Wood Supply Research Articles

Post-harvest regeneration is driven by ecological factors rather than wood procurement intensity in eastern Canadian forests

Abstract Biomass from surplus forest growth that is not harvested for wood supply of conventional industries can be an important source of feedstock for bioenergy. Its procurement can be integrated with little effort into current harvest operations. However, the increasing harvesting intensity to meet greater demand for biomass procurement can impact forest ecosystem functions because of its direct and indirect effects on woody debris and the regeneration of next-rotation stands. In this context, we aimed to determine the relationships between wood procurement intensity, woody debris inputs, and regeneration success over 2 years after harvesting. We tested four treatments of increasing wood procurement intensity using a randomized block design within six experimental sites along a gradient of varying forest characteristics of boreal and temperate forests. We assessed stand characteristics in terms of standing trees, woody debris, and regeneration pre- and post-harvest. We used mixed effects models to evaluate (i) the effects of wood procurement intensity and pre-harvest stand characteristics on the volume and cover of woody debris and (ii) the specific influence of woody debris on the presence of suitable planting microsites post-harvest. Furthermore, we used principal component regressions to explore the relationships between harvesting intensity and the presence of natural regeneration and competing vegetation as a function of pre- and post-harvest stand characteristics (iii). Our results showed that increasing wood procurement intensity reduced the volume of post-harvest woody debris while having a limited effect on regeneration. Increasing harvesting intensity had a negligible effect on suitable planting microsites in hardwood-dominated stands but it increased their presence in conifer-dominated stands. Natural regeneration and competing vegetation were mainly related to stand characteristics, and only broadleaf regeneration was sensitive to harvest intensity. We conclude that the relationships between wood procurement intensity and regeneration are complex and rely mainly on stand characteristics rather than wood procurement needs.

Harmonised statistics and maps of forest biomass and increment in Europe

Forest biomass is an essential resource in relation to the green transition and its assessment is key for the sustainable management of forest resources. Here, we present a forest biomass dataset for Europe based on the best available inventory and satellite data, with a higher level of harmonisation and spatial resolution than other existing data. This database provides statistics and maps of the forest area, biomass stock and their share available for wood supply in the year 2020, and statistics on gross and net volume increment in 2010–2020, for 38 European countries. The statistics of most countries are available at a sub-national scale and are derived from National Forest Inventory data, harmonised using common reference definitions and estimation methodology, and updated to a common year using a modelling approach. For those counties without harmonised statistics, data were derived from the State of Europe’s Forest 2020 Report at the national scale. The maps are coherent with the statistics and depict the spatial distribution of the forest variables at 100 m resolution.

When decarbonization rhymes with industrialization. The political dilemmas of increasing wood usage within the French construction industry

ABSTRACT Because the building industry is a massive contributor to GHS emissions and energy consumption, France’s low carbon strategy has set it ambitious objectives: complete decarbonization by 2050. To achieve this, construction in wood (currently 10% of market share) must increase significantly. This article addresses the economic and political challenge of promoting this growth. Adopting an analytical framework combining political economy and policy analysis, we analyse ‘political work’ undertaken to articulate relevant industrial and climate policies. First, we show how ‘a lack of competitiveness’ of the wood industry has been reproblematized to reconcile this framing with climate policy objectives. Then we analyze policies which address market regulation, the supply of wood and financial investments in the wood and construction industries. Finally, we argue that today regulating the wood segment of the construction industry faces two dilemmas. A sovereignty dilemma refers to differing degrees of actor willingness to foster French wood products without hampering climatization objectives. A territorial dilemma arises concerning the pathway to industrialization built by its promoters and, in particular, how territories at ‘the French margins’ might benefit from this economic opportunity.

SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF AN INDUSTRIALIZED HOUSE

The PRO.CRE.AR. Bicentenario (Argentine Bicentennial Single-Family Housing Credit Program) implemented between 2012 and 2015 approximately, included a model of wooden houses, thus enhancing in Argentina the opportunity to have a house built with industrialized wooden elements. The paper compares at a conceptual level the construction of the same house (similar to the prototype named “Maderera”) as a traditional building, i.e., with brick masonry and reinforced concrete, and instead with industrialized wood construction as funded by the PRO.CRE.AR program: the comparison focuses on the amount of CO2 incorporated in the two constructive solutions. Alongside this assessment, conducted on the basis of estimated quantities of materials and data found in the literature, the paper examines the amount of CO2 not produced over the lifetime of the house when photovoltaic elements and solar panels are possibly adopted for local energy production and then discusses the positive impact of any energy storage systems. The results regarding the building energy demand and the CO2 saved support the choice of building industrialization for the wood supply chain, propose additional options for the deployment of wood construction, and evaluate the impact of home PV & solar panels for sustainability and integration into the technological system.

