literary narratives, contribute toward our understanding of illness because they encourage us to reflect upon lived reality and even to imagine events and experiences with which we may be grossly unfamiliar (Charon et al.; Charon; Oyebode; Halpern; Altschuler). However, an emerging critical approach to the medical and health humanities challenges the assumption that narrative is incontestably and straightforwardly valuable for understanding illness. Following the work of Ahmed, Keen, Bishop, Jurecic, Whitehead and Woods, and Whitehead, the article suggests that narrative fiction may not cultivate empathy for another person, but may draw attention to the limitations of understanding another’s experience by encouraging us to look out for, and even to imagine, the multiple ways in which we experience the world differently to others. With a focus on the experience of dementia-related diseases—including Alzheimer’s disease—in B. S. Johnson’s House Mother Normal, the article shows that metafiction may not help us to empathize with others so much as it may problematize our ability to empathize in ways that are ethically valuable for an understanding of subjectivity, illness, and experience.

Carpentry in Ptolemaic Egypt

The art of wood carving and the crafts of the carpenter are of very ancient date in Egypt. Carpentry was an essential craft and played a vital role in the Ptolemaic Society through manufacturing furniture and different shapes of wood work. This paper aims to highlight the craft of carpentry in Ptolemaic Egypt. The aim of this study will be achieved by detecting Greek papyri which date to the Ptolemaic period and displaying the few representations of carpentry scenes depicted on the walls of the Tomb of Pet Osiris at Tuna El-Gable. This study will also specify types of wood used. It also shed light on the role of carpenters, their workshops, their tools, and their products. This study is depending on a historical and analytical methodology to achieve its aims.

Association of owner related and external factors with micro and small manufacturing enterprises growth in Ethiopia

This study was conducted with the objective of analyzing the association of owner related and external factors with growth of MSEs operating in the manufacturing sector. Primary data were collected from 218 randomly selected owner/operator of manufacturing MSEs and coordinators of MSEs by using structured questionnaire and interview, respectively. Chi-square test was employed to analyze the owner related/internal factors, and external factors with growth of manufacturing MSEs. The statistical test revealed that gender, initial investment size, modern machinery, training, infrastructure and location have statistically significant association with growth of manufacturing MSEs; whereas age, education level, work premises and market linkage/ access are found to have statistically insignificant association with growth of MSEs operating in the manufacturing sector, though they make difference on the MSEs growth level. Therefore, to improve the growth of manufacturing MSEs, MSEs development office in collaboration with the municipality, among others, should consider the statistically significant factors and focus on the MSEs’ challenges which are stated by the owners of the business (own working premise and market access/linkage) and take corrective actions. Finally, further research on similar area is suggested by considering factors that need solution such as previous experience of operator in the sector, firm age and access to credit; besides similar study on remaining MSEs sector and comparative study may be conducted even within the manufacturing sector as economic sub-sector (i.e., textile and garment, metal working workshop, furniture and wood working, manufacturing bricks etc.) in order to have a holistic understanding of about the determinants of manufacturing MSEs growth

Fostering social enterprise in woodlands: Challenges for partnerships supporting social innovation

The woodland social enterprise (WSE) sector is growing and has a role to play in the forest-based bioeconomy. Social enterprise is also favoured by neoliberal economic policies, and the range of motivations and possible impacts of WSEs calls for better understanding of how and why to support WSE. This paper examines a pilot partnership project in the UK to gain insights for such support, and for social innovation more generally. It conceptualises the process of starting, growing or diversifying WSE as social innovation, and advisory services as policy tools designed to support such innovation. Making Local Woods Work (MLWW) was a cross-sectoral partnership designed to provide integrated access to WSE advice needs. Our methods re-analyse evaluation data to conclude that policy-based intervention can help WSEs to develop and function, but not in this case to achieve real social innovation i.e. radical rearrangement of power. The study shows that it is difficult for top-down interventions to facilitate the emergence of a more self-sustaining legacy such as a peer-to-peer support network. WSEs are inherently diverse: income sources range from woodland products to social services based in the therapeutic forest environment; they value profit, social and environmental benefits to varying degrees. A support partnership therefore needs to take a flexible and client-led approach to identification of needs. In contributing to the bioeconomy, WSE has much in common with the needs and potential of other small and medium businesses.

