Wood Shavings Research Articles

The feasibility of improving concrete strength properties by adding waste wood chips

This paper examines the ability to introduce an industrial waste product, wood chips, in concrete as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. Water was used to treat the wood chips before mixing to prevent them from soaking up the cement hydration water. The research presented in this paper aims to determine the impact of different treatment methods. The first method uses cement paste, and the second is sodium silicate. Twelve trial mixtures were prepared and cast employing water-cement ratios of 0.44 at various replacement levels of wood chippings. Fresh concrete properties tested inclusive slump test. Hardened concrete properties tested inclusively flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, compressive strength, and unit weight. Test results show that the lightening of concrete by wood shavings decreases the strength properties and the unit weight. On the other hand, the value of the slump test increased depending on the level of replacement of wood shaving. The most acceptable mixture and less reduction in the strength properties have been shown at MC10. The results of the tests demonstrate that the disposal of wood chips in concrete is practical and appropriate.

Impact of Storage Time on the Composition of a Finished Compost Product: A Case Study

Highlights The concentrations of major plant nutrients, key minor plant nutrients, and carbon were measured for finished turkey poult litter compost that had been stored for 29 to 583 days in open windrows at a commercial composting facility. It was found that the concentrations of TN, P2O5, K2O, and minor plant nutrients were not significantly correlated with respect to compost age. Significant negative correlations were observed for the concentrations of organic matter and carbon resulting in a decrease in C:N. Significant decreases in compost pH and increases in bulk density were also observed. Abstract. Several studies have provided information concerning the loss of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, carbon, and organic matter from manures and plant residues during active composting. However, very little information was found to provide insight into the changes in compost composition as the product ages during curing and storage in uncovered windrows. The objective of this study was to observe changes in compost composition after it was removed from a composting shed and was stored in large un-covered windrows at a compost production site that used turkey poult litter (manure and wood shavings) as the primary ingredient. Compost samples and production records were obtained for 7 windrows and it was determined that the active composting time under the shed (AC) averaged 99 days and the time allowed for curing and storage in the uncovered windrows (CS) ranged from 29 to 583 days. As a result, the total compost age (CA = AC + CS) at the time of sampling ranged from 131 to 674 days. The quantities measured were moisture, pH, bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon (C). organic matter (OM), total ammoniacal N (TAN = NH4+-N + NH3-N), nitrate-N, organic-N, total-N (TN), P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Na, and Al. The TN content was not found to change significantly while being stored in the outside windrows. However, the TAN content decreased significantly with storage time while nitrate-N and organic-N concentrations increased. The results showed evidence of nitrification of ammonium-N and a build-up of organic-N during storage. Storage time did not significantly impact concentrations of P2O5, K2O, Al, Na, and all minor plant nutrients measured. The pH fell from 8.9 at a compost age of 131 days to a mean of 6.8 by day 363 providing evidence of formation of organic acids during storage. Significant decreases during storage were observed for C, OM, and C:N. The rate of organic matter loss during storage was -0.623 g OM/kg DM/day and carbon was lost at the rate of -0.447 g C/kg DM/day. The electrical conductivity was not correlated with storage time and the mean was 3.80 ± 3.25 mmhos/cm. The bulk density increased significantly during curing and storage (R2 = 0.693) and was believed to be the result of compression settling. Keywords: Compost, Manure Management, Plant nutrients, Treatment.

The use of information technology in the design of chippers for the production of technological chips

Currently, there is an acute problem of reducing the harmful effects of humans on the environment, the introduction of resource-saving technologies that allow the maximum use of natural raw materials with a minimum percentage of waste. In the production of products at wood working and sawmill enterprises, a large amount of wood waste is generated that requires either disposal or use for the production of wood chips and shavings used in the production of chipboard, OSB boards, fuel briquettes and pellets. Processing of wood waste is carried out in various chippers of a stationary and mobile type, while it must be taken into account that a large amount of wood waste is generated in cutting areas, lower warehouses of enterprises, therefore, mobile chippers must be used for their processing. Given that the diameter of the chipping disc can exceed 1000 mm at a speed of up to 1500 rpm, during the operation of the chipper, significant loads on the working tool and vibration occur, which can lead to its failure. Vibration during the operation of the chipper can be the result of both design errors and occur when the cutting knives are blunt.