Strengthening capacity for forest protection in Myanmar

Pests and diseases have been reported by Myanmar foresters and plantation owners as significant challenges to the quality and quantity of wood supply from natural and planted forests. As part of a FAO project on strengthening local capacity in forest health, questionnaire surveys on pests and diseases and a needs assessment were conducted among companies/organizations involved in growing forests. Thirteen and 12 participants responded to the two surveys, respectively. Respondents grew 10 different tree species, namely Tectona grandis, Acacia mangium, Acacia hybrid, Eucalyptus spp., Gmelina arborea, Swietenia macrophylla, Paulownia kawakamii, Xylia xylocarpa, Bruguiera sexangula and Rhizophora apiculata. Growers recognized pests of teak but were less familiar with pests of the other tree species. Diseases were only reported from teak and A. mangium. Weeds were reported only from mature plantations. Workers were mostly educated only up to primary school level. None were trained in pest and disease management and most did not know about invasive alien species (IAS) and integrated pest and disease management (IPM). Based on the needs identified from the surveys, three workshops were conducted for over 100 local participants.

Tree adaptive growth (TAG) model: a life-history theory-based analytical model for post-thinning forest stand dynamics.

Understanding stand dynamics is essential for predicting future wood supply and associated ecosystem services for sustainable forest management. The dynamics of natural stands can be characterized by age-dependent growth and yield models. However, dynamics in managed stands appear somewhat different from that of natural stands, especially with difficulties in explaining the phenomenon of post-thinning overcompensation, based upon some long-term observations. Though overcompensation is an ideal outcome for the forest sector, it had been largely treated as an outlier and thus ignored or dismissed as "out-of-the-ordinary". We developed a life history theory-based, state-dependent model of Tree Adaptive Growth (TAG) to investigate this phenomenon and verified that overcompensation should be a common outcome in post-thinning forest stands when the stand growth over time is sigmoid shaped. TAG posits that individual trees will invest proportionately more into growth following thinning because it is evolutionarily adaptive to do so. Our investigation of the model's behavior unearthed diverse stand growth patterns similar to that which is observed in the empirical datasets and predicted by a statistics-based Tree's Compensatory Growth (TreeCG) model. A simple, theory-driven, analytical model, TAG, can reproduce the diverse growth patterns in post-thinning stands and thus assist addressing silviculture-related issues. The model can be applied to various jurisdictions even without detailed regional growth and yield relationships and is capable of incorporating the effects of other time sensitive factors like fertilization, pruning, and climate change.

An optimization and discrete event simulation framework for evaluating delivery performance in Swedish wood supply chains under stochastic weather variations

ABSTRACT Delivery performance in wood supply chains is affected by carrying capacity on forest roads. Stochastic weather variations affect carrying capacity of roads and accessibility of harvested wood on landings. In Sweden, annual harvest scheduling is usually based on four seasons and road accessibility classes are set to match these seasons. In reality, road accessibility changes depend on weather variations not season. This causes a risk of poor delivery performance. Delivery performance is evaluated using two performance indicators, backorders (orders not delivered on time) and lead time (time from harvesting to delivery to mill). A data-analytic framework, combining optimization and simulation, is proposed to assess and evaluate these performance indicators for the wood supply chain under stochastic weather variations. An optimization model is used to generate a feasible harvest schedule for expected weather. This is thereafter evaluated given various weather scenarios using a discrete-event simulation model. The combination of optimization and discrete-event simulation is used to assess delivery performance over time, and changes in road accessibility caused by weather variation. An expected decrease in road accessibility implies a stable delivery performance, while an unexpected decrease causes a reduced delivery performance.