The Nexus between Workplace Exposure for Wood, Welding, Motor Mechanic, and Oil Refinery Workers and the Prevalence of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Workplace exposure in various occupational and industrial sectors is an emerging health concern worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the nexus between workplace exposure for wood, welding, motor mechanic, and oil refinery workers and the prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Initially, 2500 male volunteers who were wood, welding, motor mechanic, and oil refinery workers were interviewed. After an examination of their demographics and medical history, 1408 non-smoking wood (158), welding (560), motor mechanic (272), and oil refinery workers (217), along with 201 control subjects, were selected. The participants’ mean age was 36.59 ± 0.29 years and the mean body mass index was 26.14 ± 0.11 kg/m2. The selected industry workers had been exposed to their respective wood, welding, motor mechanic, and oil refinery workplaces for 8 h per day, six days per week. The American Diabetic Association (ADA)-based glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) criterion was used to diagnose prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subjects with an HbA1c of less than 5.7% were regarded as non-diabetics, subjects with an HbA1c of 5.7%–6.4% were considered prediabetics, and subjects with an HbA1c of more than 6.4% were considered diabetics. In wood industry workers, the prevalence of prediabetes (PD) was 64 (40.50%) and in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it was 21 (13.29%); in welding workers, the prevalence of prediabetes was 261 (46.60%), and for T2DM, it was 90 (16.07%); in motor mechanic workers, the prevalence of prediabetes was 110 (40.44%), and for T2DM, it was 126 (46.32%); and in oil refinery workers, the prevalence of prediabetes was 80 (36.86%), and for T2DM, it was 35 (16.12%). However; the combined prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM among wood, welding, motor mechanic, and oil refinery workers was 421 (34.79%) and 515 (42.66%), respectively. The prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM among workers increased with the duration of working exposure in the wood, welding, motor mechanic, and oil refinery industries. A one-year working exposure in these industries caused an increase of 0.03% in HbA1c. Workplace exposure in wood, welding, motor mechanic, and oil refinery industries increased the risk of prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM among the workers and affected the diabetes etiology.

Butchering or wood? A LSCM analysis to distinguish use-wear on stone tools

Traceological method is based on the identification and analysis of the stone tools surface modifications as a result of the use, hafting or manufacturing procedures, among others. Traditionally, use-wear analyses have been conducted using Optical Light Microscopy (OLM) or even, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), normally basing the interpretations on subjective descriptions. Although there are general protocols successfully followed and good results in this field, researchers have always been conscious about the need to advance towards a quantitative an objective method. In response to that concern, techniques as Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) are being applied successfully to functional analyses, thus improving the metrological studies.The main goal of this research is the characterization and quantification of those alterations caused by butchering activities in comparison with unused areas in order to recognize modification patterns on the chert natural surface. Wood working has been also included in this study as a comparative sample. Also, a quantitative distinction between micropolishes produced by butchering activities and wood working has been carried out. The results show that discrimination between unused areas and wood micropolishes is possible. Meanwhile, butchering activities modify lightly the chert surface. On the other hand, quantitative parameters statistically differ between worked materials proving this method to be useful to identify them.

Linear stability analysis of a liquid film down on an inclined plane under oscillation with normal and lateral components in the presence and absence of surfactant

In this work, we first study the interface instability of a fluid layer flowing down on an inclined plane under periodic oscillation having both normal and lateral components. After that, we examine the effect of an insoluble surfactant covering the free surface under normal oscillation, lateral oscillation, and both normal and lateral oscillations. The time periodic linear system, corresponding to the governing equations, is treated using the Chebyshev spectral collocation method for spatial resolution, and for temporal resolution, we use the Floquet theory. We show that the stabilizing effect of normal oscillation amplitude on the gravitational instability, reported by Woods and Lin [J. Fluid Mech. 294, 391 (1995)], is strengthened by introducing lateral oscillation, and this contributes to the complete suppression of this instability. The harmonic and subharmonic zones, initially stable in the work of Woods and Lin [J. Fluid Mech. 294, 391 (1995)], are destabilized by the lateral oscillation, and the first unstable parametric resonance becomes without threshold. Conversely, the unstable domain of the gravitational instability and the second resonance zone reported by Lin, Chen, and Woods [Phys. Fluids 8, 3247 (1996)] can be reduced by introducing normal oscillation. Finally, we show that the surfactant has a stabilizing effect that contributes to accelerate the suppression of the gravitational instability and opposes the destabilizing effect of the lateral oscillation on the first subharmonic resonance to give rise to a competition between the two effects.

