Wood Poles Research Articles

Impact of Betel Leaf Cultivation on the Protected Forest Area of Teknaf Peninsula, Bangladesh

Deforestation is a severe threat in the context of climate change and the establishment of protected forest areas is a crucial strategy to conserve and manage forests. This study aims to investigate the impact of betel leaf cultivation on the protected forest area known as the Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary in the southern coastal area of Bangladesh. The research objectives were to describe the extent of betel leaf cultivation in and around the protected forest area, determine its impact on the forest and describe the socioeconomic factors affecting the cultivation. Data were collected from 2015 to 2017 covering 4622 households in the Teknaf upazila (upazila is an administrative unit). Satellite images were analyzed to determine the impact of cultivation on the forest. Among the factors analyzed the determinants of betel leaf cultivation, family size, occupation and encroachment in the forest were found to have a significant impact. This study identified 4273 paan boroj (betel leaf cultivation plots) covering an area of 250.74 ha, among which 1264 were found inside the forest area occupying 59.76 ha forestland. The average size of a paan boroj was 0.06 ha and in total required 1.32 tons of wooden poles from the forest. Over dependency by local people for their livelihood on forest resources is creating pressure on the protected forest and causing severe deforestation. Sustainable resource use, for example, following a tree-based agroforestry system and adopting more sustainable approaches for betel leaf cultivation, can reduce the deforestation inside the protected forest and conserve biodiversity.

Classification of wood fibre geometry and its behaviour in wood poly(lactic acid) composites

This paper presents a comprehensive characterisation of wood flour geometry for polylactic acid (PLA) wood plastic composites (bioWPCs), and hence explores how the wood flour may influence the microstructure and performance of bioWPCs. The results show that current characterisation of wood flour from the literature can be misleading as they mostly rely on sieve analysis. Image analysis was used to critically study the fibres retained at various mesh sizes to investigate and examine the length and width distributions of the fibres prior to and after processing into bioWPCs. There were clear relationships between the reduction in both fibre size and aspect ratio and compounding processes depending on the original fibre geometry. It was also determined that by sieving out only the fibres retained at 500 µm much stronger bioWPCs can be produced than that using a single size fibre, achieving tensile and flexural stress of 15.3 and 13.2 MPa, respectively.

ETHNOMATHEMATIC EXPLORATION OF LIO TRADITIONAL HOUSE OF ENDE DISTRICT FOR GEOMETRY LEARNING

This study aims to describe the symbols and geometry that exist in the traditional house of the Lio tribe of Wolokoli Village, Wolowaru District, Ende Regency in ethnomathematics perspective in terms of mathematical concepts. This type of research is qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. The subjects of this study consisted of several informants (chiefs, village heads, teachers and students). Using observation and interview techniques, and using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed the existence of symbol shapes and geometry in the building of traditional houses of the Lio tribe of Wolokoli Village, Wolowaru District, Ende Regency. Other symbolic forms include leke (foundation pillars made of stone and wood), there are twenty oval-shaped stone pillars and one rectangular wooden pole, Tenga (lante beam) in the form of a tube. Dalo is rectangular in shape. Rectangular lure. Wisu (four main pillars) shaped beam. Kebi (wall) is rectangular in shape. Mangu (nok pole) shaped beam. Block shaped jara. Pene / Pere is rectangular in shape. Eba beams. Lara is a block. Hubu (roof) is made of trapezoid-shaped reeds. Form symbols and geometrical structures that exist in the traditional Lio Tribe of Wolokoli Village, namely lines, angles, squares, rectangles, triangles, trapezoid, parallelogram, triangles, hexagons, beams, tubes, and triangular prisms. The shape in these parts of the house can change the paradigm of children and society that mathematics has a relationship with daily activities and relationships with culture and can be learned in a fun way in solving problems of learning geometry material.