Desempenho, qualidade do ovo e índice econômico de poedeiras em diferentes sistemas de criação

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the performance, physical egg quality (weight and gravity), and economic index of laying hens reared in cage and cage-free systems. A total of 312 40-week-old Hy-line brown laying hens were distributed in a fully randomized design, split into two treatments (cage-free and cage) with 12 replicates in each system. We housed 144 birds in galvanized-wire cages (12 birds each) and 168 birds in a cage-free system in boxes with wood shaving bedding (14 birds each). The experiment lasted 112 days and divided into four 28-day periods. Regarding performance, feed intake (g) and feed conversion (g/g) of birds reared in the cage-free system were higher (p<0.0001) than the cage system, but no differences were observed (p>0.05) for the other performance parameters and also for egg quality. As for economic index, egg production in the cage-free system was higher (p<0.0001) than the cage system. In conclusion, birds reared in the cage-free system have higher feed consumption but worse feed conversion, increasing egg production cost compared to caged birds; however, there are no changes in egg production and physical quality.

Effect of different-sized bulking agents on nitrification process during food waste digestate composting

ABSTRACT Food waste digestate (FWD) disposal is a serious bottleneck in anaerobic digestion plants to achieve a circular bioeconomy. FWD could be recycled into nitrogen-rich compost; however, the co-composting process optimisation along with bulking agents is required to reduce nitrogen loss and unwanted gaseous emissions. In the present study, two different-sized bulking agents, namely, wood shaving (WS) and fine sawdust (FS), were used to investigate their impact on FWD composting performance along with the nitrogen dynamics. The mixing of FWD with different bulking agents altered the physiochemical characteristics of composting matrix and the effective composting performance was observed through reduced ammonium nitrogen and increased seed germination index during 28 days of composting. The carbon loss of 19–22% through CO2 emission indicated similar carbon mineralisation with both types of sawdust; however, the nitrogen transformation pathways were different. Only WS treatment demonstrated the nitrification process, whereas the nitrogen loss was higher with FS. A total nitrogen loss of ∼15% was observed in treatments with FS, whereas WS treatments displayed a nitrogen loss of 12%. The outcome of the present study could significantly contribute to the practical aspect of the FWD composting operation with the promotion of the bio-recycling economy.

- PEMBUATAN PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI LIMBAH PENGGERGAJIAN JENIS MERANTI (Shorea spp.) DENGAN FORMULASI BAHAN PENGHAMBAT API (Manufacture Of Particle Board From Sawmill Waste Type Meranti (Shorea spp.) With Formulation of Fire Resistance Materials)

This research is about the manufacture of particle board from waste Meranti wood shavings treated with fire retardants, we know that wood is a combustible material, therefore to improve the quality of wood processing, especially its resistance to fire, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze particle board resistance to fire by treating different flame retardants. This research uses three treatments, namely by providing three different flame retardants, namely Sodium Silicate, Ammonium Sulfate and Borax. Analyzed by Completely Randomized Design (CRD), each treatment sample was made with 10 replications. The results of this study indicate that the value of water content in general ranges from 14.323% to 15.718%. The density value is between 0.620 gr/cm³ to 0.715gr/cm³. Thickness development value between 7,167% to 13,500%. The elasticity value is between 8427 kgf/cm2 to 23655 kgf/cm2. The fracture strength value is between 98 kgf/cm2 to 160 kgf/cm2. And the value of burning retention or weight loss is between 33.97% to 80.83%. The effectiveness of the flame retardant material has not been achieved at the 2002 ASTM E69 standard, it is hoped that this research will be continued by increasing the concentration of the flame retardant material so that the effectiveness value can reach the 2002 ASTM E69 standard, which is > 7.5. And further research by providing fire retardant treatment is given during the process of mixing particles and adhesives on particle boards so that the cavities and wood cell walls are blocked by the presence of Urea Formaldehyde adhesive which fills the same section.

