Wood Supply Research Articles

Laminasi Kayu Sengon Sebagai Salah Satu Solusi Ketersediaan Kayu Untuk Bahan Bangunan

Abstracts. The supply of wood that is quite durable and of high quality has not been able to meet the needs of building construction at the present time, especially in the future. Sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria) is a fast-growing type of plant that has a large increase (volume of wood per hectare per year) which is around 28 - 48 m3 / ha / year. To fulfill various human objectives, the majority of Sengon wood can be collected from the age of 6 years. With the use of lamination technology, wood remnants can be utilized to be made into wooden blocks of various sizes and various shapes. Lamination can make the strength of Sengon wood higher than solid wood beams.The test is carried out by physical and mechanical tests as well as the Sengon wood laminated sliding block test. In testing physical and mechanical properties based on ISO 1975 regulations. Testing of physical properties of Sengon wood includes wood density test and moisture content test. Testing the mechanical properties of Sengon wood includes fiber parallel compressive strength test, fiber perpendicular compressive strength test, tensile strength test, shear strength test and flexural strength test. Testing of Sengon wood laminated sliding blocks to determine the strength of lamination has a variation of 30 MDGL, 40 MDGL and 50 MDGL slurry adhesives with 3 replications of each shear test.The average density of Sengon wood is 0.315 t / m3 and the average moisture content of Sengon wood is 13.539%. The average compressive strength of fibers is 26.85 MPa and the compressive strength of fibers is 9.62 MPa. The average tensile strength of Sengon wood is 61.48 MPa and the average shear strength of Sengon wood is 5.31 MPa. In testing the flexural strength of Sengon wood an average of 43.18 MPa. Testing of Sengon wood laminate sliding block for 30 / MDGL obtained an average of 0.05 kg / mm2. In the shear block 40 / MDGL obtained an average shear strength of 0.02 kg / mm2. For the 50 / MDGL laminate shear block an average shear strength of 0.08 kg / mm2 was obtained.

An optimization model for selecting wood supply contracts

Procurement for forest companies with pulp and paper mills aims to ensure that a sufficient volume of wood supply enters the production process. Numerous suppliers and contract types are available; however, their selection is a complex decision for procurement managers. In addition, managers typically dedicate a portion of their wood fiber demand to each group of suppliers, which is referred to as a portfolio strategy. Despite the available literature in contract selection, the consideration of contract types and their characteristics have not been addressed for the complex procurement process. In this study, a mixed-integer optimization model is proposed to best select contracts for pulp and paper procurement. The challenge was to plan deliveries in each time period to satisfy the demand of raw material at the mills. The potential of this model is demonstrated with a case study based on characteristics from a forest company in Quebec, Canada. A comparison between traditional fixed and flexible contracts is presented. Different portfolio strategies are also evaluated for groups of suppliers to investigate potential improvements.

Research Progress in the Chemical Modification of Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus, a main fast-growing tree species for plantation in southern China, has remarkably contributed to balance the supply and demand of wood in the country. Eucalyptus is mainly used for processing wood-based panels, including fiberboards, plywoods, and chipboards, with low added value because of its poor dimensional stability and susceptibility to cracking and deformation. In this paper, the mechanisms, merits, and demerits of wood acetylation, furfurylation, and resin-related and thermal modifications were summarized.The research status of the chemical modification of eucalyptus was analyzed, and existing problems and future research directions of eucalyptus modification were stated briefly.

Joining up optimisation of wood supply chains with forest management: a case study of North Karelia in Finland

AbstractThis paper presents a spatially explicit methodology for integrated forest management and wood supply chain optimization over time in the context of a Finnish forest strategy anticipating new investments and renewal of business in the wood processing industry. The Finnish MELA simulator was used to generate multiple treatment schedules over time at the management unit level – each treatment schedule providing unique estimates of extracted wood volumes by different assortment categories for each time period. The J linear programming (LP) software was used to analyse different regional forest strategies in terms of wood supply and transportation costs to multiple market destinations. The analysis revealed clear differences both in wood flows and forest resources between strategies maximizing wood supply or optimizing wood supply to market destinations. In addition, the wood flows appeared responsive to new mill and increased demand. Further, the changes in factory price had a heavier impact on pulpwood supply than on sawlog supply. The same methodology can be applied for analysing the impact of new factories on wood flows from forest to factories and between factories or to support forest enterprises in planning their wood supply over multiple time periods and multiple destinations.

