Wood Processing Industry Research Articles

Supply of wood processing residues – a basic calculation approach and its application on the example of wood packaging

Waste reduction, recycling and increased material efficiency are key objectives in complex industrial ecology. The wood processing industry also aims at a more intensive resource recovery and usable residual volumes. Important volumes of wood processing residue potentials can be found at the EU level. However, to date no reliable calculation approach has been established. To fill the information gap, this study presents an approach for calculating the supply of wood processing residues. The methodological approach follows the concept of a material flow analysis. We quantify the material flows based on product-specific conversion factors and the coefficients of material efficiency. This paper intends to develop a calculation approach based on existing statistical data from official classifications such as Prodcom. We perform the calculation approach on standardised wood packaging products at the European level. The calculated supply of wood processing residues the European Union in 2018 was 29.7 million m³f with a total material input of about 70.8 million m³f and a production volume of 40.8 million m³f. A maximum volume of 29.6 million m³f sawnwood is used for the production of wooden containers. Quantification results can be further differentiated – e.g., the share of sawmill by-products. Hence, the calculation approach supports the visualisation and understanding of material flows within the forest-based sector. Wood processing residue coefficients resulting from product specific MFA can be repeatedly applied to annual production data of wood products, wood composites and wood supply chains. Thus, the quantification of wood processing residues improves the results of existing and future wood resource balances including cascade uses by increasing their level of detail.

Lateral forces determine dimensional accuracy of the narrow-kerf sawing of wood

The shrinking global forest area limits the supply of industrially usable raw resources. This, in combination with the ever-increasing consumption of timber due to population growth can lead to the lack of a positive balance between the annual volumetric growth and consumption of wood. An important innovation toward increasing environmental and economic sustainability of timber production is to reduce the volume of wood residues by minimizing the sawing kerf. It results in higher material yield but may impact the dimensional accuracy of derived products. Therefore, the cutting tool geometry as well as the sawing process as a whole must be carefully optimized to assure optimal use of resources. The goal of this study is to better understand the causes of machining errors that occur when sawing wood with saws of varying thickness of kerf, with a special focus on re-sawing thin lamellae performed on the gang saw. Numerical simulations were tested against experimental results, considering influence of diverse components of cutting forces, in addition to the initial and operating stiffness coefficients of the saw blade. It has been demonstrated that asymmetric loads from the cutting process for the scraper saw blade can cause sawing inaccuracies. The simulation methodology developed in this research can be straightforwardly extended towards determination of optimal geometry of other cutting tools, particularly with the reduced sawing kerf. This may lead to more sustainable use of natural resources as well as an increase in economic gain for the wood processing industries.

The production of laccases by white-rot fungi under solid-state fermentation conditions.

Laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) produced by white-rot fungi (WRF) can be widely used, but the high cost prevents their use in large-scale industrial processes. Finding a solution to the problem could involve laccase production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) simulating the natural growth conditions for WRF. SSF offers several advantages over conventional submerged fermentation (SmF), such as higher efficiency and productivity of the process and pollution reduction. The aim of this review is therefore to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about the laccase production by WRF under SSF conditions. The focus is on variations in the up-stream process, fermentation and down-stream process and their impact on laccase activity. The variations of up-stream processing involve inoculum preparation, inoculation of the medium and formulation of the propagation and production media. According to the studies, the production process can be shortened to 5-7days by the selection of a suitable combination of lignocellulosic material and laccase producer without the need for any additional components of the culture medium. Efficient laccase production was achieved by valorisation of wastes as agro-food, municipal wastes or waste generated from wood processing industries. This leads to a reduction of costs and an increase in competitiveness compared to other commonly used methods and/or procedures. There will be significant challenges and opportunities in the future, where SSF could become more efficient and bring the enzyme production to ahigher level, especially in new biorefineries, bioreactors and biomolecular/genetic engineering.