The chemical nature of pollutants as a basis for the classification of wood products to be utilization

The chemical composition of used wood - wood products to be disposed of - from the processing of raw materials and materials at various stages to the removal of finished products (consumer waste) from various economic facilities was analyzed. The composition and material of both natural and chemical pollutants used as wood preservatives are characterized and described. In detail research composition and material of pollutants of post-consumer wood, in particular on the basis of matters of defence of wood: antiafterglows, antiseptics, insecticides, fungicides, biogicides, fixing agent, complex preparations but other. Classification of including of post-consumer wood which includes mechanical and chemical contaminations is developed. The most dangerous matters, carcinogenic connections and toxic components which can be contained in post-consumer wood, are described, in particular, pentachlorphenol, lindan, permethrin, dichlordiphenyl-threechloretan (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polichlorinated terphenyls (PCT), polibrominated biphenyls (PBB), polyvinilcloruro (PVC), butters on the basis of factions of coal resin (benzo(a)pyren) and connections which contain benzo(a)pyren but other, superficially active hydrocarbons (SAH). To propose the classification of used wood - wood products to be disposed of according to the degree of pollution, with a division into four groups of used wood, which are harmonized with international systems of classification of similar waste. The list of the most widespread arboreal wastes is systematized – post-consumer wood after groups, kinds, subspecieses, categories and kodas. Generalized list of dangerous components of wastes – components – chemical elements (arsenic, boron, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, titanium, fluorine, chlorine, chromium, zinc but other) and their connections. Limitation for wood chips and shavings from common wood, which are used for the production of arboreal flags, is resulted. The criteria of classification of post-consumer wood (possible concentrations of harmful components) are offered for the different types of incineration.

Enhancing mummy ‘palaeobiographies’ through the use of multidisciplinary techniques and approaches

Scientific examination of mummies has provided a better understanding of the ancestry, diet, disease, medical practices, mummification processes, culture and society of human populations worldwide and from different epochs. However, many examinations have been invasive and/or destructive, leading to current-day concerns among archaeologists and mummy custodians about this methodology. Multidisciplinary approaches, notably minimally invasive biopsy, endeavour to maximise the amount of data obtained from a sample whilst minimising its size and the effects on the mummy. As an illustration of the wealth of data that can be obtained from non- and minimally invasive image-guided procedures on wrapped mummified bodies, we report here on such a study of Takabuti, an Egyptian woman who lived in Thebes during the first millennium BCE.Multiplanar and 3D reconstructive computerised whole-body tomographic imaging (CT) revealed age at death and confirmed the inscriptional evidence from the coffin regarding sex. A notable finding was ante-mortem damage to the ribs indicative of a blow by a sharp, possibly curved, object from behind, suggesting that Takabuti was murdered. Fifty milligrams of bone and thigh muscle were taken for respectively genomic and proteomic analysis. mtDNA revealed the rare Eurasian H4a1 haplogroup suggestive of the introduction of new gene pools during the Late Period. Identification and quantification of the structural and functional proteins and metabolically important enzymes indicate protracted leg muscle activity in the hours before death. Chemical analysis, microscopy and radiocarbon dating of 20–30 mg needle biopsy samples of the packing material inserted during mummification discovered wood shavings, including imported cedar, and congealed resin. Organic analyses revealed the resin to be largely vegetal in origin including wood and aromatic/preservative oils derived from Pinaceae species, identical to the mummification balm removed from the original bandages. Once the age of the trees from which the sawdust was derived has been taken into account, the packing material’s radiocarbon date indicated mummification in the Third Intermediate Period and in keeping with the previously dated hair and the stylistic dating of the coffin that placed it in the 25th Dynasty.We have shown that CT scanning combined with targeted invasive biopsy needle sampling provides a wealth of scientific information with minimal disturbance to the mummy. Molecular, biochemical and geochemical analytical techniques allow statistically robust replicate sampling but require the removal of only milligram quantities. This approach forms the basis of a generic ‘palaeobiographical’ approach to the examination of naturally and artificially preserved bodies in which both soft tissues and bone are present.