A 2D Numerical Model of Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Wooden Utility Poles Using Embedded Waveguide Excitation Technique

Embedded waveguide technique is often not considered as a method for introducing ultrasonic wave for nondestructive testing (NDT). Because of the unique surface condition of wooden utility poles, the rough and uneven surface between the medium and the sensor introduces variation and signal attenuation, which impedes the use of a contact-based ultrasonic sensor. Many inspection and utility firms have adopted the use of inserting a small nail into the wooden pole for NDT. The mechanisms of excitation and reception of ultrasonic wave, however, are very different from the traditional contact-based mounting technique. Because very little research has been carried out on this methodology, this study focuses on the understanding of embedded waveguide excitation and reception in the time domain for wooden structure assessment in cylindrical symmetry. The resulted time domain waveform response is analyzed, and the associated findings will help infer important structural condition for NDT assessments. The study consists of numerical and empirical results to validate and understand the waveform characteristics and the associated energy modes that exist (Bodig 1982) in the two-dimensional wave propagation in a boundary medium

Assessment of Preservative-Treated Wooden Poles Using Drilling-Resistance Measurements

An IML-Resi PD-400 drilling tool with two types of spade drill bits (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) was used to evaluate the internal conditions of 3 m wooden poles made from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Drilling tests were performed on poles that were industrially vacuum-pressure-impregnated with a copper-based preservative (Korasit KS-M) and untreated reference poles. Both types of poles were subject to 10.5 years of in-ground exposure. Wood moisture content (MC) was measured using a resistance-type moisture meter. MC varied between 15% and 60% in the radial and axial directions in both treated and untreated poles. A higher MC was detected in the underground, top, and outer (sapwood) parts of the poles. Typical drilling-resistance (DR) profiles of poles with internal defects were analyzed. Preservative treatment had a significant influence on wood durability in the underground part of the poles. Based on DR measurements, we found that untreated wood that was in contact with soil was severely degraded by insects and wood-destroying fungi. Conversely, treated wood generally showed no reduction in DR or feeding resistance (FR). DR profiling is a potential method for the in-situ or in vitro assessment and quality monitoring of preservative treatments and wood durability. The technological benefits of using drill bits with one major cutting edge, instead of standard drill bits with center-spiked tips and two major cutting edges, were not evident. A new graphical method was applied to present DR data and their spatial distribution in the poles. Future studies should focus on the impact of preservative treatments, thermal modification, and chemical modification on the DR and FR of wood. This may further elucidate the predictive value of DR and FR for wood properties.

Citrus Production Under Screen as a Strategy to Protect Grapefruit Trees From Huanglongbing Disease.

Citrus production under enclosed structures can exclude the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri) and eliminate the negative effects of citrus greening or huanglongbing (HLB) disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus to the grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) fresh fruit industry. Physically impeding the insect vector from accessing trees is a logical method to have disease-free groves. Our objectives were to assess the ability of enclosed screenhouses to exclude the ACP, stop HLB inoculation and dissemination, and improve fruit yield of in-ground and container-grown 6-year-old “Ray Ruby” grapefruit at super-high planting densities relative to open-air trees. We built a large structure to allow commercial-scale trials and tested two production systems (screenhouse and open-air), two planting systems (in-ground and potted), and two rootstocks (“Sour Orange” [Citrus × aurantium] and “US-897” [Citrus reticulata × Poncirus trifoliate]). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design split-split-plot with four replications. Four passively ventilated 1,080-m2 completely enclosed screenhouses were constructed using a 50-mesh monofilament high-density polyethylene screen. The main support for each enclosed, covered structure consisted of pressure-treated, wooden utility poles. Trees were planted in Sept/2013 on a density of 1,957 trees/ha. Irrigation was performed on-demand using two 7.6-LPH drip emitters per tree, and fertigation was applied three times/week using 15N-2.6P-22.4K water-soluble fertilizer at 180 kg N/ha. Psyllids were monitored using sticky cards and detected inside the screenhouses post-Hurricane Irma, which damaged the screen structures in Sept/2017, leaving openings until repairs were completed in Apr/2018. Screen aging and a tropical storm in April/2019 caused another major screen opening fixed in Oct/2019. Despite the weather-related damages to the screens, only trees cultivated in open-air tested positive for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus after 6 years. There was fast disease progression for all outside treatments, with 100% infection. Covered, in-ground trees exhibited the highest trunk diameter and canopy volume (P < 0.0001). Trees grown inside screenhouses exhibited higher fruit yield than outside trees, with the highest yield observed for in-ground trees on “US-897” (51,081 kg/ha) (P < 0.0001). Several open-air treatments particularly in containers did not produce any fruit. On the other hand, potted grapefruit trees cultivated inside the enclosures had the highest soluble solids content (P < 0.001). The screenhouses provided disease exclusion, increased fruit yield, and fruit quality, representing an alternative for growers interested in producing high-quality fruit for the fresh market. Production cost and economic viability still need to be evaluated for large-scale implementation.