The Effect of Volume Fraction and Alkalization Treatment on Characteristic of Straw-Epoxy Hydrophobic Composites with Coating Method

The rapid development of the timber industry has caused the total capacity of the Indonesian timber industry to exceed the ability of production forests to provide raw materials sustainably. One of the industries that require a supply of wood as its main raw material is the furniture industry. The raw materials for furniture that are commonly used are logs and planks. In recent years, there has been the development of new materials that use natural fibers as polymer reinforcement, which can be used to replace wood materials. The material is a natural fiber composite. Composite materials reinforced with natural fibers are widely used in aerospace, automotive, circuit boards and other applications. One of the natural fibers that can be used as a composite is straw fiber. This high proportion of cellulose in straw fiber can be used for several things, one of which is composite materials. The utilization of rice straw fiber and epoxy as raw materials for making composites is an alternative to overcoming the increasing demand for wood. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the effect of volume fraction and alkalization treatment on the physical and mechanical characteristics of straw fiber composites, also to determine and analyze the effect of adding a coating of PE/SiO2 on the hydrophobic characteristics of straw fiber composites. The physical and mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated based on the SNI 03-2059-2006 and SNI-01-4449-2006 standard. The volume fractions used are 40%, 50%, and 60%. The length of the fiber used is 5 mm. And the alkalization variables used were 5% and 10% NaOH with 4 and 8 hours of immersion. The compressive strength decreased by adding fiber volume fraction and increased by higher treatment alkalization. The coating method can produce composite with the contact angle value of more than 90o.

Prospects for commercial tree farming in Colombia

Over the next few decades, the area of planted forests required to satisfy worldwide demand for fiber, timber, and environmental services will need to increase by tens of millions of hectares (Mha). As no single nation can accommodate this expansion, planting sites in multiple countries must be identified. One prospective location is Colombia, which boasts nearly 26 Mha of land suitable for commercial tree planting, fair-to-excellent growth rates for major industrial species, good professional expertise, seaports on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and low-to-moderate land prices. Yet, despite these outstanding assets, tree plantations in Colombia cover only 542 thousand hectares (ha), with almost 90 percent located in three distinct regions: the Andean, Orinoco, and Caribbean. Constraints to commercial tree farming in Colombia include cultural preferences for non-wood products in construction and domestic applications, low capacity for processing industrial roundwood, and lack of reliable wood supplies needed for firms to scale up operations. While land prices are attractive in the remote Orinoco Region, they are considerably higher in more accessible regions, such as the Andean and Caribbean, which are closer to markets, mills, and ports. These factors along with security problems, low levels of formal land titling, and property rights issues in rural areas can complicate operations and add risk to investments in plantation forestry. With land for tree planting at a premium and increasing global demand for wood, fiber, and carbon sequestration, Colombia’s plantation sector stands to profit, provided it can successfully address the barriers to its growth.

Production of Chestnut Coppice Biomass in a Framework of Low Mechanization and High Expectations to Combat Climate Change and Other Social Expectations

Climate change has become one of the most critical problems facing modern society. Sustainable forest management can be an important solution to counter the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In particular, management of the chestnut forest could prove to be an effective strategy to absorb carbon dioxide as this species is characterized by sustained growth, so it has a high capacity to store carbon, and through the use of wood products, it is possible to sequester it for a considerable period. Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forests cover an area of about 800,000 ha in Italy, most of which is managed as coppice. It plays a central role in the Latium Region where its productive function is very important, as it provides timber of excellent quality. The purpose of this paper is to verify whether the current management of chestnut is efficient, as well as whether retractable wood products can contribute to the fight against climate change. The chestnut coppice located in the municipality of Tolfa (Lazio region, Italy) produces timber for 352 m3/ha and stores about 390,000 kg of CO2. Wood residues and losses during woodworking, together with emissions for the use of machineries, generate emissions of 368,000 kg of CO2. The chestnut semi-finished products, with long-term use prospects, retain a net volume of 22,000 kg of CO2. Although this is good for combating climate change, the amount of CO2 stored is very low, less than 6% of the CO2 stored by functional unit. Chestnut wood has a high versatility of use, so it could replace several products generated by fossil raw materials. Moreover, the implementation of precision forestry, the adoption of forest management more oriented to favor larger plants, the development of local economies and the reduction in the carbon footprint of the wood supply chain through the use of sustainable technologies would increase the capacity for climate change mitigation and increase the added value of its products.