Novel copper-sawdust nanocomposite preparation and evaluation

A readily available and reasonably priced lignocellulosic material that comes from nature is sawdust or wood shaving. It is a waste product of both industry and agriculture that is widely distributed and has disposal issues. The management of waste (such as sawdust) and research into transforming it into various compounds for specialized purposes and objectives have recently drawn a lot of interest. Therefore, the primary objective of this investigation can be summed up as showcasing sawdust as a type of intriguing bio-waste and turning it into wealth for a variety of applications. Copper-Sawdust nanocomposites have been produced into powder and rectangular slabs using the chemical reduction method.The nanocomposite was investigated with Transmission Electron Microscopy which revealed a spherical shape with particle sizes ranging between 3 and 14 nm. Electron diffraction studies confirmed the planes (111), (200), and (220) as well as the presence of metal copper.X-ray Diffraction studies confirmed the Miller indices for the characteristic high-intensity peaks in the range 35°- 65° as (111), (200), and (220) with corresponding Crystallite sizes as 14.4 nm, 14.7 nm, and 11.9 nm respectively. The crystallite size was comparable to the actual size of the Nanocomposite confirming the precision of the results. The average lattice constant is 4.23Å. The research also confirms that the copper nanoparticle was crystalline with Face Centered Cubic (FCC) structure similar to the bulk Copper. The Electron diffraction and the X-ray diffraction also confirmed similar planes. The current study indicates that Copper nanocomposite may find use in several industrial domains making it extremely beneficial to the scientific community.

Compressive strength of light-weight concrete material made from treated wood waste as a coarse aggregate

The effect of replacing the conventional coarse aggregate with wood shavings was evaluated relative to the 28-day compressive strength of the concrete. Six groups were studied: group-1 represented the normal concrete (NC-CTRL1), group-2 (TW-CTRL2) comprised the specimens that had the replacement of the coarse aggregate with raw wood shavings, group-3, group-4, group-5, and group 6 represented the specimens that had the coarse aggregate as coated (treated) wood shavings with cement paste (group-3 and -4) and with tile adhesive paste (group-5 and -6), with and without the effect of the emulsifier, respectively. The density of the TW-CTRL2 concrete was 31.4% lighter than NC-CTRL1. However, the compressive strength of TW-CTRL2 was 75% of the NC-CTRL1, but within the acceptable limits stated in ASTM standards. The findings of this study showed a potential to use the produced concrete as concrete masonry unit when compared with the values reported in previous studies. Compared with TW-CTRL2, the compressive strength increased 45% and 20% for the coated wood shavings with cement and tile adhesive pastes, respectively. The effect of using the emulsifier in the coating process of the wood shavings increased the compressive strength by 20%, and reduced the voids of the concrete by 3%.

Sustainable Proposal for Plant-Based Cementitious Composites, Evaluation of Their Mechanical, Durability and Comfort Properties

This research evaluates four sustainable cementitious composites with sustainable plant fibers and bio-aggregates: (1) cementitious matrix composite with lechuguilla fibers (LFC) and (2) with flax fibers (FFC); and (3) cementitious matrix composite with wood shavings (WSC) and (4) with hemp shavings (HSC). The fibers are for reinforcement and the shavings act as bio-aggregates as a total replacement for limestone aggregates. The lechuguilla (LF) and flax (FF) fibers were treated; wood (WS) and hemp (HS) bio-aggregates were also processed. Nineteen mixtures were manufactured, and five were used as controls, and the hygrothermal, mechanical, and durability properties were evaluated. The results for LFC and FFC showed that fiber treatment negatively affected flexural–compressive strength; untreated LFC with accelerated deterioration had better mechanical behavior, higher density, and lower porosity than FFC. Strength and density decreased, but porosity increased with increasing fiber volume (Vf). Regarding WSC and HSC, the microstructure of WS and HS had a significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties. The high porosity influenced the results obtained, since it decreased compressive strength and bulk density; however, thermal conductivity, hygroscopicity, and vapor resistance showed better behavior in most cases than the control specimens, i.e., without bio-aggregates.

