Wood Weight Research Articles

Effects of different rootstocks on the growth and yield characteristics of Papazkarası (Vitis vinifera L.)

Rootstocks, which are becoming increasingly important in viticulture, influence the growth, yield, and grape quality of the grafted variety. Therefore, understanding the resistance characteristics of rootstocks to phylloxera, nematodes, environmental conditions, and abiotic and biotic stresses is crucial. Selecting a rootstock that is appropriate for the region where the vineyard will be established optimizes grape quality. The aim of this research is to determine the performance of the cv. Papazkarası on different rootstocks. For this purpose, an experiment was established at Irem Çamlica Viticulture and Winery Co. vineyard in Kırklareli province. Ten-year-old Papazkarası vines grafted onto 1103P, 110R, and 420A rootstocks were used as plant material. To determine the growth of the vines, parameters such as shoot elongation rate (cm/week), shoot length changings (cm), pruning wood weight (PW) (kg/vine), vigor (g), puissance, number of buds per square meter (number), balanced pruning buds number (number/vine), vegetative growth (VG), Ravaz Index (RI), Partridge Index (PI), and yield (kg/vine) were examined. Additionally, to determine cluster characteristics, cluster width and length (cm), weight (g), and the volume of gappy and spaceless clusters (cm³) were measured. The results of the research indicated that the 1103P rootstock had the lowest yield, puissance, RI, PI, and VG values; moderate values for PW, vigor, number of shoots, number of berries per cluster, and cluster length; and the highest values for cluster weight, the volume of gappy and spaceless clusters. The 110R rootstock was found to be more balanced compared to other rootstocks, with the highest values for vigor, RI, and PI; average values for yield, puissance, and VG; and the lowest values for PW, number of shoots, number of berries per cluster, cluster length, weight, and the volume of gappy and spaceless clusters. The 420A rootstock had the highest values for yield, PW, VG, number of shoots, number of berries per cluster, and cluster width and length; average values for RI, PI, cluster weight, and the volume of gappy and spaceless clusters; and the lowest value for one-year-old cane weight. In conclusion, based on the characteristics outlined, a selection can be made from these rootstocks according to cultivation purposes, but other rootstocks should also be investigated.

Hyphal connection increases net resource utilization of saprotrophic fungal mycelia by improving local performance: A case study of the cord-forming basidiomycete, Phanerochaete velutina

To identify the functional advantages of hyphal connections in fungal mycelial networks, we evaluated the wood decaying abilities of the mycelia of a saprotrophic basidiomycete, Phanerochaete velutina, in soil dishes with wood baits. The dishes were surrounded by water, allowing the mycelia to access water. Dishes with two or three baits were placed adjacent to or distant from each other, representing the ease of creating hyphal bridges between the two dishes. After 8 months of incubation, the weight loss of the wood bait was significantly larger in the adjacent pairs of dishes compared to the distant pairs. Mycelia in the adjacent dishes had higher chances to access the water and thus increase water content of the wood, which was the primary factor related to wood weight loss. These results suggest that hyphal connections increase decay ability of P. velutina possibly due to water transfer across the mycelial network.

Whole-Tree Green Density Equations for Loblolly and Slash Pine Trees

Abstract Using extensive legacy and new datasets, two equations of whole-tree green density, defined as the ratio of the green weight of stem wood with bark (GWob) divided either by the stem outside-bark volume (Vob) or by the stem inside-bark volume (Vib), were developed along with individual tree Vob, Vib, and GWob equations for loblolly and slash pines. The green density equations indicated that the GWob/Vob ratio increases while the GWob/Vib ratio decreases with an increase in tree size for both species. The transition from low-intensity management to intensive management has a notable impact on tree green weight characteristics. Generally, trees from older established plantations exhibited a higher GWob/Vob ratio compared with trees from more recently established plantations, spanning both loblolly and slash pines. Study Implications: Derived whole-tree green density equations, alongside updated stem green weight and volume equations, are valuable tools for estimating the volume and green weight of entire stem boles, facilitating volume-to-green-weight conversion for specific sections for loblolly and slash pines, the primary commercial timber species in the southern United States.