Socially optimal forest management and biodiversity conservation in temperate forests under climate change

Forest biodiversity underpins social welfare by preserving ecosystem multifunctionality and the provision of ecosystem goods and services. Still, the social value of biodiversity is not adequately incorporated into forest management and decision support models. This study proposes a novel approach for defining socially optimal biodiversity levels, wood supply and taxation schemes under climate change. We developed a partial equilibrium model to maximize consumers’ and producers’ surplus until the end of the century, including climate change impacts as productivity shocks in a coupled ecological-economic framework. In our model, we consider a first-best and a second-best taxation scheme to internalize the value of forest biodiversity into forest planning. The framework developed here was applied to a temperate forest landscape in southwestern Germany, where biodiversity has a high social value. Our results indicate an increasing consumption of wood and supply of biodiversity (up to 38.4 %) until the end of the century. Moreover, climate change may affect forest productivity, optimal harvesting rates and taxation schemes. Crucially, current management is unable to capture the adequate social value of biodiversity and is inefficient under climate change. Policy mechanisms are therefore required to correct biodiversity provision in temperate forest landscapes.

Describing area and yield for small-scale plantation forests in Wairarapa region of New Zealand using RapidEye and LiDAR

Background: New Zealand does not have a national forest inventory based on ground measurements. The National Exotic Forest Description (NEFD) is based on surveys of forest owners but lacks reliability in describing area and yield for small-scale forests, given that over half of the small-scale forests were not included in the direct NEFD survey. This has led to an insufficient understanding of the wood supply from these forests, which will raise problems as the majority of the small-scale forests are approaching maturity and are anticipated to contribute more than 40% of wood supply in the next decade. Therefore, having accurate estimation of this resources is critical for marketing, harvesting and logistic planning. Furthermore, the current NEFD does not incorporate a spatial representation. The aim of this study was to test the utility of remote sensing dataset for providing information on the area and yield of small-scale forest resources through a case study in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand.
 Methods: Classification and regression tree analysis was applied to both RapidEye and LiDAR datasets to map the net stocked area of small-scale plantation forests in Wairarapa. Results were compared against forest areas that have been determined from manual digitisation. For each forest, stand variables mean top height, basal area, volume and stand age were estimated using LiDAR-derived metrics. This allowed the development of maps for these stand variables.
 Results: The automatically mapped plantation area was 4.2% (1?614 ha) less than the reference area (i.e. manually digitised plantation area), together with manually digitised young plantations which were not detected from automated approach, the area differed only by -0.6% (235 ha) from the reference area. The yield tables developed using modelled stand variables were all within a realistic range and were comparable to wood availability forecast (WAF) yield tables, producing on average 27 m3 ha-1 less than the WAF yield.
 Conclusions: The mapping approach produced comparable results to the area calculated using manual digitisation. However, this approach struggles to detect young plantings due to the resolution of the remote sensing datasets used; hence manual digitisation is required to map the young plantations that were within 3–5 years of planting. This study also confirmed that the remote sensing approach could be used to describe forest yield, although the approach failed to predict the full range of ages of the mapped forest resource. The estimation of plantation age could be improved by including plot data with a wider range of stand ages or investigating different models for age estimation. It is also possible to review time-series satellite imagery to detect establishment periods for the forests.

Development and comparison of various stand- and tree-level modeling approaches to predict harvest occurrence and intensity across the mixed forests in Maine, northeastern US

ABSTRACTTo overcome existing knowledge gaps regarding altering harvest activities in the mixed species and heavily forested USA state of Maine, we used continuous forest inventory data to develop statistical models that predict harvest probability of occurrence and intensity. Among the three modeling approaches examined, the first one directly predicted stand-level basal area removal as a percentage of initial total stand basal area. The second approach first predicted stand-level harvest probability and then the stand-level basal area removal of the harvested plots only. The third approach used the stand-level harvest probability equation of the second approach, while subsequently predicting individual tree harvest probability for only the harvested plots. Among the most influential stand-level attributes were quadratic mean diameter, stand density, elevation, and ownership type, while the most influential tree-level attributes were diameter at breast height, basal area in larger trees, and species. Differences in prediction accuracy between modeling approaches were small with the third approach performing slightly better. Our findings suggest that harvesting in Maine might be less opportunistic and short-term driven than generally perceived. Overall, the analysis highlights the complex array of factors that influence harvesting patterns and provides a framework for better representing contrasting harvest behavior in future wood supply projections.