Influence of Some Preparation Parameters on The Efficiency of Activated Carbons Prepared from Teak Wood Shavings (Tectona Grandis) and Coconut Shells (Cocos Nucifera) for The Treatment of Industrial Wastewater

In this work, we valorized two wastes of plant origin in activated carbon (AC) by chemical activation, with a view to their use for the elimination of industrial dyes and artisanal dyeing simulated by methylene blue and iodine in the water. These are coconut shells (Coco nucifera) and teak wood chips (Tectona grandis). For the preparation of activated carbon based on coconut residues, the chemical activation was carried out by citric acid extracts of lemon juice (Citrus aurantiifolia) and then compared to that carried out with phosphoric acid and hydroxide of potassium. For the preparation of activated carbon from the teak residue, the activating agent used is potassium hydroxide. The results obtained show that activated carbon based on the coconut are microporous and mesoporous with an iodine number between 338.9 and 487.9 mg/g, a methylene blue number between 369.2 and 447.2 mg/g and a more pronounced post-treatment residual acidity for phosphoric acid than with lemon juice. The test conditions (the impregnation ratio, the duration, and the carbonization temperature) made it possible to prepare six activated carbons from the teak residue. The carbonization time does not have a significant effect on the adsorption efficiency although it does have a considerable effect on the carbonization efficiency. The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue on these materials is second order and the adsorption isotherm is more of the Langmuir type than that of the Freundlich model; this isotherm is characteristic of a wide distribution of microporosity and a well-developed mesoporosity. These activated carbons can therefore be used in the treatment of wastewater, in particular for the removal of industrial dyes and artisanal dyeing.

Effectiveness of different management strategies against Nilgai population (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in Punjab Province of India

Abstract Crop raiding has been reported in many parts of Punjab as a result of an overabundance of nilgai antelopes (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and farmers are constantly battling to save their crops. In the present study, various management strategies such as physical deterrents (nylon rope, nylon net and garden net), visual repellents (scarecrow and reflective ribbon), chemical repellents (different concentrations of Neelbo and Ecodon (based on ricinoleic acid) applied by spraying, soaking jute rope, soaked in wood shavings packed in plastic bags and paper cups) and biological deterrents (bioacoustic device and different concentrations of faecal solution of horse, tiger and Himalayan black bear) were evaluated to minimize the damage caused by nilgai. Nylon net was the most promising method, providing complete protection against nilgai, which can be used for protecting crops at vulnerable stages with a one-time cost. The nylon rope and garden net provided partial protection from nilgai damage. The bioacoustic device and reflective ribbon were also effective for a short period of time. Neelbo was found more effective as chemical repellent against nilgai. The faecal solution of horse and Himalayan black bear remained effective as repellent for 10 days. It is thus concluded that while comprehensive damage prevention may be difficult, animal management devices can help reduce nilgai damage at vulnerable stages of the crop. The employment of a range of management devices at the proper time can be part of a cost-effective system to keep nilgai damage at acceptable levels.

P384 Characterization of the virulence potential of Aspergillus species of section Terrei in Galleria mellonella infection model

Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PMObjectivesSpecies belonging to the genus of Aspergillus are among the most common causative agents of human and animal infections. Less than 40 species among all Aspergillus species are known to be associated with human infections, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and invasive aspergillosis. And of these, Aspergillus section Fumigati is one of the major infectious causes of death, followed by members of sections Flavi, Nigri, and Terrei. Aspergillus species in section Terrei are categorized into three series: Ambigui, Nivei, and Terrei. A. terreus sensu stricto is the first species described and the most common species found worldwide in different ecological habitats.However, there are several other species within the section Terrei, stating cryptic species which are not distinguished by conventional morphological analysis, even though they are taxonomically accepted by forming a distinctive phylogenetic clade. Despite definitive species identification, there is still less known about the virulence potential of all species in this section, and it might be underestimated because of their lack of distinction by conventional diagnostic methods. In this ongoing study, the in vivo Galleria mellonella model has been utilized to examine the inter-and/or intraspecies virulence dependency of section Terrei.MethodsA total of 18 accepted Aspergillus species in section Terrei (n = 18) were tested, including A. terreus sensu stricto, A. citrinoterreus, A. hortae, A. pseudoterreus, A. alabamensis, A. aureoterreus, A. floccosus, A. iranicus, A. recifensis, A. carneus, A. microcysticus, A. niveus, A. bicephalus, A. neoindicus, A. neoafricanus, A. barbosae, A. ambiguus, and A. allahabadii. Species were identified by sequencing gene regions of b-tubulin, calmodulin, and RNA Polymerase II Subunit 2 (RPB2). Briefly, groups of larvae (n = 30) (0.3 to 0.4 g; SAGIP, Italy) were stored in wood shavings in the dark at 18°C for 24 h before the experiment. Three groups were included: larvae infected with 107 conidia/larva, larvae injected with 20 μL sterile insect physiological saline, and untouched larvae. The survival rate was monitored for up to 144 h at 37°C.ResultsMedian survival rates revealed a species-dependent virulence pattern. Larvae inoculated with A. aureoterreus, A. pseudoterreus (Serie Terrei) and A. niveus, A. carneus, and A. iranicus (Serie Nivei) exhibited high virulence potential by reflecting lower survival rates in comparison with other species. In contrast, species belonging to the series Ambigui showed low virulence potential.ConclusionIn conclusion, the virulence characteristics of section Terrei differ between species. Further studies are needed to unravel the species' invasiveness, such as histopathology and immune response of G. mellonella.