The sustainable use of wood as a regional resource—an ecological assessment of common and new processing technologies for wood poles

The sustainable use of wood as a regional resource—an ecological assessment of common and new processing technologies for wood poles

Resistograph investigation of Scots pine wood utility poles in the State Museum at Majdanek

Resistograph investigation of Scots pine wood utility poles in the State Museum at Majdanek. Any activity relative to the protection of monuments is determined by the requirements of fidelity and authenticity in the preservation of the place and landscape. On the site of the State Museum at Majdanek, the former infrastructure of the concentration camp has been reconstructed. An element there of are pine wood utility poles.The present research project involved an assessment of their state of preservation with the method of resistography. The poles were subjected to inspection and preliminary acoustic assessment by means of tapping. Resistograph drillings were made radially, perpendicularly to the side surface of the poles, at various heights. A number of the poles have been found to be highly degraded in their sapwood part, which threatens their stability – these poles require immediate replacement. The principal cause of the degradation areactive feeding grounds of European house borer.The results of the research confirmed the effectiveness of resistographyin onsite assessment of the state of preservation of wooden poles.

The Sarmatian Burial from “Kirpichnyy” Barrow in Kuban Region

The paper is devoted to the rich Sarmatian burial from the destroyed mound. The burial was a pit with overlapping of narrow wooden poles or boards. The skeleton was laid stretched on its back, the skull was oriented to SSW. Sheep bones and an iron knife were located at the feet, near the pit wall. The assemblage of grave goods is quite various and informative: a bronze mirror, gold bracelets and earrings, necklaces with cornelian and chalcedony beads, glass beads on the legs and arms, flint nucleus, “whetstone” (assay stone), clay spindles, iron arrowheads and small grey clay bowl of Maeotian production. Cast mirrors of Prokhorov Type are often found in Sarmatian burial mounds of the Kuban region of the 3rd – 1st c. BC. The bead types are typical for the Hellenistic period. The gold earrings are late replicas of the “lionheaded” earrings of the Northern Black Sea group. The magical items (nucleus, assay stone) have the closest analogies in Sarmatian assemblages of the early 1st c. BC. The bronze fingerings of the late Latin type with spiral shields were spread in the Northern Black Sea region and among Kuban Maeotian tribes in the Roman period. However their appearance in this region probably refers to an earlier period. The gold jewellery, rich necklace, full quiver of arrows and items related to cult activities make it possible to attribute this assemblage to the category of elite burials of the Siracian nobility.