Radiative cooling performance analysis of cooling wood with three delignification processes for building applications

The delignification process is essential in the preparation of radiative cooling wood, and optimizing the delignification process is crucial for achieving a balance in the optical, mechanical, and thermal insulation characteristics of the delignify wood. Using the orthogonal experimental method, the study explored the influence of different delignification processes (such as chlorite, sulfite, and hydrogen peroxide methods), treatment duration, temperature, and other factors on wood weight loss rate, infrared spectroscopy, tensile and flexural strength, thermal conductivity, reflectance, and emissivity in order to obtain the best delignification process parameters for preparing radiative cooling wood with the optimal overall performance. The experimental results showed that delignification treatment followed by hot pressing improved the mechanical properties of the wood. As the delignification temperature and duration increased, the wood weight loss rate also increased, the mechanical properties declined, and the thermal insulating properties improved. The comprehensive comparison revealed that using the hydrogen peroxide method with treatment temperature at 80 °C and lasting 4 h can achieve the best overall performance for radiative cooling wood. Compared with Balsa wood, the tensile strength increased by 4.2 times and the flexural strength by 2.3 times, while the thermal conductivity reached 0.08 W/mK. In outdoor experiments, this radiative cooling wood can attain a good cooling effect throughout the day. During the noon hours, its surface temperature was lower than that of cement and the ambient temperature by 11.4℃ and 4.4℃ respectively, and the net radiative cooling power was up to 46 W/m2. The results show broad prospects for its application in building insulation and energy saving.

Catalytic pyrolysis of Paulownia wood and bio-oil characterization

ABSTRACT This study focused on the catalytic pyrolysis of Paulownia (P. elongota) wood. The effects of ZSM-5, Na2CO3, sepiolite, and catalyst ratio (10–80% by wood weight) on product yields and bio-oil composition were investigated. In pyrolysis experiments, 500°C pyrolysis temperature, 50°C min−1 heating rate, and 100 mL min−1 N2 flow rate were kept as constant. The catalyst type and catalyst ratio changed the product yields and bio-oil compositions. Pyrolysis conversion was increased for all catalyst types. Maximum liquid product yields were obtained as 63.26 wt%, 56.18 wt%, and 54.59 wt% with the ZSM-5, Na2CO3 and sepiolite, respectively, at 10 wt% catalyst ratio. For all catalysts, it was determined that the liquid and solid yields reduce and the gas product yield rises with the catalyst ratio. The bio-oil characterization was performed with elemental analysis, FTIR, 1HNMR, and GC-MS techniques. The bio-oil composition was determined to consist of alkanes, carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, benzenes, and phenols.

Correlation analysis between mass loss of wood due to thermal modification and equilibrium moisture content of thermally modified wood

This study was conducted to determine the correlation between the mass loss (ML) of wood due to thermal modification and the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of thermally modified wood. After thermal modification of larch lumber under various temperature and time conditions, ML according to treatment temperature and time was measured, and the (EMC) of the thermally modified wood was evaluated for each treatment condition. As the treatment temperature increased and the treatment time became longer, the ML of wood due to thermal modification increased. In addition, as the treatment temperature increased, the difference in EMC between the non-treated wood and the thermally modified wood tended to increase. Finally, a robust logarithmic correlation was observed between the ML due to thermal modification and the EMC of the thermally modified wood. These results suggest that the EMC of thermally modified wood can be predicted by simply measuring the weight of wood before and after thermal modification.

Effects of tannin acid impregnated pretreatment on dimensional stability and chemical composition of heat-treated Chinese fir

Abstract Thermal treatment is an effective method for improving the dimensional stability of wood; however, it typically requires high temperatures. To achieve low-temperature heat treatment, this study employed wood samples impregnated with 10 % tannin acid (TA) and examined their changes in dimensional stability and chemical components after heat treatment at various initial moisture content levels. The results revealed that the TA-10 %-HT group exhibited enhanced dimensional stability. Specifically, both the tangential and radial moisture swelling decreased by 21.7 % and 11.8 %, respectively. FTIR and XRD analysis indicated that the presence of tannin acid catalytically facilitated the degradation of hemicellulose. Moreover, an increase in moisture content resulted in the ionization of TA, amplifying acidity and further affecting cellulose degradation. TGA demonstrated that TA impacted the thermal stability of heat-treated materials by lowering the initial decomposition temperature of wood components and increasing the residual weight of wood. Overall, pretreatment with TA impregnation and moisture content significantly improved the dimensional stability of Chinese fir wood and altered its chemical composition. This approach holds considerable potential for enhancing wood properties through a low-energy consumption method during the heat treatment process, expanding the practical application of wood.