EFFECT OF COMPOSTED POULTRY MANURE AND BIOCHAR ON BIOACCUMULATION OF LEAD/ZINC IN OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS. L.) IN AMAGU MINING SOILS

Remediation of contaminated soils with organic amendments to attenuate the side effect of Heavy metals has been scarcely investigated on okra pods. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of composted poultry manure and biochar on heavy metals (lead and Zinc) bioaccumulation in Okra plant and the effect of artisanal mineral mining activities on the environment using ecological risk indices in Amagu, Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. Soil samples for this study were collected at farmlands beside mining areas. The treatment consisted of four sources of biochar (control, empty oil palm bunch, maize cob, wood shavings) and two rates of poultry manure (0, 10 t/ha), replicated three times. The study was a 4 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Biochar from three feed stocks were pyrolysed at 320.0 0C, while poultry manure from battery cage system were composted for 90 days before application. Ecological risk assessment using indices were applied on data collected. After harvest, lead and zinc still exceeded the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) permissible limit of 100 mg/kg in Agricultural soils. Composted poultry manure (CPM) showed significant (P≤0.05) reduction by 14 % in the amount of Pb in the soil after harvesting of okra. Significant increases were recorded in the level of lead and zinc in the fruit by 50 and 28 % respectively. The ERF values for lead were rated as posing a very high ecological risk within the environment; while zinc was rated as having a low ecological risk. Also the geo accumulation index (Igeo) of the study showed that the soils are extremely contaminated. In conclusion, the application of EMCB and EOPBB in combination with CPM demonstrated the capacity to reduce bioaccumulation of lead and zinc in okra plant

Ammonia concentrations, litter quality, performance and some welfare parameters of broilers kept on different bedding materials

ABSTRACT 1. Litter quality has been related to broiler performance, behaviour, welfare, dust and ammonia (NH3) emissions. Drier litter leads to a reduction in NH3 emissions and reduces the formation of foot- and hock lesions. However, maintaining good litter quality is often challenging. This study investigated the effects of different bedding materials on litter quality and NH3 concentrations at litter level, broiler performance, foot- and hock lesions, plumage cleanliness and breast skin irritation. 2. A total of 2160 Ross 308 male broilers were randomly assigned to 36 floor pens. There were six replications for each of the following six litter treatments: wood shavings, flax, peat, maize silage, chopped wheat straw and flax pellets. 3. For the total period, the highest feed intake and body weight was obtained for broilers housed on peat. The NH3 concentrations measured at litter level was highest for peat and chopped wheat straw at 36 d of age and numerically the lowest for flax at 30 and 36 d of age. Maize silage remained friable, but did not result in lower NH3 concentrations compared to wood shavings. Chopped wheat straw and wood shavings gave rise to the highest incidence of foot lesions at 38 d of age, while broilers kept on flax, peat, maize silage and flax pellets had the lowest incidence of foot lesions at the end of the rearing period. 4. The results of the current study suggest a complicated relationship between the type of bedding material, litter conditions and NH3 volatilised from the litter.