Selection of Poplar Genotypes for Adapting to Climate Change

Deployment of well-adapted, water use efficient, and productive genotypes may be essential for the sustainability of both forests and wood supply for the forest industry, as climate change is increasing water stress around the world. This study aimed to characterize key traits among new genotypes of hybrid poplars (Populus spp.) in water use efficiency (WUE) and evaluate adaptive capacity to guide the selection of appropriate clones/hybrid types for commercial deployment in habitats with an increasing water deficit in northern, continental climates. Forty-five new hybrid poplar genotypes were compared at the age of 10, including two control clones, Walker and Okanese, growing in a common garden genetics trial in northern Alberta. We studied the relationships between their productivity and WUE, photosynthetic assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, stomatal density and length, and leaf size and weight. In addition, the genetic variance and heritabilities of physiological and morphological characteristics related to WUE were calculated. Results of this study revealed that most of the clones showed an adaptive capacity to acclimatize (small and dense stomata) to the region of deployment. Morphological traits were characterized by higher heritabilities than physiological traits. Hybrids between Populus balsamifera and Populus maximowiczii species showed a slightly greater adaptive potential to the area of our study than the other tested cross types. Walker, a clone widely planted across the Canadian prairies, showed inferior WUE and productivity in comparison to the new genotypes tested. Selection and tree breeding for adaptation to climate change in the region of our investigation identified highly productive genotypes with dense, small stomata and a larger leaf area to dry mass ratio. As these traits are heritable, selection of clones with these traits will ensure a faster reaction of stomata when faced with a water deficit. The low genetic effect, heritability estimates, and high residual effect for physiological traits, impose a severe limitation on the use of gas exchange measurements under field conditions in tree improvement programs selecting for drought resistance.

Assessing forest availability for wood supply in Europe

The quantification of forests available for wood supply (FAWS) is essential for decision-making with regard to the maintenance and enhancement of forest resources and their contribution to the global carbon cycle. The provision of harmonized forest statistics is necessary for the development of forest associated policies and to support decision-making. Based on the National Forest Inventory (NFI) data from 13 European countries, we quantify and compare the areas and aboveground dry biomass (AGB) of FAWS and forest not available for wood supply (FNAWS) according to national and reference definitions by determining the restrictions and associated thresholds considered at country level to classify forests as FAWS or FNAWS.FAWS represent between 75 and 95 % of forest area and AGB for most of the countries in this study. Economic restrictions are the main factor limiting the availability of forests for wood supply, accounting for 67 % of the total FNAWS area and 56 % of the total FNAWS AGB, followed by environmental restrictions. Profitability, slope and accessibility as economic restrictions, and protected areas as environmental restrictions are the factors most frequently considered to distinguish between FAWS and FNAWS. With respect to the area of FNAWS associated with each type of restriction, an overlap among the restrictions of 13.7 % was identified. For most countries, the differences in the FNAWS areas and AGB estimates between national and reference definitions ranged from 0 to 5 %. These results highlight the applicability and reliability of a FAWS reference definition for most of the European countries studied, thereby facilitating a consistent approach to assess forests available for supply for the purpose of international reporting.

Applying Theory of Constraints to Timber Harvesting

Logging firms are a critical link in wood supply chains, connecting forest landowners with markets for wood products. Improving operational planning can benefit individual logging firms as well as the larger wood supply chain in which they operate. Applying concepts from Theory of Constraints (TOC) to timber harvesting may help achieve greater predictability and efficiency when planning harvest operations. However, examples that demonstrate how TOC can improve logging operations are lacking. This study focuses on the analysis of production and activity data collected during the harvest of a temperate mixed hardwood forest in the Northeast United States using a chainsaw-forwarder system through a TOC lens. Specifically, the drum-buffer-rope (DBR) method was used to reschedule operator and machine activities such that a consistent flow of wood from stump to landing was maintained despite anticipated production setbacks. The results of this case study provide insights into the usefulness of applying TOC to logging operations. In particular, logging businesses must be able to estimate machine and operator productivity within a given harvest context to identify and exploit system constraints, while taking full advantage of unused capacity of any non-constraint functions.

