Varnished Wood Research Articles

Residual Efficacy of Methoprene for Control of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Larvae at Different Temperatures on Varnished Wood, Concrete, and Wheat

The residual efficacy of the juvenile hormone analog methoprene (Diacon II) was evaluated in bioassays using larvae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) exposed on unsealed concrete or varnished wood treated with a liquid formulation and held at different temperatures. When these two types of surfaces were stored at 20, 30 or 35 degrees C for 0-24 wk, the percentage of adult emergence on concrete increased with time. In contrast, there was no adult emergence from larvae exposed to varnished wood at 24 wk after treatment at any of these temperatures. The presence of flour reduced residual efficacy of methoprene on concrete, but not on varnished wood, with no differences between cleaning frequencies. Methoprene was also stable for 48 h on concrete held at 65 degrees C and wheat, Triticum aestivum L., held at 46 degrees C. Results show that methoprene is stable at a range of temperatures commonly encountered in indoor food storage facilities and at high temperatures attained during insecticidal heat treatments of structures. The residual persistence of methoprene applied to different surface substrates may be affected more by the substrate than by temperature.

Effects of thermal aging on the film hardness of some wood varnishes

This study was performed to determine the effects of thermal aging on the film hardness of some wood varnishes. For this purpose, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis L.), and oak (Quercus petraea L.) samples coated with synthetic (alkyd), two-part polyurethane (urethane-alkyd), and waterborne (self cross-linked polyurethane) varnishes were evaluated at a moisture content of 8% and 12%. Afterwards, thermal aging processes were performed for periods of 25, 50, 75, and 100 days at 25 ºC, 50 ºC, 75 ºC, and 100 ºC. Hardness changes in the varnish films were measured in accordance with ISO 1522-2006. According to the test results, the samples prepared with polyurethane varnishes at 8% moisture content give the best results.

An Investigation into the Use of a Portable Cyanoacrylate Fuming System (SUPERfume®) and Aluminum Powder for the Development of Latent Fingermarks*

Few techniques offer "in situ" methods of friction ridge skin mark development. "In situ" development reduces mark transportation, degradation, and often cost. The effectiveness of cyanoacrylate fuming using the SUPERfume(®) and dusting with aluminum powder for latent fingermark development on several nonporous surfaces, stored in various temperature environments for time periods up to 52 weeks, was investigated. Five thousand and four hundred latent fingermarks were deposited under controlled conditions and graded. The results suggested that cyanoacrylate fuming (SUPERfume(®), Foster and Freeman, U.K.) was more effective at developing latent fingermarks on textured and smooth plastic surfaces and for marks stored in temperatures of 37 °C, whereas aluminum powder was more effective on glass, enameled metal paint, and varnished wood, and for storage temperatures below 20 °C. There were no significant benefits to using either technique for marks older than 24 h, but it was possible to develop fingermarks following 52 weeks of storage using both techniques.

How impregnation with boron compounds affects the surface hardness of some varnishes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how impregnation with boron compounds affects the surface hardness of varnished wood materials.

Exposures in painting-related occupations and risk of lung cancer among men: results from two case–control studies in Montreal

BackgroundEvidence that painters may be at risk for lung cancer comes mainly from analyses on job titles rather than on specific exposures found in the environments of painters.MethodsIn the context...

My Father's World

My Father's World Valerie Wohlfeld (bio) My father's desk was his world,the tiger-grain lost beneath the varnish and the darkened wax,and in the drawers a wilderness harnessed to the ordered world. My mother had no desk, just a chair where she could knit and purl,while my father sat and calculated his toil and tax.My father's desk was his world. At his touch and pull, a little panel unfurledto form an adjacent writing space for me, next to where his cognacsat. A wilderness harnessed to the ordered world, he filled the drawers with fountain pens marbledin mock tortoise shell; like honey in combed wax,a bottle's mucilage. My father's desk was his world. I was not like every other girl:instead of dolls I preferred my father's graphite pencils and his stacksof unread mail that threatened the order of his world. In the underbelly of the varnished wood was a whorlof shellac I stroked. Mother's needles creaked and clacked like the crackingof some other world that belonged only to her. My father's desk was his world.Order and chaos and the tiger-stripe: I entered my father's world. [End Page 188] Valerie Wohlfeld Valerie Wohlfeld's collection, Thinking the World Visible, won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Prize. She received an MFA from Vermont College. Her poetry book, Woman with Wing Removed, is forthcoming from Truman State University Press in Fall 2010. Copyright © 2010 Johns Hopkins University Press