Development of a Model to Evaluate Water Conservation Function for Various Tree Species

The ecosystem services of forests, such as the water conservation function, are the combined results of diverse processes, and the modification of one part of a forest affects each ecosystem service separately via complex processes. It is necessary to develop an ecosystem service assessment model for various tree species to ensure proper forest management. In this study, a model to evaluate three ecosystem services, namely, the water supply, wood supply, and carbon sink, for various tree species in Japan is developed using many observation data from the previous literature. The integrated evaluation model consists of the forest model, hydrological model, and carbon stock assessment model. The forest model consists of the forest growth model and LAI estimation model, based on allometry. The results of the simulations for the major tree species yield the following findings: (1) Water supply varies with tree species but decreases until about 40 years of age, after which it is near constant. (2) Although beech has a larger LAI than needleleaf forests, water supply is not significantly different. (3) Broadleaf forests are more affected by thinning than needleleaf forests and tend to receive increased water supply as a result of processes such as thinning. This study enabled the evaluation of water conservation function in watersheds containing various tree species.

Five years after Vaia

The Vaia Storm had a significant impact on forests and on the related sector in North-Eastern Italy, considerably influencing forest management and the wood supply chain. Five years after the event, on October 30th 2023 in the Aula Magna of the Agripolis campus of the University of Padua, young researchers from the TESAF and DAFNAE Departments presented their results from ongoing research on windthrow and related cascade disturbances (e.g. bark beetle outbreaks). In the first part of the day, contributions from the various regions (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lombardy, Veneto) and the autonomous provinces (Bolzano/Bozen and Trento) were presented, with an update on the post-event management experiences and problems. In the second part, the projects financed by the University of Padua were presented (VAIAFRONT of TESAF and the “Young Researchers for Vaia” initiative), followed by talks delivered by doctoral students and research fellows who presented the main results relating to the research conducted on the Vaia storm. The problem was addressed from different points of view and with a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing aspects related to silviculture and forest ecology, mechanization and forest uses, entomology, hydrology, geomatics and the socio-economic context. Given the interest of the topics covered, here we report the summary of the contributions presented by the young researchers, with the hope that this will encourage the exchange of knowledge and provide inspiration for further collaborations and in-depth studies.

To Study the Role of Forest –Based Industries in Promoting Trade

Since the prevailing business model is based on capturing comparative advantages at the right cost, the forest products industry has made strong efforts to open up to global trade. In many emerging countries, forests are valued, processing industries seek more employment, and raw materials seek additional value (Lash, J., & Wellington, F. (2007)). In the forest products industry, international investors are willing allies; however, they wish to ensure the macroeconomic climate is predictable, transparent fiscal incentives are in place, and there is an abundance of labor - and preferably a sustainable wood supply from the beginning. The domestic market should be dynamic in order to attract foreign investments since many emerging economies have bustling urban markets that lack high-quality forest products.

Can On-Farm Wood Meet the Global Wood Supply and Save Tropical Forests? A Systematic Review

Global wood supply is faced with an annual escalating scarcity threat by population growth and increased wood demand. Natural forests, a chief source of wood, are under pressure from massive deforestation and degradation, whereas plantation forests are faced with challenges of land tenure and competition from other land uses. This systematic review aimed to point out the contribution of on-farm trees to global wood supply and tropical forest conservation. The study adopted the Sample-Phenomenon of Interest-Design-Evaluation-Research type framework to identify relevant literature. Both grey and peer-reviewed publications were considered. Of the 3800 publications identified, 42 substantially met the inclusion criteria and were selected for data extraction. A huge imbalance was evident in the wood supply and demand that forest production could not satisfy alone. On-farm trees were observed to be a significant alternative source of wood supply in South Africa, India, and Kenya, supplying 27, 36, and 70 per cent of total apparent consumption, respectively. Where importation reliance was low and a low forest production rate, on-farm trees contributed more than 50% of the total apparent consumption. China had a high reliance on importation. On-farm trees contributed at least a supply of 8% of total apparent consumption. On-farm trees were the chief source of wood fuel. On-farm trees contribute substantially to the supply chain of industrial roundwood, woodfuel, and sawn wood, reducing the need to infiltrate the forests. Where the full potential of on-farm trees is inadequately exploited, on-farm trees can sustainably contribute to the wood supply chain and save tropical forests