Experimental Check on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Saw Blocks

Blocks plays a major role in framed and non-framed structure, in framed structures blocks are employed as a filler and in non-framed structures it is employed to transfer the load. These are often used as an alternative for different stones with large weight and are generally used in the construction of buildings. The process of manufacturing of blocks from clay involves preparation of clay by natural weathering process, molding and then drying and burning of blocks. Due to high demand on fine aggregate, an attempt has been made to study saw waste as a partial and total replacement for fine aggregate and binder. A detailed investigation is carried out for Ordinary Portland cement and Portland pozzolana cement with various proportion of saw waste. Saw waste is utilized in the form of dust and ash. Saw waste is a by – product or waste product of wood working operation such as sawing, routing, drilling and sanding. It is sundried and kept in water proof bags. Mostly, the period of drying may be three to ten days. It also depends upon the weather conditions. This work aims to show the comparative studies of saw brick with fly ash brick and conventional brick. Test results of compressive, split tensile and crushing test are investigated.

Prevalence of Noise Induced Hearing Loss among Employees at Wood Industry in Damietta Governorate

Background: Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is a major health issue with high prevalence globally and has major social, economic and psychological effects. Aim of the work: Assessment of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) prevalence among employees at wood industry in Damietta governorate. Patients and methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out in New Damietta city, Damietta governorate, Egypt. Ten workplaces were selected through convenience sampling. From these ten workplaces, one hundred fifty (150) employees agreed to participate in the study. Pure-tone audiometry between 500 and 8000Hz frequencies determined the hearing condition of the participants and noise readings were conducted at the selected workplaces. Results: Among all study participants, the prevalence of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) was 39% of carpenters and 44.4% of sawyers with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.253) between both groups. Noise levels ranged from 73 to 91.5 dBA in the various furniture factories and from 74.9 to 94.1 dBA in the different saw mills. Conclusion: Occupational noise induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is highly prevalent in Damietta governorate among wood workers, which might be due to lack of knowledge, awareness about NIHL among employers, workers, and health care workers along with absence and or implementation of hearing conservation programs in the work places.

Will the shepherd be able to play the alpine horn with that huge goiter (XVI century)?

There are many of the representations in iconography of individuals with goiters reported in the literature. The article describe a unique representation of goiter, as observed by the authors in a sculpture in Italy. In a Nativity, in the upper part of the altar of the Church of the Annunciata, Boccioleto (Val Sermenza, Piedmont, Italy), a horn player with a huge goiter, gladdens the Holy Family. Wooden work by Francesco Antonio d'Alberto, 1694. This is an appropriate example of the iconography of "real goiter," since in this case the sculptor had the aim of showing person with goiter.

Understanding woodworking in Paleolithic times by means of use-wear analysis

Throughout prehistory, wood working was a frequent activity. The indices of this activity comes from rare found wooden remains, and the analysis of use-wear on them. In most recent periods, there are stone polished tools and metal tools, that increase the capability of wood transformation. This is not the case for older times, from which only knapped tools are available. The woodworking chaîne opératoire includes activities of selection and acquisition of raw material, but also the transformation and the finish of objects and structures. Use-wear analysis in many sites illustrates this. However, a systematic compilation of published traceological analysis has not been made recently. In this paper, we present a revision of the traceological data currently available, which guides a reflection on the methods of working ligneous vegetable matter with knapped tools. The relationship between this information, the morphological characteristics of tools and the necessary actions to elaborate the preserved wooden objects, tell us about the woodworking techniques that are more common in each period. The results allow us to draw conclusions about the performance of each type of tool, as well as the human technical capabilities for environmental transformation.