Effects of application methods and species of wood on color changes of varnishes

In this study, the color effects of wood materials to coloring with different application methods (brush, roller sponge and spray gun) and waterborne varnishes were investigated according to ASTM-D 2244. For this purpose, the experimental samples of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.), oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and oak (Quercus petreae L.), which are commonly used woods in the carpentry and furniture industry in Turkey, were prepared and varnished with one and two-pack waterborne varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023. According to the result of the research, significant color changes in coloring as red and yellow tones on the sample surfaces of varnished wood materials were found. The highest color change was obtained in the samples of oak, when varnished with brush and spray gun while the lowest value was obtained in roller sponge in respect to the application methods for waterborne varnishes. However, the application method of spray gun for self crosslinked polyurethane, topcoat-clear, (SCPt) gave the highest metric chroma value among the three different application methods.

English

In this study, the color effects of wood materials to coloring with different application methods (brush, roller sponge and spray gun) and waterborne varnishes were investigated according to ASTM-D 2244. For this purpose, the experimental samples of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.), oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and oak (Quercus petreae L.), which are commonly used woods in the carpentry and furniture industry in Turkey, were prepared and varnished with one and two-pack waterborne varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023. According to the result of the research, significant color changes in coloring as red and yellow tones on the sample surfaces of varnished wood materials were found. The highest color change was obtained in the samples of oak, when varnished with brush and spray gun while the lowest value was obtained in roller sponge in respect to the application methods for waterborne varnishes. However, the application method of spray gun for self crosslinked polyurethane, topcoat-clear, (SCPt) gave the highest metric chroma value among the three different application methods.

Effect of various fire retardants on Brinell hardness of some wood

This study was performed to determine the impact of impregnation materials on the Brinell hardness of varnished wood materials. For this purpose, test specimens prepared from Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), which met the requirements of ASTM D 358, were impregnated according to ASTM D 1413-07 with borax, boric acid, zinc chloride, and di-ammonium phosphate by a vacuum technique. After impregnation, the surfaces were coated by cellulosic, synthetic, and polyurethane varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023. The Brinell hardness of the specimens after the varnishing process was determined in accordance with ASTM D 4366. According to the result of the tests, the highest Brinell hardness (135.40 kpm/m²) was determined in oriental beech samples, cut tangentially, impregnated with di- ammonium phosphate, and varnished with polyurethane. The lowest Brinell hardness (23.20 kpm/m²) was determined in Scotch pine control samples, cut radially and synthetically varnished.

Exposures in painting related occupations and risk of selected cancers: Results from a case–control study in montreal

Painters are considered to be at increased risk of lung cancer. The objective was to evaluate risk of several cancers, apart from lung, in painting-related professions. Most previous studies have focused on the job title rather than on exposures incurred. A large population based case-control study was carried out during 1979-1986 in Montreal including several types of cancer and focusing on occupational exposures. Interviews elicited detailed lifetime job histories; those were evaluated by a team of industrial hygienists to assign exposure. The exposure checklist included three paint-related substances: metal coatings, wood varnishes and stains, and wood and gypsum paints. Seven types of cancer were analyzed (numbers interviewed): esophagus (97), stomach (248), colorectal (754), prostate (438), bladder (478), kidney (174) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (215). For each cancer type, a pooled control group was constituted from 533 population controls and 533 cancer patients selected from other types of cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated between each of the paint-related agents and each of the seven cancer types, adjusting for several potential confounders, including smoking. The job title of "painters" was not associated with risk of any of the cancers under study. Most of the ORs between the three agents and the seven cancers were close to null. However, there was a tendency for ORs to be above 1.0 for subjects who had substantial exposure to metal coatings, with noteworthy associations for cancers of the esophagus (OR = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.1-17.0; n = 4), prostate (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.0-7.7; n = 13), and bladder (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 0.7-4.4; n = 13). These results are compatible with an absence of risk among painting-related professions; they are also compatible with excess risk of certain cancers, especially among those exposed to metal coatings.