Optimization of substrate mixing ratios for wet anaerobic digestion of selected organic waste streams for productive biogas systems

In order to realize the objective of productive biogas systems, which is to provide waste management and modern renewable energy services, sustainable biogas production is paramount. While there are several factors that affect sustainability, quality of substrate for biogas production is one key anaerobic digestion (AD) parameter that should be optimized for improved and sustainable biogas yield. Since heterogeneity is an inherent characteristic of biomass, it is important that before application of any given biomass material for AD, its key characteristics are first examined to guide further processing to meet standards for optimal biogas recovery. In this study, physical and chemical characteristics of selected feedstocks were examined with intent to develop optimal substrate mixing ratios to improve quality of substrate for optimal biogas yield. Mathematical modeling of the required substrate moisture concentration was done, which gave way to the determination of optimal substrate mixing ratios. Results indicate that characteristics of feedstock vary widely according to source and type, as well as their substrate mixing ratios. However, for chicken litter with rice hull, the substrate mixing ratio was statistically not different from that of chicken litter with coffee husks and wood shavings, and therefore can be used on all the three feedstocks without significant effects on biogas yield.

Produksi Minuman Kesehatan Teh Uirame di Kampung Koya Tengah, Distrik Muara Tami, Jayapura

Koya Tengah is one of the villages in Muara Tami District, Jayapura City. KKN organized by Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cenderawasih University took the theme “Papua Tangguh”. Which aims to contribute to build Papuan community into a resilient community in the health sector. KKN participants provide program about the benefits of spices that are around that can be used to make herbal product “Uirame Tea” that are useful for increase body immunity. Uirame Tea is made from a mixture of various herbal plants from leaves, twigs, and wood shavings. Herbal plants with many benefits can be processed into a health food or beverage product such as Uirame Tea which needs to be developed because the composition come from spices with antioxidant content. Therefore, in the implementation of Thematic KKN Papua Tangguh, there will be socialization about the benefits and ways of making Uirame Tea to the community, with the aim of understanding the efficacy of uirame tea spice ingredients and knowing how to make Uirame Tea traditionally. This program is carried out for 21 days starting from August 16 to September 5, 2021.Keyword: Uirame tea; Koya Tengah village; PapuaÂ

H2-rich gas production from steam gasification of a winery waste and its blends with industrial wastes. Effect of operating parameters on gas quality and efficiency

A winery waste and its blends with industrial wastes were gasified by steam via a two-step process, employing a fixed bed reactor and a thermal analysis-mass spectrometer unit. Solid materials were characterized in terms of elemental analysis, heating value, internal structure and chemical functional groups, whereas bio-oil, pyrolysis gas and syngas were quantitatively analysed. The effect of temperature, steam-to-biomass ratio and fuel composition on carbon conversion, cold gas efficiency, energy recovery, reaction rate, gas composition and quality were determined and kinetic analysis was performed. When industrial wastes waste wood shavings and refused derived fuel were blended with grape husks and curls at ratios 30:70, upgraded fuels were produced. At 850 °C organic matter was almost completely converted to syngas upon steam gasification. A first-order kinetic model fitted the experimental results successfully, with activation energy values ranging between 54.3 kJ/mol and 143.5 kJ/mol. An increase in steam-to-biomass ratio from 0.5 to 3 resulted in a higher concentration of hydrogen in product gas, while excess steam enhanced hydrogen yield up to 74%. Energy recovery from all fuels was high, cold gas efficiency reached a value of 66% and the higher heating value of syngas ranged between 9.6 and 11.4 MJ/m3.

Antitumor Properties of Aqueous Extracts from Inonotus rheades Mycelium and Their Evaluation under Various Cultivation Conditions.

The antitumor properties of aqueous extracts of Inonotus rheades basidiomycete mushrooms were evaluated when the fungi were cultured on wood discs and wood shavings (birch) at 25 ± 1°C in the dark and under constant illumination with blue light (12.8 W/m2). The aqueous fraction containing water-soluble polysaccharides was isolated and analyzed: WS-5 fraction cultured on wood discs under blue light illumination, WS-8 fraction grown under similar conditions on wood shavings; WS-6 fraction grown in the dark on wood discs; and WS-7 fraction grown under similar conditions on wood shavings. The antitumor effects of the extracts were studied on the model of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. It was found that the extracts isolated from the basidial fungus Inonotus rheades exhibit antitumor properties and that their accumulation during growth is determined by different cultivation conditions.