PERANCANGAN MESIN GERGAJI KAYU UNTUK PERAJIN PALLET KAYU

Technology at all times continues to grow along with the progress of the times, not least in the furniture industry. In the development of timber techniques demands a quality product, it needs an effective and efficient process. This is also the underlying work of cutting timber. Initially the cutting of the wood was done manually by utilizing manpower and then changed using a whipsaw. The rapid development of technology makes hand saws rarely used and switches using sawing machines and saw tables. From the results of the design process of wood sawing machine summed up some things as follows: Dimensions of wood cutting machine 1500 × 1000 × 800 mm, saws used in circular or cyrcle wood cutting machine with a circular motion saw blade, The rotation is passed from the motor to the saw blade is not in the fox and using the same pulleys of 74 mm diameter, wood cutting machine using 2Hp power, the level of safety on the wood cutting machine after theoretical calculations ranging from the transmission system, axis, and frame that is 9.524 m / sec belt speed is said to be good because ≤ 30 m / sec. The axle is said to be safe because the shear stresses that occur in the shaft are smaller than the allowable shear stress of , and on the framework of the wood cutting machine the yield of the voltage is less than the yield strength material of 7,888 Mpa ≤ 207 MPa with deflection 0,096 mm, In transmission belt V used is V type A42 belt, Image modification work of wood cutting machine used for machine making process contained in attachment.

Особливості розрахунку елементів з деревини при прямому поперечному згині за деформаційною методикою

Розглянуто особливості методики розрахунку нормальних розрахункових перерізів елементів з цільної та клеєної деревини при поперечному прямому згині за деформаційною моделлю.

20 ilo Committee on Freedom of Association: Complaint against the Government of Australia presented by the Australian Council of Trade Unions (actu) supported by Building and Wood Workers’ International (bwi), Case No. 3278, Report in which the committee requests to be kept informed of development – Report No. 388, 14–28 March 2019

20 ilo Committee on Freedom of Association: Complaint against the Government of Australia presented by the Australian Council of Trade Unions (actu) supported by Building and Wood Workers’ International (bwi), Case No. 3278, Report in which the committee requests to be kept informed of development – Report No. 388, 14–28 March 2019

Los trabajadores de la madera y el mueble de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Conflictividad laboral, estructuración sindical e identidades políticas, 1900-1905

El artículo examina la conflictividad laboral, las formas de organización sindical en los lugares de trabajo y el rol de las culturas políticas de izquierda en la rama de la madera y el mueble de la ciudad de Buenos Aires durante el primer lustro del siglo XX. En paralelo al desarrollo urbano ligado al puerto, se expandieron aquellos oficios madereros, cuyos contornos, tareas y atmósferas laborales fueron variables, condicionando diversas experiencias de inserción de las izquierdas entre estos trabajadores. A través de un análisis de la prensa gremial y política así como de la bibliografía especializada, se propone estudiar las diferencias organizativas entre los oficios con alta calificación y aquellos menos calificados así como los debates y planteos entre las distintas corrientes políticas (socialismo, anarquismo, sindicalismo). Apuntamos a contribuir al conocimiento sobre las acciones, debates y tensiones que atravesaron los trabajadores madereros en el período crítico del cambio de siglo mediante la investigación en profundidad sobre un sector industrial específico.

Some Technological Properties of Scotch Pine (Pinus Sylvestris Lipsky) and Eastern Beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) Woods Impregnated with Alpha-X Chemical

This study was performed for the purpose of determining the technological properties of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky) and Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) woods impregnated with Alpha-X chemicals. The impregnation solution was prepared at 10 % and 20 % concentrations. Alfa-X, a flame-retardant chemical formerly applied to textiles and laminate parquet, was used for the first time in wood work. As a result of the combustion tests, Alfa-X reduced the initial weight loss temperature of the wood material in both samples. However, it has completely raised the combustion temperature gradients in both samples. It is observed that ending temperature increased in eastern beech wood and in scotch pine wood by 117 °C and 50 °C, respectively, with increasing the rate of Alfa-X added into impregnation solution from 0 % to 20 % at deterioration. In addition, the bending and compression strength values ​​of the Scotch pine and Eastern beech wood samples were also examined

La gestión administrativa y su incidencia en la productividad de las microempresas ecuatorianas. Caso de estudio taller Dipromax de la ciudad de Santo Domingo.

Las microempresas son un eje fundamental para el impulso productivo de una nación; por tal motivo, se realizó un estudio en el taller Dipromax que se dedica a la fabricación de muebles en aluminio, madera y trabajos de cerrajería, en la Provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, con el propósito de conocer su nivel de productividad y contribuir con el logro de sus objetivos y la optimización de sus recursos. Esta investigación permitió identificar el nivel de optimización de los recursos disponibles y la aplicabilidad de herramientas administrativas que permitan el diseño de un modelo de gestión administrativa, que ayude a mejorar su situación.