Feasibility of Efficient Pyrolysis of Wood Chips and its Product Yield in Developing Countries

This paper is about the feasibility of combustibles gases like methane, ethane and carbon monoxide production from wood pyrolysis. This first laboratory experimental stage objective was to see what products can be obtained from wood pyrolysis in absence of oxygen and presence of nitrogen. The effect of temperature on the product yields was investigated. Products were characterized using gas-chromatography. We found that products of wood pyrolysis for temperatures of 700, 800, 900, 1000 and 1100°C were char, CO2 and combustibles gases like CH4, C2H2, CO and tar. NH3 was not found in the produced gases.
 In our study, condensable gases were not recovered and quantified. A gas condenser would have been necessary inserted for this purpose at the outlet of the pyrolysis reactor before routing the gases to the mass spetrograph. This study show that char production decrease from 17.08% at 700°C on the weight basis to 12.95% at 1100°C. Gases and tar production decrease, going from 82.92% at 700 °C on the weight basis to 87.05% at 1100°C. Carbone dioxide production also increase with temperature. It is the biggest part of produced gases of the wood pyrolysis gases representing an average weight proportion of 6.99% of the initial wood. Carbone monoxide yield is almost constant, around 1.6% at 800, 900 and 1000°C thought its yield at 700°C was found slightly higher accounting for 2.29% weight of the initial wood. Ethylene (C2H4) is only produced in small amount compared to others combustibles gases like methane and carbon monoxide. Its proportion which was observed almost constant, around 0.14% on the weight basis in respect to the initial wood chips weight from 700 to 900°C dropped to 0.02% at 1000°C. Methane (CH4) is produced in weight basis proportions of 2.55% which remain almost constant from 700 to 1000°C.

Weight estimation models for commercial Pinus radiata wood in small felling stands based on UAV-LiDAR data

Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanners have been adopted as an effective tool for conducting forest inventories, reducing field work and associated costs. These studies are based on obtaining information on volume, height and diameter at breast height (DBH). However, in the timber sector in Galicia (Spain)the variable used as the unit of purchase/sale is "weight". Therefore, this paper sets out to test different machine learning algorithms, such as multiple linear regression (MLR), MLR log-transformed (MRL-LT), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Random Forest (RF) to obtain a methodology applicable in the study area and replicable in other areas, with real utility in the forestry industry for determining the weight of Pinus radiata wood. These models are based on 73 observations and 19 predictors and have been developed and applied to a total of 33 Forest Cuts (FC) divided into 5204 tesserae. The models are validated by Fold Cross-Validation, with RMSE (relative root mean square error), R2 and MAE (mean absolute error) values being calculated. Of the four models studied, the PCA model performs best (R2=0.85, RMSE=1.84, MAE=1.46), followed by the MRL-LT which gives a value of R2=0.82 (RMSE=1.84, MAE=1.46). The actual figure for total Pinus radiata timber harvested was 35,440.54 t The PCA model estimated a total of 35,913.53 t (r = 0.98, R2=0.97, εr=9.35 %), while the MRL-LT model calculated 35,847.92 t (r = 0.99, R2=0.98, εr=8.85 %). On the other hand, the weight was underestimated by the MLR model and overestimated by the RF. The plain MLR model underestimated the "weight" of the wood, while the MRL-LT model provided the best result, with errors of less than 10 % in 72 % of the FCs. In conclusion, this study provides a powerful tool that will enable stakeholders in the community timber industry to accurately estimate the weight of timber in Pinus radiata stands, enhancing a more highly automated forest inventory that can optimise the number of field operations to be performed.

Effect of the Fungus Neoscylitiadium dimidiatum Penz. Reduction of Dry Weight and Specific Weight of Sapwood and Heartwood of the Trunks of Populus and Eucalyptus Trees

The study was carried out in the Forest Diseases Laboratory, Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Al Mosul. During the academic year 2021-2022, the Sakla wood is available in the wood stores in the city of Mosul. The study aimed at the effect of decay fungi on some local commercial woods, including populus and Eucalyptus The results of the field survey of wood stores in the city of Mosul showed that most of the wood was infected with brown rot fungus. As the severity of the infection varied in different proportions, the percentage of infection of populus wood columns was 75%, and the percentage of infection of Eucalyptus wood columns was 40%. The fungus Neoscylitiadium dimidiatum penz. caused a decrease in the dry weight of populus wood and Eucalyptus columns from the first month of incubation and continued gradually until the fifth month As the percentage of loss in the fifth month was 4.41% for the populus poles, and the percentage of loss was 3.33% for the Eucalyptus poles. The increase in the losses in the weight of the sap wood continued during the incubation stages and to a greater degree than the increase in the loss percentages in the heart wood.