Application of Colloid Theory in Urea Formaldehyde Resin

Urea formaldehyde resin is an end-stage thermosetting resin in which urea and formaldehyde are polycondensated into an initial urea formaldehyde resin under the action of alkaline or acidic catalyst, and then an insoluble and non-fusible resin is formed under the action of curing agent or additives. Urea formaldehyde resin has the characteristics of colorless curing adhesive layer, good operation performance, low cost, good bonding performance and water resistance. Its use in the field of wood bonding is increasing. The cured urea formaldehyde resin is lighter in color than phenolic resin, translucent, resistant to weak acid and alkali, good insulation, excellent wear resistance and low price. However, urea formaldehyde resin is easy to decompose in case of strong acid and alkali, and its weather resistance is poor. There is a problem of formaldehyde emission in the manufacturing and use of wood-based panels produced by urea formaldehyde resin, so it must be modified. At present, urea formaldehyde resin is the largest adhesive used in wood industry, especially in the manufacture of various wood-based panels in wood processing industry, urea formaldehyde resin and its modified products account for about 90% of the total amount of adhesive. In this paper, the development and application of colloidal theory in urea formaldehyde resin are introduced, and the significance and Prospect of this theory are prospected.

Kemijska sestava in potencialna uporabnost lignoceluloznih ostankov

The main purpose of the current research was to determine the chemical structure of typical lignocellulosic residues generated in wood processing industries, fruit and vine growing activities, and the maintenance of green areas. Four characteristic groups of samples, e.g. wood sawdust, bark, tree prunings and the lignified residues of fruits were analysed for the content of ash, lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Gravimetric methods were used for the analyses, and the purity of individual isolated fractions was monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. The highest quantity of ash and low molecular weight extractive compounds was determined in bark and tree prunings, while concentrations of cellulose and total carbohydrates were highest in sawdust samples. Lignified fruit residues and bark proved to be rich sources of lignin. Because of their diverse chemical composition, all of the examined materials are potential feedstocks for the production of platform chemicals and other specific products within biorefinery processes.

Identification of problems in industrial waste management on the regional level

The article offers a solution to the problem of legal regulation of industrial waste concept and its separation from the general concept of waste and industrial waste management due to delegated competences on national, regional, and local levels of the current administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine. The main sources of generation/accumulation of large industrial waste volumes are outlined. The article reveals that they include the mining and career development enterprises in the Donetsk-Dnipro area and Lviv-Volyn coal basin, as well as processing industry enterprises, and to a lesser extent, energy, gas, steam, conditioned air, and water supply and sewerage enterprises. In sectoral breakdown, the enterprises are from mining, mining-chemical industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, petrochemical, and allied industries, machinery and metal processing, forestry and wood processing, food and light industries, and energy. Based on the results of the research, the ranges of areas of industrial waste accumulation in organized storages/landfills and the territory of enterprises are outlined, divided into classification groups, and mapped. The article reveals that the shares of industrial waste accumulation by economic entities in mining and career development within the Donetsk coal basin and Dnipro brown coal basins and extraction of manganese and iron ores in their total volumes in Ukraine are the highest. The share in Poltavska oblast amounts to 99.16 %, Kirovohradska – 97.04 %, Dnipropetrovska – 90.16, and Donetska – 62.23 %. The article of the regional operator of industrial waste management system selected by competition regardless of ownership form is substantiated. Currently, the regional strategies of responsible natural resources management by introduction of innovative environmental technologies in production and minimization of the industrial waste generation and environmental threats risk reduction are the top priority.

Analysis of Forest Waste Management and Recycling Potential in Nigeria

Forest wastes are renewable resources that can serve as sources of energy for heat and electricity generation. How these materials are managed in order to reduce their contribution to the release of greenhouse gases, reduce subsequent climate change challenges and their potential use in bio-energy production has remained a myth in Nigeria. In this paper, extensive review of the literature was carried out to arrive at the findings. More than 93% of all wood processing industries in Nigeria are sawmills. In addition to sawmills there are the plywood mills, furniture processing industries, and particleboard mills. Sawdust is the major waste generated from wood processing in the various processing units. Currently, the most popular waste management practice in Nigeria is burning. Dumping in open spaces, riverbanks, and water bodies is also obtainable. There is no record of wood waste recycling for bio-fuel production at the moment. Wood wastes are reused for agricultural production (mulching, manure) and as firewood. These actions contribute to the release of greenhouse gases and subsequently contribute to global warming. There are policies and agencies put in place to address this menace but implementation is a problem. An increase in proper waste management education and awareness, and aid from developed countries in terms of providing the technology needed for recycling and incineration, will go a long way in ensuring the safety (from climate change and consequences) of the local people, the environment, and the world at large.