Impact of impregnation with boron compounds on the surface hardness of varnished wood

AbstractThis study was performed to determine the impact of impregnation with boron compounds on the surface hardness of varnished wood materials. For this purpose, test specimens prepared from Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and oak (Quercus petreae Lipsky), which met the requirements of ASTM D 358, were impregnated according to ASTM D 1413 with boric acid and borax by a vacuum technique. After impregnation, the surfaces were coated by cellulosic, synthetic, polyurethane, waterborne, acrylic, and acid hardening varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023. The surface hardness of the specimens after the varnishing process was determined in accordance with ASTM D 4366. According to the wood type, impregnation material, and varnish type, the surface hardness was highest for the oak impregnated with borax and acrylic varnish and lowest for the oak impregnated with borax and synthetic varnish. Therefore, impregnation with boron compounds showed an increasing impact on the surface hardness of the varnished wood. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

Sensitization to Acrylates in Varnishes

Varnishes are liquid products that solidify when exposed to air. They are used to cover, protect, and embellish surfaces. Varnishes contain agglutinants and volatile solvents. The main agglutinants are epoxy resins and acrylates, and these acrylates are the substances that produce sensitization most of the time. We explain the use and handling of these varnishes and present four cases of occupational sensitization to acrylic resins present in wood varnishes used by four workers.

Spatially resolved element analysis of historical violin varnishes by use of μPIXE

External muPIXE has been used for characterisation of small samples of varnish from historical violins, and pieces of varnished wood from historical and modern stringed instruments. To obtain spatially resolved information about the distribution of elements across the varnish layers single-spot analysis, line-scans, and area-mapping were performed. Local resolution of approximately 20 mum was obtained from the 3 MeV, 1 nA proton micro-probe. Results from simultaneous multi-element determination of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Ba, and Pb in historical varnishes are presented. Semi-quantitative evaluation of line-scans recorded on diverse historical varnishes is reported. The applied method is discussed in detail and the results obtained are critically reviewed and compared with those in the literature.

Biodeterioration of varnished wood with and without biocide: implications for standard test methods

There is little information in the literature on the colonisation and biodeterioration of varnished wood and the effect of biocides on these processes. We investigated the effect of the incorporation of a pyridine biocide (2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4{methylsulfonyl}-pyridine) on the deterioration of a superficial layer of alkyd varnish on pine panels after 30 days incubation in an environmental chamber. Three genera of filamentous fungi and bacteria and two genera of yeasts and algae were isolated from varnished wood panels exposed to the environment in southern Brazil and used in the inocula. The highest degree of surface changes occurred in the panels inoculated with the fungal mixture below the non-biocide-containing varnish. The method of inoculating the panels made a significant difference to the results, with higher deterioration occurring in panels inoculated beneath, as opposed to above, the varnish. The incorporation of 0.3% biocide into the varnish significantly reduced the degree of surface changes occurring after incubation with any of the inocula. The effect was particularly noticeable for the fungal inoculum (85% reduction). The greatest damage in biocide-containing panels was produced by the mixed inoculum. This suggests that, although fungi are the most aggressive organisms, biocide efficacy is best assessed with a mixed inoculum containing various microbial groups. The overall effect of the biocide was to reduce damage to the varnish layer by approximately 62%.

Extraction, analysis and utilization of a drying-oil from Tetracarpidium conophorum

Tetracarpidium conophorum (conophor) is known in the southern Nigeria as Ukpa (Igbo) and serves as an edible nut eaten in-between meals. It serves no other use. The golden yellow oil extracted from this nut by solvent extraction has been shown to be a rapidly drying oil. The yield was calculated as 48–52%. The acid value and free fatty acid values indicated that the oil has a fairly low acidity, and thus is in a high state of purity. The iodine value was quite high, comparing very well with those of linseed oil, and perilla oil which are drying oils. The UV–vis absorbance at 400 nm was consistent with the golden yellow colour. The infra-red spectrum suggested on oil in a high state of purity and the ester functional group at 1746.20 cm −1 was quite characteristic. The oil was useful in the formulation of stand oil, vulcanized oil for rubber and leather substitutes. It was also used in formulating a wood varnish.