Availability and mobilization of forest resources in Sweden

The available amount of wood supply is essential for national strategic planning and evaluation of forestry in Sweden. Since Sweden holds a large part of the forests in the European Union and plays a significant role in the global trade of wood-based products, a precise estimate of the potential of the Swedish forest resource is also important in regional and global outlook studies. In this study, we analyse factors influencing the availability and mobilization of wood supply. By comparing data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory with the stand registers of the five largest forest owners in Sweden, we estimate the productive forest area not included in the forest owners' stand databases. Our results show that 0.4 million hectares, or 5% of these large-scale forest owners productive forest area, is outside their stand registers and therefore neither included in their long-term harvesting plans nor in their nature conservation plans. For small-scale forest owners, we analyse the final felling rate during 2004–2020 using satellite imagery to estimate the proportion of properties that abstain from final fellings and thereby could affect the potential mobilization of wood supply. During this period, 32% of the forest properties owned by small-scale forest owners have not done any final felling. These forest estates hold in total 1.1 million hectares of productive forest land or 9% of the area owned by small-scale forest owners. This implies a gap between the potential and realistic estimates for Forest Available for Wood Supply.

Wood of trees: Cellular structure, molecular formation, and genetic engineering.

Wood is an invaluable asset to human society due to its renewable nature, making it suitable for both sustainable energy production and material manufacturing. Additionally, wood derived from forest trees plays a crucial role in sequestering a significant portion of the carbon dioxide fixed during photosynthesis by terrestrial plants. Nevertheless, with the expansion of the global population and ongoing industrialization, forest coverage has been substantially decreased, resulting in significant challenges for wood production and supply. Wood production practices have changed away from natural forests toward plantation forests. Thus, understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of wood formation is the foundation for developing high-quality, fast-growing plantation trees. Breeding ideal forest trees for wood production using genetic technologies has attracted the interest of many. Tremendous studies have been carried out in recent years on the molecular, genetic, and cell-biological mechanisms of wood formation, and considerable progress and findings have been achieved. These studies and findings indicate enormous possibilities and prospects for tree improvement. This review will outline and assess the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wood formation, as well as studies on genetically improving forest trees, and address future development prospects.

Estimation of the Short-Term Impact of Climate-Change-Related Factors on Wood Supply in Poland in 2023–2025

In this study, we analyzed in situ data from the years 2018–2022 encompassing entire forest plantations in Poland. Based on data regarding stand density and the occurrence of fungal, water-related, climate-related, fire, and insect factors that may intensify with climate changes, we determined the correlation between their occurrence and the decline in wood increments for six tree species: pine, birch, oak, spruce, beech, and alder. Subsequently, we identified age intervals in which the species–factor interaction exhibited statistically significant effects. Next, we developed neural network models for short-term wood increment predictions. Utilizing these models, we estimated a reduction in wood supply harvested in accordance with the plans for the years 2023–2025 assuming a tenfold greater intensity of factors than in 2022. Findings indicate: birch: water-related factors may reduce wood production by 0.1%–0.2%. This aligns with previous research linking drought to birch wood decline, highlighting its sensitivity to water-related issues. Oak: fungal and insect factors could decrease wood production by up to 0.1%. Prior studies emphasize the significant influence of fungal diseases on oak health and regeneration, as well as the impact of insect infestation on wood production. Alder: water-related factors may lead to a slight reduction in wood production, approximately 0.02%. The impact is significant within specific age ranges, indicating potential effects on harvesting. Pine: water- and climate-related factors may result in up to a 0.05% reduction in wood production. Pine, a key forest-forming species in Poland, is notably sensitive to these factors, especially as it nears harvesting age. Spruce: insects, fungi, and climate-related factors could lead to a reduction in wood production of up to 0.2%–0.3%. Analyses demonstrate sensitivity, resulting in a noticeable growth differential compared to the typical rate. Short-term predictions based on neural networks were developed, acknowledging their suitability for short-term forecasts due to uncertainties regarding long-term factor impacts. Additionally, our study discussed modeling wood increments in divisions well below the harvesting time, emphasizing that the influence of current and 2023–2025 factors on wood increments and supply may only manifest several decades from now. These results imply important indications for the economic and financial performance of the wood industry.