NILAI USAHA INDUSTRI PRIMER HASIL HUTAN KAYU PADA CV SINAR JAYA DI KECAMATAN CIGUDEG KABUPATEN BOGOR

Community forests are the source of raw materials for the Primary Wood Forest Products Industry at CV Sinar Jaya in Cigudeg District, Bogor Regency. Optimizing the use of these raw materials can affect the business value of the wood processing industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the yield value and to analyze the business value of sawmill activities at CV. Sinar Jaya. The research method was carried out by means of quantitative analysis methods of collecting production data by direct measurement and interviews as well as calculating the value of economic income obtained from sawmill activities and overall waste utilization, the size of wood raw materials includes 10 centimeters to 30 centimeters with a length of 2 ,8 meters to 3 meters. The results showed that the average yield value is 55%, productivity is 1.51 m3/hour round wood, sawn wood is 0.83 m3/hour production cost is Rp 1,181,600,000.0/year, Income value is Rp. 1,509,600,0000.00/year, net profit value is Rp. 328,000.00/year, the value of marketing costs is Rp. 0 the value of the benefit cost ratio is 1.28/year and the work performance value of logs is Rp. 12,712.89 sawn wood Rp. 22,867.14. To increase the yield, the skills of the sawing workforce must be improved to minimize damage toeach sortimen. In order for business value to increase, productivity must be intensified and the availability of raw materials must be sustainable.

Strategy for achieving low carbon content in the Arkhangelsk region

In the Arkhangelsk region, there are many enterprises that have an impact on the ecological state of the region. Most of the enterprises are concentrated in the wood processing industry. To develop a strategy to achieve low carbon content for the region, the low-carbon strategies of the three largest enterprises in the Arkhangelsk industry are analyzed. The strategy focuses on compliance with standards for greenhouse gas emissions, the introduction of energy-intensive technologies used in production, as well as the generation of energy from its own energy sources.

Pengaruh Modal, Tenaga Kerja, dan Bahan Baku terhadap Hasil Produksi Industri Pengolahan Kayu di Kelurahan Alalak Selatan dan Kelurahan Alalak Tengah Kecamatan Banjarmasin Utara

The purposes of this research are (1) to know how the finances, worker, and raw material influence the wood processing industry; (2) to know which most dominant factor influences the wood processing industry in Banjarmasin City. This Research uses quantitative method with primer data obtains from the result of interview and questionnaire. The data are calculated using double linier analysis which will be use test f (simultaneous) and test t (partial).The result of the Research shows that the factors of the finances worker, and raw material influences significantly and positively to the wood processing industry simultaneously and partially. Workers becomes the most dominant factor influencing the output of the wood processing industry.The suggestions given based on the results of the analysis and discussion in this study (1) The owner of a wood processing industry business should be able to pay attention to several factors that can affect production results in order to increase production output; (2) Increase the demand for wood by means of good promotion and marketing by utilizing increasingly developing technology.

Literature Review: Risk Factors for Lung Physiological Disorders Due to Exposure to Wood Dust

Introduction: The wood processing industry in Indonesia is experiencing very rapid development, so there are positive and negative impacts of this industry for the country. The positive impacts that occur such as increased economic growth while the negative impacts that occur include environmental pollution which directly impacts the health of workers. One of the bad effects experienced by workers working in the industrial sector is wood dust. Wood dust is an invisible object that can circulate through the air so that it can enter the body and cause disruption of lung function of workers. The purpose of this research to conduct research on the factors of lung physiology disorders caused by vulnerability to wood dust. Method: The method was used in this research is a literature review by reviewing 10 relevant articles. Results: The effects showed that the method used is the same, which is using cross sectional, and during the study the data collection tools used questionnaires with interviews. In line with the outcomes of the study, factors for pulmonary physiology are not only caused by dust levels that exceeded the threshold value (NAV), but there are several other factors, namely individual characteristics such as length of service, duration of exposure, smoking habits, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Moreover, several studies presented bivariate tests to find out the relationship between variables that are factors in the occurrence of pulmonary physiology. Conclusions: Of 10 studies most have performed a bivariate analysis, but just a few have analyzed all the factors causing pulmonary physiology. Keywords: literature review, pulmonary physiology, risk factor, wood dust

Effects of Foreign Trade on the Economic Performance of Industries—Evidence from Wood Processing Industry of Czechia and Slovakia