Bituminous coating: effects of cashew nut shell liquid‐tannin resins

Copolymer resins of peanut skin tannin extract, aldehydes and cashew nut shell liquid were prepared. The resins were blended with bitumen and used in formulating oleoresinous wood varnishes. The film properties of the varnishes were determined and the results showed that the gloss and scratch hardness of the films increased with increase in the quantity of cashew nut shell liquid/tannin‐aldehyde resins incorporated. The results also showed that the resins improved the chemical resistance of the varnish films. Varnish compositions containing 50:50 of bitumen and the resins gave films with satisfactory physical and chemical properties. The study showed that it is possible to formulate excellent oleoresinous wood varnishes using blends of bitumen and cashew nut shell liquid/tannin‐aldehyde resins.

Applications of oils extracted from African star apple ( Chrysophyllum africanum), horse eye bean ( Mucuna sloanei) and African pear ( Dacryodes edulis) seeds

Oils were extracted from dried seeds of African star apple, horse eye bean and African pear by soxhlet. The yields of the oils were 25·00 ± 0·5%, 23·00 ± 0·65% and 27·28 ± 0·82%, respectively. The star apple oil was deep red; horse eye bean and African pear had similar light yellow colours. The saponification value of the African star apple was low, that of African pear was medium while that of horse eye bean was high. Iodine values of both horse eye bean and African pear were high, while that of the African star apple was very low. The free fatty acid and acid values of the star apple suggested that fatty acids could be prepared from it. The acid and free fatty acid contents of African pear showed that the oil would not need purification, while the horse eye bean would need little purification. The iodine values of the oils suggested the African star apple be used for the preparation of solid soap; African pear and horse eye bean used for the preparation of resin, paint, polish, wood varnish and skin cream. The horse eye bean was also a constituent of liquid soap while the African pear was used in grease.

Surface materials and dust

Indoor air is nowadays a very important issue. Dust has an essential effect on it. The aim of this study was to find out if surface materials differ from each other in becoming ‘dusty’. The research material consisted of eleven different surface materials: uncoated linoleum, linoleum with acrylic treatment, even homogeneous PVC, cork tile with PVC‐coating, plastic covering with polyurethane coating, ceramic tiles, laminate, varnished wood, glass, steel and painted hard‐wood plate. The specimens were put in five different places. They formed two groups. One group was dusted with a dry microfibre cloth, the other group with a slightly damp viscose cloth. The amount of dust on the surface was measured once a week. The test period was six weeks. The results showed that uncoated linoleum collects more dust than other materials, ft is evident that dry cleaning methods are no worse than damp ones if efficient tools are used.

Microbial flora of deteriorated varnished wood

Microbial flora of deteriorated varnished wood

Evaluation of the Residual Activity of Demon Ec, Dursban Lo and Tralomethrin Ec on Various Surfaces Against German Cockroaches and Brown Dog Ticks, 1988

Abstract Unpainted and varnished birch wood panels, vinyl floor tiles and glazed ceramic tiles, measuring 232 cm2, were treated with either 0.015, 0.03 or 0.06% tralomethrin EC (3.75% AI); 0.1% Demon EC (25.3% AI); or 0.5% Dursban LO (41.5% AI). Each insecticide was applied at the rate of 3.8 liters/92.9 m2 using a pressurized 3.8 liter stainless steel hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 7 ml/ s at 20 psi with a 12 × teejet brass cone nozzle. After treatment, each panel was allowed to dry for ca. 30 min. At which time 10 adult brown dog ticks (sex ratio 1:1) were placed onto the treated surface and covered with a screened Fonda° paper can lid (8.9 cm diam). In a second test 15 adult German cockroaches (sex ratio 1:1) were similarly confined onto a separate series of glazed ceramic and plain birch wood panels which had been treated in a similar fashion with the same insecticides as above. While the same insecticides were used, only the 0.015 and 0.03% concentrations of tralomethrin EC were tested. In both tests, panels of each surface treated with water only served as controls. Treatments and controls were replicated 4 times/test interval. All insecticides were evaluated on the d of treatment (wk 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 wk post-treatment. The percentage of knocked-down and dead individuals was separately recorded 24 h after exposure. Those individuals which were unable to remain upright but were still able to move an appendage when probed with a teasing needle were recorded as knocked-down. No knockdown or mortality occurred on control panels for both species. All data were subjected to ANOVA, following arcsine transformation of the data. Original means are presented.