Study of drought stress correlation on yield and yield components of maize cultivars (Zea mays L.)

This article was investigated to study the correlation and analysis of drought stress regression on maize cultivars' yield and components. The variance analysis results showed a significant difference between drought stress levels in terms of plant height, total dry weight and number of seeds per row, the total weight of cob, grain yield, harvest index, stem diameter, and cob weight with protective leave. Also, there was a significant difference in ear weight without protective leaves, ear diameter, ear length, plant weight, 100-seed weight, and seed per ear on hybrid treatments. There were statistically significant differences between cultivars in plant height, leaf area, ear diameter, ear length, number of seeds per row, number of seeds per ear, the total weight of cob wood, 100-seed weight, harvest index, plant dry weight. The results of the correlation of traits for the mean levels of drought stress showed a positive and significant correlation between plant yield and plant height, seed per row, ear length and weight of 5 pieces of wood and also with a total weight of cob wood, ear weight with bark showed the highest correlation. There is a significant correlation between leaf area and stem diameter, plant weight, total dry weight at the probability level of 0.05. Correlation coefficients between traits in non-stress conditions showed a positive and significant correlation between grain yield and height, ear length and grain in the row, which was a significant increase compared to stress conditions. The correlation of traits under full stress conditions also showed that the correlation coefficient between cob length trait and positive height was positive and significant. From the study of correlation coefficients between maize traits in non-stress conditions, it can be concluded that the most important components of grain yield are cob length and grain per row. While the correlation coefficients under moisture stress conditions show that the grain trait in the row has a positive and significant correlation with yield, under stress conditions in the cob stage did not show any traits with correlation yield.

SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE DURABILITY OF THREE INFERIOR WOOD SPECIES COLLECTED FROM INDONESIAN NEW GUINEA COATED WITH TWO COATING SYSTEMS

Wood is very susceptible material from termite attacks. A simple, cheapest method to prevent this attack is coating treatment. On this work, three inferior wood species collected from Manokwari – Papua Barat, namely Pulai (Alstonia scholaris), Binuang (Octomeles sumatrana), and Jambu (Syzygium sp.) were coated with two coating systems of oiled and water- based coatings. Coating was applied using paint brush on wood samples with dimensions, 50 cm long x 5 cm wide x 2.5 cm thick. Durability was conducting with grave yard test, where half-length of wood samples, coated and uncoated samples, were buried on the yard for the three consecutive months. Wood durability was evaluated using two variables, wood weight loss, and wood damage, respectively, and analyses into other variables likes wood resistance class, level of resistance, degree of damage, and natural durability classes. The results indicated that both coated systems, oiled and water based, had an average of spreading rates from 0.005-0.015 g/cm2. Weight loss of three inferior species of wood recorded from the control samples are 38.65%, 12.12%, and 6.14% for Pulai, Binuang and Jambu. Treatment with coating systems, weight loss could be prevented into 95.1%, 58.2% and 56.0% to control for Pulai, Binuang and Jambu, respectively. Wood resistance class of Pulai is IV. Binuang and jambu species initially is Moderate Resistant (III) and improve into Resistant (II). It is summarized that coating systems available in the local market could protect wood from subterranean termites.

A Novel Simplified Protocol for Pre-Processing Whole Wood Samples for Stable Isotope Analysis in Tree Rings

In the context of climate change, the stable isotope analysis of tree rings may play a crucial role in deciphering the eco-physiological mechanisms underlying forest decline and dieback phenomena. However, this technique is often considered expensive, time-consuming, and with several methodological constraints. Specifically, milling and transferring the material from jars to vials during the different steps of sample preparation involve risk of contamination among samples and loss of sample material. When dealing with declining trees (i.e., trees affected by loss of vitality with strong percentage of defoliation and reduction in growth) and trees subjected to extreme events or negative pointer years (characterized by extremely narrow ring) the sample preparation is particularly difficult because of scarce amount of wood material. In such a case, pooling rings from several years to achieve the minimum weight of wood is often necessary, thus losing information at the annual resolution. In order to overcome such limitations, we developed a novel protocol for quick and accurate whole-wood pre-processing, testing it on oak tree rings of different widths taken from living trees. The main novelty introduced by our protocol was freezing tree-ring samples at −80 °C and milling multiple samples at a time by using a 24-tube plate. The results showed that our novel simplified protocol significantly reduced the pre-processing time with respect to the standard protocol (12 vs. 284 sec/sample), while achieving the same wood particle size, limiting the loss of wood material and reducing the risk of contamination among samples.