Assessment of Costs in Harvesting Systems Using WoodChainManager Web-based Tool

The rationalization of working procedures during difficult market conditions is gaining increasing importance. For rational production, it is necessary to always be aware of what and how much to invest in the business process to obtain the desired products or services without economic loss. This article presents a tool for the assessment of costs in forest wood supply chains. WoodChainManager is a Web-based tool composed of three user modules intended for the assessment of material costs of individual machines or the total costs of all selected machines in a forest harvesting system. Users can test the impact of individual technologies on the total material costs of the harvesting system and thus optimize operation processes. The basic tool for describing harvesting systems is the matrix, which visualizes cutting and hauling from the standing tree in the stand to the forest products at the end user. The tool has built-in algorithms that prevent the selection of an illogical harvesting system. The selected method for calculating costs for individual machines is simple, but still reflects the state of the actually incurred costs. WoodChainManager offers cost calculations for a wide range of technologies, machines and appurtenant attachments. The authors of this paper wish to increase awareness and understanding of cost calculations and to offer the possibility to directly compare different harvesting systems.

Wood biomass market development in the Slovak Republic

One of the priorities of the EU is the creation of a resilient Energy Union with a forward looking climate policy that is capable of delivering the adopted 2020 and 2030 climate and energy targets and the EU's longer-term climate objectives. To achieve this, the EU has to decarbonize its energy supply, integrate the fragmented national energy markets into a smooth functioning and coherent European system, and set up a framework that allows the effective coordination of national states efforts. The paper deals with situation on the wooden biomass market in the frame of the Slovak Republic, and, marginally in a broader, the Central-European context. Slovakia is developing its renewable energy market based on the significant biomass resources. However, the wood biomass market is highly competitive, influenced by natural disturbances (wood supply), foreign demand, situation on the Central European market, utilisation of established capacities, launching additional resources and pressure on the prices of wood assortments. There are three major sectors consuming wood biomass: the pulp and paper industry, producers of wood-based panels and energy sector. Consumption of the wood biomass among the three competing sectors is analysed in the country range including the comparison of prices of pulpwood and wood chips. The paper also explains wood biomass market distortion and problems with the round wood assortments distribution (among sectors), and failure in respect to the principle of “wood cascading”. This paper is a part of the research study “Analysis of availability of main and alternative resources for pulp and paper industry.”

A discrete-event simulation model to test multimodal strategies for a greener and more resilient wood supply

Increasing occurrences of natural disturbances, including windstorms and high snow cover, and supply chain risks lead to severe irregularities in wood harvest and transport. To overcome resulting supply difficulties, innovative multimodal systems via rail terminals are promising options offering the potential to increase buffer capacity, improve supply chain resilience, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, a train terminal is included in a virtual simulation environment spanning the entire wood supply chain from forest to industry to test, analyze, and evaluate a complex multimodal system in different scenario settings. Furthermore, the simulation model provides intuitive decision support through animation and a cockpit of key performance indicators, facilitating hands-on workshops with supply chain managers. Results show the advantage of a combination of unimodal and multimodal transport in the wood supply chain of the observed case-study region. This combination proves to be resilient and outperforms other tested supply chain strategies by avoiding both bottlenecks and ill-timed plans and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Furthermore, workshops conducted with industry experts indicate that adapting collaborative supply chain control strategies by means of a participatory simulation environment enhances the development of advanced risk management and therefore improves supply chain resilience, efficiency, and sustainability.

Programa de secagem para a madeira de seringueira (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i> Muell. Arg.)

A seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) tem sido cultivada para extração de látex e utilizada para produção de madeira ao fim do ciclo produtivo do látex. A secagem é uma etapa fundamental no processamento mecânico da madeira. No caso da madeira de seringueira, faz-se particularmente necessária a secagem artificial em estufa para a sua utilização, devido à alta susceptibilidade ao ataque de fungos emboloradores e apodrecedores quando úmida. Dessa maneira, este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar e avaliar programa de secagem convencional para quatro clones de Hevea brasiliensis (IAN-873, IAN-717, GT-711 e AVROS-1301) plantados nos municípios de Ituberá e Grapiúna, no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. O programa de secagem convencional utilizado, com temperatura inicial de 50°C e final de 75°C, aplicado em uma estufa Hildebrand tipo “Test Dryer” com controle automático Gann, foi eficiente, produzindo uma secagem muito rápida (menos de 4 dias para os clones IAN-873, IAN-717 e GT-711) e rápida (4,5 dias para o clone AVROS-1301), observando-se uma baixa incidência de defeitos de secagem.