Current progress in quantifying and monitoring instream large wood supply and transfer in rivers

AbstractLarge wood drives both the form and function of gravel‐bed rivers draining forested basins. Previously overlooked benefits of wood in rivers are now widely recognized. Together with flow and sediment regimes, the wood regime controls rivers' physical and ecological integrity. Yet large quantities of wood transported during floods can pose additional hazards, potentially damaging infrastructures like bridges or dams and exacerbating flooding. However, unlike the water and sediment regimes intensively studied over the past decades, the instream wood regime or budgeting has been only recently defined and thus is still rarely quantified. The instream wood budget describes the cascading processes from supply or recruitment, entrainment, and transport to deposition, storage and decay (i.e., fragmentation or decomposition). These processes show high spatial and temporal variability but can be characterized by magnitude, frequency, timing, duration and mode. Instream wood budgeting is challenging, primarily because of the lack of observations, monitoring stations, and standardized protocols to acquire data. This contribution reviews the most recent advances to quantify the different instream wood budget components, notably the wood supply, and transfer. Case studies showing applications of biogeochemistry, videography, artificial intelligence, numerical modelling or tracking illustrate the current progress. Because critical challenges remain, we identify and describe some of them and discuss how the wood in riverine sciences may develop in the future.

Forests of Finland 2019–2023 and their development 1921–2023

In 2019–2023 the 13th Finnish National Forest Inventory (NFI) was implemented by measuring a total of 62 266 sample plots across the country. The methodology of the sampling and measurements was similar as in the previous inventory, but the proportion and number of remeasured permanent plots was increased to improve the monitoring of annual increment and other changes in the forests. Only 6.2 M ha (14%) of Finland’s total land area (30.4 M ha) is other land than forestry land. Productive and poorly productive forests cover 22.9 M ha (75%) of the total land area. The forest area has remained stable in recent decades but the forest area available for wood supply (FAWS) has decreased due to increased forest protection – 23% of the forestry land and 10% of the productive forest are not available for wood supply. Compared to the previous inventory, forest resources have continued to increase but the average annual increment has declined from 107.8 M m3 to 103.0 M m3. The quality of forests from the timber production point of view has remained relatively good or improved slightly. The area of observed forest damage on FAWS is 8.4 M ha (46% of FAWS area), half of these minor damages with no impact on stand quality. Although the area of forest damage has not increased, the amount of mortality has continued to increase, and is now 8.8 M m3 year–1. The amount of dead wood has continued to increase in South Finland, while in North Finland the declining trend has turned into a slight increase. Since the 1920s, the area of forestry land has remained stable, but the area of productive forest has increased due to the drainage of poorly productive or treeless peatlands. The total volume of growing stock has increased by 84% and annual increment has more than doubled.

Enhancing wood efficiency through comprehensive wood flow analysis: Methodology and strategic insights

Wood, an essential natural resource in human civilization, remains widely used despite advances in technology and material substitution. The surge in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental concerns accentuates the need for optimizing wood utilization. Material flow analysis is a powerful tool for tracking material flows and stocks, aiding resource management and environmental decision-making. However, the full extent of its methodological dimensions, particularly within the context of the wood supply chain, remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we delve into the existing literature on wood flow analysis, discussing its primary objectives, materials involved, temporal and spatial scales, data sources, units, and conversion factors. Additionally, data uncertainty, data reconciliation and crucial assumptions in material flow analysis are highlighted in this paper. Key findings reveal the significance of wood cascading and substitution effects by replacing non-wood materials, where they can reduce greenhouse gas emissions more than the natural carbon sink of forests and wood products. The immediate impact of short-term wood cascading might not be as robust as the substitution effect, with energy substitution showcasing better results than material substitution. However, it's crucial to note that these conclusions could experience significant reversal from a long-term and global perspective. Strategies for improving wood efficiency involve maximizing material use, advancing construction technologies, extending product lifespans, promoting cascade use, and optimizing energy recovery processes. The study underscores the need for standardized approaches in wood flow analysis and emphasizes the potential of wood efficiency strategies in addressing environmental challenges.