THE RESISTANCE OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. WOOD MODYFIED WITH FURFURYL ALCOHOL FOR DESTRUCTION BY RETICULITERMES LUCIFUGUS VAR. SANTONENSIS (DE FEYTEAUD)

The aim of the research was to determine the changes in susceptibility of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) wood to feeding bysubterranean termites Reticulitermes lucifugus var. santonensisconducted in accordance with the ASTM D 3345-08: 2009 Thesapwood after modification in furfuryl alcohol at concentration 50% with the addition citricacidat concentration 1%, naturalsapwood and heartwood experiment as a compulsory reference material were used for the tests.The blocks of Scots pine wood were used to create seasoned samples of 7% ± 1% moisture content.The blocks with dimensions of 25.4 x 25.4 x 6.4 mm were made from three trees. Each variant was represented by 5 blocks. All wood blocks were freeze-dried before starting the experiment in order to measure the dry weight. After 4 weeks of termite feeding visually rates of wooddestructionwere: 9 (light attack) for modified sapwood, 2.8 (heavy attack/failure)for natural sapwood and 8.2 (light attack/moderate attack)for natural heartwood.The loss of wood weight of blocks was: 0.01 gfor modified sapwood, 0.071 g for natural sapwood and 0.21 g for natural heartwood. The mortality of the termites in the case of modified sapwood was complete. The termite mortality in natural sapwood has been classified as slight, and in natural heartwood as slight to complete.

Food Preference of Termite (Microcerotermes diversus Silv.) for Forest Trees in Erbil Governorate

The current study investigated the sensitivity of different wood species to the termite, Microcerotermes diversus, in two different locations. The results showed that both softwood and hardwood of White Willow, Salix alba; Melia, Melia azedarach; pine, Pinus brutia and Mediterranean Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens are highly susceptible to the termite invasion under physically infection conditions in Sami Abdulrahman Park, Erbil city, Iraq. Moreover, the sensitivity of the species to the termite invasion was significantly different under natural infection in Grdarasha after 22 weeks from early April to the end of September 2017. In addition, the White Willow (Salix alba) species showed more sensitivity to the termite infection in comparison with others species, where the mean of wood green weight, wood dry weight (before infection), wood dry weight (after infection) and specific gravity loss during the period of experiment of the White Willow were 2.2609g, 2.1584g, 1.5983g and 0.5139 respectively. Furthermore, Cupressus sempervirens was more resistant in comparison with other wood species to the termite in both locations where green weight of wood 3.010g and Dry weight of wood (after infection) 2.287g, Dry weight of wood (befor infection) 2.877g and Specific gravity 0.685. Generally, this study revealed that there is no definite association between both physical properties and moisture content of softwoods and hardwoods with termite preference.
 

LiDAR Is Effective in Characterizing Vine Growth and Detecting Associated Genetic Loci.

The strong societal demand to reduce pesticide use and adaptation to climate change challenges the capacities of phenotyping new varieties in the vineyard. High-throughput phenotyping is a way to obtain meaningful and reliable information on hundreds of genotypes in a limited period. We evaluated traits related to growth in 209 genotypes from an interspecific grapevine biparental cross, between IJ119, a local genitor, and Divona, both in summer and in winter, using several methods: fresh pruning wood weight, exposed leaf area calculated from digital images, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and LiDAR-derived apparent volumes. Using high-density genetic information obtained by the genotyping by sequencing technology (GBS), we detected 6 regions of the grapevine genome [quantitative trait loci (QTL)] associated with the variations of the traits in the progeny. The detection of statistically significant QTLs, as well as correlations (R2) with traditional methods above 0.46, shows that LiDAR technology is effective in characterizing the growth features of the grapevine. Heritabilities calculated with LiDAR-derived total canopy and pruning wood volumes were high, above 0.66, and stable between growing seasons. These variables provided genetic models explaining up to 47% of the phenotypic variance, which were better than models obtained with the exposed leaf area estimated from images and the destructive pruning weight measurements. Our results highlight the relevance of LiDAR-derived traits for characterizing genetically induced differences in grapevine growth and open new perspectives for high-throughput phenotyping of grapevines in the vineyard.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HEMICELLULOSES POLYSACCHARIDES OF SCOTS PINE WOOD (PINUS SYLVESTRIS)