As was first stressed by the classical economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo, international trade plays a crucial role in the growth process. The paper aims to analyze the influence of foreign trade on economic performance in the wood processing industry (WPI) of Czechia and Slovakia. The multivariate regression method (MLR), assumption tests for MLR models, and Granger causality test were applied to identify association between foreign trade economic performance, and indicators were formed to measure the effects of foreign trade at the industry level. The Granger test revealed the unidirectional causality in the Slovak WPI and bidirectional causality in the Czech WPI. The results revealed that the net export growth has a positive effect on the economic performance of the industry, but only if the growth in imports is lower than in exports. The balanced trade balance indicated no influence of foreign trade on economic performance. The paper contributes to existing knowledge with indicators for evaluation of foreign trade effects on the performance of the industry. The paper also brings new empirical knowledge in trade balance effects on the economic performance of industries.

Institutional factors for the development of the wood processing industry based on deep wood processing

Institutional factors for the development of the wood processing industry based on deep wood processing

Framework for Furniture and Wood Processing Industry Polytechnic in Era Disruption of Covid-19

In the era of the Covid-19 pandemic, all activities are forced to adapt to the Disruption Era, one of which is the education sector. The era of Disruption Covid-19 changed the learning system from face to face to online and did not change the quality of the learning process. Therefore, the Furniture and Wood Processing Industry Polytechnic must create a new framework in order to survive. This study aims to create a new framework that has the perspectives of various stakeholders such as government, industry, academic institutions, certification institutions, students and technological developments. The making of this framework is based on PEST analysis and a drives competitive for universities according to (Panday, 2014). The result of the framework for the Wood Furniture and Processing Industry Polytechnic are implementation health protocol for Covid-19, improvement of facilities dan infrastructure, creating income from teaching factory, SDM adaptation for improvement facilities and infrastructure, and quality assurance of graduates. The next step is to carry out monitoring and evaluation (MONEV) so that the implementation of framework runs according to the references and targets.

ANALISIS KEKUATAN PATAH DAN DAYA SERAP AIR PAPAN KOMBINASI SERAT DENGAN LAMINASI BAMBU BETUNG (Dendrocalamus asper)

The problem faced by the wood processing industry in Indonesia today is the shortage of wood raw materials. This occurs because the speed at which timber is used is not balance with the speed at which new stands are build. Meanwhile, the need for wood for furniture, building materials and other needs continues to increase in line with population growth. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative raw materials for the wood processing industry. Bamboo is one material that can be use for this purpose. Bamboo is a long fiber and has advantages in terms of the harvest period, namely within 3-4 years it can be harvested, shorter than 8-20 years for fast-growing timber species. In this research, a combination of fiber and laminate boards with epoxy adhesive. The material used is the type of betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) and then tested on the combination of fiber and laminated bamboo boards there are 3 tests, namely fracture strength, absorption capacity and density. The results of this research indicate that from the treatment of 255g adhesive and 127.5g of fiber has a higher average compared to 127.5g of adhesive and 255g of fiber. From the test results, the combination of fiberboards and laminate boards as HDF (Hard Dencity Fiberboard) classified which can be used for materials for making adhesive walls, ceilings, pinyi and containers. However, in contrast to the 127.5g adhesive and 255g fiber treatment included in the MDF (Medium Dencity fiberboard) classification, furniture such as household appliances, molding, window frames, door skins and car dashboards are used.

Obtaining a diesel fuel component from liquid products of oxidative pyrolysis of wood

Recycling and rational use of wood-processing industry waste is an urgent task for the economy and industry. On the basis of experimental studies on the oxidative pyrolysis of Siberian pine and Downy birch, a basic technological scheme for components of motor fuels obtaining is proposed. It is shown that the main components of liquid products of wood pyrolysis in water vapor are aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons, as well as oxygen-containing compounds that need to be hydrogenated.