Temporal Evolution of Carbon Stocks, Fluxes and Carbon Balance in Pedunculate Oak Chronosequence under Close-To-Nature Forest Management

Under current environmental changes, forest management is challenged to foster contrasting benefits from forests, such as continuous wood supply while preserving biomass production, biodiversity conservation, and contribution to climate change mitigation through atmospheric carbon sequestration. Although being found as globally important, estimates of long-term forest C balance are still highly uncertain. In this context, the chronosequence experiments (space-for-time substitution) might fill this gap in even-aged forests, as they represent an approach that enables the assessment of forest net C balance in the long term. In this research, we explored the dynamics of C stocks and fluxes in different forest pools throughout the rotation period (140 years) of a Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) forest in Croatia. For this purpose, we selected a chronosequence that was made up of seven forest stands with different age (5, 13, 38, 53, 68, 108, and 138 years). To address the issues of uncertainty in C balance estimates, we compared net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) estimated while using two different approaches, which we name pool-change (from C stocks) approach and component-flux (from C fluxes) approach. Overall, the pool-change approach showed higher NECB estimate, with the greatest difference being observed in younger stands (<50 years). Component-flux approach showed significantly higher uncertainty. Throughout the rotation period, managed pedunculate oak stands become a C sink early in their development phase, between the age of 13 and 35 years according to pool-change and component-flux approach, respectively. During the 140 years, oak forest provided 187.2 Mg C ha−1 (604 m3 ha−1) through thinnings and 147.9 Mg C ha−1 (477 m3 ha−1) in the final cut, while preserving, on average, 88.9 Mg C ha−1 in mineral soil down to 40 cm, 18.2 Mg C ha−1 in dead wood, and 6.0 Mg C ha−1 in the forest floor. Soil C stocks in our chronosequence did not show any age-related trend, indicating that current management practice has no negative effect on soil C stocks. Finally, under current close-to-nature forest management, Pedunculate oak forest showed to be sustainable in providing both economic and ecological ecosystem services.

Historical changes in hydrology, geomorphology, and floodplain vegetation of the Willamette River, Oregon

AbstractHistorical trends in hydrology, geomorphology, and floodplain vegetation provide fundamental contexts for designing future management of large rivers, an area of fluvial research extensively informed by studies of historical channel dynamics. Changes in hydrology, channel structure, floodplain forests, and large wood were documented for the 273‐km main stem of the Willamette River from 1850 to present. Reduced sediment supply and frequency and magnitude of floods have decreased channel mobility and incised channels, leading to fewer gravel bars, islands, and side channels. Human alteration of channel morphology, vegetation, and bank hardening has exacerbated channel simplification caused by reductions in floods, sediment supply, and inputs of wood. A substantial number of floodplain channels reoccupied remnants of previous active channels inundated during recent floods, demonstrating functional but often forgotten role of historical geomorphic structure in modern floodplains and flood processes. In most reaches, area of floodplain forests in 1990 was only 10% to 25% of the area of forests in 1850. Abundance of wood in the wetted channel was generally greater in reaches with higher abundances of floodplain forests. Future trajectories will be influenced by legacies of the historical river but increasingly will reflect evolution of a new river shaped by human development, changing climate, and emerging hydrogeomorphic and vegetation processes. Understanding historical characteristics and anticipating future rates and patterns of ecosystem change provide fundamental contexts for restoring biophysical processes and structure in a large floodplain river.