Many natural polysaccharides have biological activity, which allows them to be used to obtain medicines. The development of new methods for the isolation of polysaccharides from plant materials, as well as the study of their properties and structure, is an actual task. In this work the polysaccharide galactoglucomannan (GGM) was isolated from pine wood time by the peroxide delignification in the “acetic acid-water” medium in the presence (NH4)6Mo7O24.Its yield was 10.1 wt.% from the weight of wood and 58.1 wt.% from the content of hemicelluloses in wood. By 13С NMR method it was found that the degree of GGM acetylation is 0.23 with substitution of carbon atoms of the pyranose ring at C2 and C3. According to the X-ray data, GGM has an amorphous supramolecular structure. The polysaccharide gluoxylan (GX) was isolated by alkaline extraction from the cellulose product obtained after peroxide delignification. Its yield was 4.3 wt.%. from wood and 24.5 wt.% from the content of hemicelluloses in wood.Glucoxylan does not contain acetyl groups (data from IR and NMR spectroscopy), it has a crystalline supramolecular structure and is poorly soluble in water. Composition and structure of the obtained polysaccharides were studied using chemical methods of analysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H, 13C, 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopy, gas chromatography, X-ray analysis.

Biomass Assessment of Peach Trees in the Ecuadorian Andes

This work focused on the evaluation of four essential aspects of biomass based on peach trees grown in the Andean region of Ecuador. In one case, mathematical models have been developed allowing the amount of lignocellulosic material to be quantified from easily measurable parameters such as crown diameter, stem diameter and plant height. Performing quick surveys, these equations led to obtain the amount of biomass contained in a plot. In a second case, elemental analysis of biomass was performed in order to determine the amount of CO2 captured from the atmosphere through photosynthesis during its growth, and thus to assess the contribution of these plots in mitigating climate change. Afterwards, residual biomass from pruning was quantified and a proximal analysis was carried out. This allowed us to assess the suitability of these materials as solid biofuels. The models obtained to determine the volume of the branches gave determination coefficients of 0.98. Models to quantify the biomass of the whole plant had r2 of 70%. The density of the dried material was 0.92 g/cm3, obtaining an average dry wood weight of 44.8 kg per plant. This represents a content of 1682 moles of captured CO2 of a developed plant crop (3 years). The average ash on dry wood was 3%, fixed carbon content on dry wood was 7%, and volatile content dry wood was 78%. The moisture content of waste materials after pruning was 45.96%. The drying time in store for humidity below 10%, suitable for burning boiler, was 15 days. The higher heating value of peach wood was 18.92MJ/kg.

Evaluation of Tung Oil (Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.)) for Controlling Termites

In worldwide, the use of chemical pesticides to protect wood has been greatly restricted. In recent years, a large number of researchers devoted to the search for natural, safe and non-polluting bioactive chemical compounds from plants as an alternative to synthetic organic chemical preservative. In Chinese folk, tung oil can be used as paint for wooden furniture to protect them from pests. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical compositions of raw and heated tung oil and their activity against termite. In choice bioassays, weight loss of wood treated with 5% raw or heated tung oil after 4 weeks was significantly less than that of the control group. In no-choice bioassays, there was a significant difference in termite survival and wood weight loss on raw and heated tung oil-treated wood. When tung oil-treatment concentrations increased to 5%, wood weight loss was less than 10%. There was no significant difference in termite survival and wood weight loss between raw and heated tung oil-treated wood. Survival of termites in both tung oil wood treatments was significantly lower than that in the starvation control after 4 weeks. Raw and heated tung oil significantly improved the resistance of pine wood to termites, and have the potential for the development of natural wood preservatives.

Analysis of quantitative and qualitative extractive components extracted from hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and yakal (Shorea astylosa Foxw.) wood

The aim of the study was analysis of quantitative and qualitative extractive components extracted from hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and yakal (Shorea astylosa Foxw.) wood. Two wood species similar to each other in terms of microscopic structure and physical properties, the native wood of Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and the yakal wood (Shorea astylosa Foxw.) endemic to the Philippines, which is still little understood, were investigated. Wood is a material composed mainly of polymers called lignocellulose which includes: (cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses), but also contains many extractive and mineral substances. . The extractive content of wood in temperate climates is approximately for up to 5% by weight of wood. Their identification is difficult because of the wide variety and multiplicity of compounds present. However, extractive compounds are important for the resistance of trees and wood to biological agents such as fungal infestation or insect infestation. Usually the zones of dead wood (heartwood or cored wood) are characterized by a higher content of extractives. The understanding of the chemical composition of extractives in wood can contribute to the development of wood preservative products and environmentally friendly and would be part of the green chemistry policy.