The relationships and trends of interregional virtual water trade based on an MRIO model

Abstract To consider the problem of uneven distribution of water resources, a study on the relationship and trend of virtual water trade between regions based on an Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) model was proposed. Using an MRIO model, the spatial distribution and changing trends of China's inter-regional virtual water trade from 2014 to 2019 were evaluated. The empirical results show that, due to the difference in water use efficiency and production processes in different sectors, the direct and indirect water use coefficients and demand coefficients are different in different regions. In some water-poor areas (regions with low water availability), more products with high water use coefficients are exported, while more water-rich areas (regions with high water availability) export products with lower water use coefficients. The inter-regional virtual water trade only alleviates the shortage of water resources in some poor water areas in China. Some poor water areas export a large amount of virtual water, and the rich water areas import a large amount of virtual water or only maintain a partial virtual water balance. However, the demand coefficient tends to increase, and the trade adjustment trends in different regions and changes in regional virtual water trade relations are not conducive to alleviating the shortage of water resources caused by uneven distribution. The tension coefficients between the food manufacturing and tobacco processing industry, the textile and clothing industry, and the wood processing and furniture manufacturing industries in the Northeast region are relatively large, with the demand coefficients are 92.9, 65.5 and 156.7 respectively. Relatively speaking, the tensile coefficients of areas rich in natural water resources such as the eastern coastal, southern coastal, southwest, and central areas are generally low. According to the production situation, the regional virtual water trade relationship should be adjusted from the level of the national master plan.

Изменение содержания тяжелых металлов в почвах при внесении отходов целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности

This paper presents the results of a study of changes in the heavy metals content of soils of Karelia (podzolic loamy and peats high moor). Waste from wood processing, pulp and paper industry was added to the soils as organic additives using sodium lignosulfonate as an example. The results showed that no correlation with the additive dose was found in the series of total (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti, Al, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd, Mo) and available forms of metals (Cu, Zn, Ti, Al, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd, Mo). Nevertheless, there is a positive correlation between the total and available forms of Pb and the available forms of Fe and Mn (r = 0.9), which can be explained by their initial content in the industrial plant material. It should be noted that the content of all forms of the studied metals did not exceed the requirements of sanitary-hygienic standards and geochemical background typical for soils in Karelia. Keywords: PODZOLIC LOAMY SOIL, PEATS HIGH MOOR SOIL, SODIUM LIGNOSULFONATE, HEAVY METALS

Income of loggers and pine tappers in Barakkae and Mattampawalie Villages, Bone District

The community-forest in Bone District is one of the economic resources that helps the community around the forest to meet their daily needs. The community uses wood and non-timber products that are available in the forest area. The wood-using such as building material, firewood, and raw material for the wood processing industry has been used as an opportunity for few people in Barakkae Village to maintain their jobs as woodcutter workers. Apart from wood, Pinus merkusii jungh et de vriese in Mattampawalie Village has also helped local communities increase their income by becoming pine tappers. This research is intended to determine the income of loggers and pine tappers through its cost of the wage system. The results of the research obtained from field observations, interviews, scientific literature, and related party reports within the scope of the research location. It shows that the average income received by pine tappers is IDR 835,600 per tapping, slightly lower than the average income of loggers at IDR 955,812 per one harvest. However, the amount of income can decrease and increase due to several factors such as the season and the frequency of harvest. This research is expected to be considered by loggers and pine tappers to increase income and reduce its costs during harvesting.

Highly Efficient Uptake of TcO4 - by Imidazolium-Functionalized Wood Sawdust.

99Tc is a radioactive fission product, mainly in the form of TcO4–, with good solubility and mobility in the environment. The development of effective and inexpensive materials to remove TcO4– from nuclear industry wastewater or contaminated water is significant. Wood sawdust is a byproduct of the wood processing industry and is an abundant, low-cost, and sustainable material. The mesostructure of wood consists of numerous hollow cells that are joined endwise to form an interconnected channel matrix capable of rapid transfer of ions. Imidazolium-functionalized wood sawdust (IM-WS) was synthesized using natural wood sawdust by a two-step reaction. It has excellent properties of TcO4–/ReO4– adsorption including rapid adsorption dynamics (30 s to equilibrium), good adsorption stability (pH 3–9), high selectivity (adsorption of 45.4 Re % in 1000 times excess of NO3– ions, 76.6 Re % in 6000 times excess of SO42– ions, and 92.2 Tc % in a simulated mixed solution; after adsorption, the concentration of TcO4– decreased to 0.056 ppb from the initial concentration of 12.09 ppb in 1000 times excess of SO42−), and in particular low production costs. These characteristics give it great prospects for low-level radioactive wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.