Generating intra-year metrics of wildfire progression using multiple open-access satellite data streams

The 2017 fire season was one of the largest on record for British Columbia (BC), Canada, in terms of total area burned (estimated 1.2 million ha), affecting the safety and air quality of numerous communities. Moreover, fires of this number and extent alter the wood supply for harvesting, the nature of habitat for wildlife, and can affect regional and national carbon budgets. As a result, it is important to map these fires accurately and to monitor within-year fire progression in order to quantify the resulting forest-disturbance impacts fully. The Bayesian Updating of Land Cover (BULC) algorithm was used to merge burned-area classifications of individual fires from a range of remote sensing sources such as Landsat-7, Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and MODIS (MCD64A1) burned-area dataset. Together, these provisional classifications imaged each pixel within a known fire perimeter an average of 33.8 times between April 1 and December 1. The resulting 35-week time-series stack had updated weekly burned areas for each of the 89 fires in BC in 2017. Province-wide fire progression was variable throughout the period analyzed, characterized by a steady burn phase of 41,437 ha (5% of total area burned) over a two-week period in early July, an accelerated burn phase of 149,422 ha (17%) from mid-July to early August, another steady burn phase of 218,079 ha (24%) for one month until early September, and a second accelerated burn phase of 301,931 ha (34%) over two weeks in late September with subsequent steady growth of 180,119 ha (20%) over 1.5 months until containment in late October. Herein, we demonstrate how such temporally dense fire classification stacks can be used to analyze fire progression over the course of a fire season (both retrospectively and in near-real time) providing useful metrics to characterize and compare fire events. End-of-season burned-area estimates correspond with estimates derived from the National Burned Area Composite (NBAC) product that is generated retrospectively from fire best-available mapping approaches. This rapid interpretation of information enables the analysis of suppression success and potential drivers of fires spread while facilitating analyses of carbon budget consequences as well as impacts to communities and timber supply.

A conceptual model for private forest owners' harvest decisions: A qualitative study in southwest Germany

Forest development and wood supply projections can inform policy makers, industry and the public about consequences of today's actions for future forests and resource availabilities. Due to complex factor interactions, harvest decisions within the non-industrial private sector are difficult to retrace. This research develops a conceptual model capturing the harvest decision-making processes of owners of small- to medium-scale private forest properties through to the occurrence or non-occurrence of harvests on forest stands. The conceptual model was developed on the basis of 32 semi-structured qualitative interviews with forest owners. Interviews were restricted to forest property sizes up to around 100 ha located within southwest Germany. Data analysis was based on grounded theory and involved open, sensitized, selective and theoretical coding. The derived conceptual model includes the forest owner as principal agent and the forest stand embedded in the forest property as an object of interest. The forest owners' internal drivers are needs (dependencies) and wants (objectives) related to their personalities. Harvest decisions are driven by interactions of these internal drivers with phenomena related to external drivers and obstacles. Components of the system shift as a consequence of transformations (e.g. inheritance and life cycle) which create new drivers and obstacles. In contrast to owner typologies, the conceptual model explains harvest decisions as the outcome of interrelations between the involved elements. It is especially suited to supporting data selection and model building for harvest decision predictions, which can be used to inform political decisions.

La forêt suisse entre approvisionnement en bois et multifonctionnalité (essai)

The Swiss forest between wood supply and multifunctionality (essay) Swiss forestry operations have been in deficit for decades. Timber prices fall while production costs rise. At the same time, demand for non-market forest services continues to increase. The challenge is to ensure a sustainable timber supply from Swiss forests in the future, while taking into account the multifunctionality of the forest. According to the results of a Swiss national science foundation research project on this issue, non-market forest services are highly valued by the population. The study also identified significant potential for improving the performance of forest operations, in particular by achieving economies of scale. In addition, the exploitation and maintenance of the forest has positive externalities, which justifies the payment of targeted public subsidies to the forest sector.

Optimal Kiln Dry Allocation for Dry Timber Preparation to Minimize Cost

Optimization models are increasingly developed for planning and scheduling in manufacturing of natural resources. However, the uncertainty of material from natural resources makes it more difficult to develop a model. In this paper, we concern about the cost of dry timber preparation for finishing process in a wood-board manufacturer. Based on characteristics of the material and wood-board production process, we develop two models to minimize transportation and drying cost of wood supply. The models consider the capacity of facilities, distances among facilities, and timber specification-based drying periods. The model is solved using linear programming, result in drying allocation of kiln dry’s chambers that gives the minimum cost of the process. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to demonstrate the effect of variation of internal capacity and external capacity to the objective function value. The results show that the total cost is more sensitive to the variation of the external capacity of kiln dry than the variation of the internal capacity.