EVALUATION OF HEARTROT CAUSED PHELLINUS PINI AND RELATED YIELD LOSS IN PINUS SYLVESTRIS STANDS

Tree wounds are the starting points that may lead to heartwood discoloration and decay caused by invading micro-organisms such as heartrot caused Phellinus pini. Phellinus pini most frequently occurs on douglas–fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce trees (Picea abies). According to investigations made in this area, infection by Phellinus pini entries through felling scars or broken tops when Phellinus pini fruiting bodies (conks) on other trees are realising airbone spores. When spores land on a freshly wounded stem, the infection process starts. Internal decay is often difficult to detect because only Phellinus pini conks indicate its presence. In most cases the number of conks doesn’t exceed one-two pieces on the surface of inficied Pinus sylvestris stems. When wood poles for power lines are harvested in length from 10 to 16m in wood felling areas where the average height of Pinus sylvestris trees is more than 27m, the local distribution of heartrot doesn’t exceed for more than 1.5m above and below each conk, the conk is located in the middle part of the pole length, the speeed of pruning exceeds 4m/sek, the hight level of risk exists that the damaged with heart rot wood pole will be accepted as appropriate to quality requirements toward heartrot because after pruning the presence of conk would be vanished but the top and butt surfaces of pole’s won’t indicate heartrot. The evidence of heartrot will be checked only in the technological process of debarking before impregnation when Phellinus pini conk place indicates. The purpose of this study is to predict the influence of Phellinus pini on Pinus sylvestris stems and to provide operational and safety recommendations concerning the risky assessment and management of infected felling areas in harvest planning processes.

Framework for Measuring the Resilience of Utility Poles of an Electric Power Distribution Network

The utility poles of an electric power distribution system are frequently damaged by wind-related disasters. This study notes that the wooden poles are particularly vulnerable to such disasters and the failures of the poles can cause a network-level failure leading to short- or long-term power outages. To mitigate the problem, this study proposes a framework for measuring the resilience of the wooden utility poles based on the angular deflection of a pole due to the wind force. Given the existing inclination angle of a pole, the angular deflection is measured by finite element analysis using ANSYS® Workbench1 to determine the resilience area under various wind speeds. For this, the conditions of load and support for a pole, which are called boundary conditions in ANSYS®, are generated. The proposed framework also includes an approach to cost–benefit analysis that compares different strategies for corrective action. The results of the case study in which the framework was applied show that the proposed framework can be effectively utilized by electric power distribution companies to increase the resilience of their systems.

Grey Oyster Mushroom Biofarm for Small-Scale Entrepreneurship

This paper reports the productivity of a small-scale pilot biofarm of grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing.). The pilot was tested in Mekelle city (Ethiopia) in a brick-walled dark room. Growing structures were constructed by erecting three wood poles and fixing them with three wooden side bars at multiple locations to make a prism-shaped rack with multiple triangular open shelves, each capable of carrying one bag of spawned substrate. Mushroom substrates were prepared from maize stalk and wheat bran supplement. Pasteurized chopped maize stalk and wheat bran were mixed at the ratio of 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, and 7:3—yielding four treatments. Five kilograms of substrate was taken from each treatment and was mixed with one kilogram of gypsum to produce a growing mass. Each mass was spawned with 200 g of inoculum under aseptic conditions and put in polyethylene bags. The treatments were replicated thrice and the bags were put on the growth racks in completely randomized design. The growing room was maintained at optimum conditions. Maize stalk substrates supplemented with 10% and 20% of wheat bran have resulted in statistically comparable productivities but statistically significantly higher than those grown on nonsupplemented and highly supplemented maize stalk substrates (p ≤ 0.05). The ingenuity of the design and the convenience of the construction of the racks, the availability of the substrates, and the simplicity of the management and maintenance of the biofarm rendered the piloted design suitable for home-based and small- and medium-scale mushroom biofarm entrepreneurship.

New perspectives on Late Bronze Age lagoon sites in the South of France revealed by animal exploitation at the La Motte I site (Hérault)

At the present time, only a few Late Bronze Age sites in the French Mediterranean have yielded faunal data. The newly excavated site of La Motte I (Hérault, France) is exceptionally well preserved owing to its underwater context. The discovery of large quantities of pottery, a wattle and some wooden poles allowed the site to be dated to the Late Bronze Age IIIb (900–775 BCE). The zooarchaeological analysis of the mammalian remains has made it possible to identify the nature of butchery operations at the site. Culling profiles show herd management practices during this period and bring to light specific dietary practices. These data reveal meat procurement behaviour in this Bronze Age Mediterranean population, highlighting regular meat acquisition from domestic livestock.

Competitive advantages of wood products and risks of its placing on the consumer market in Russia

The article includes a brief empirical analysis of “marketing’, “competition”, “competi- tiveness” and “competitive advantages” definitions, it also provides characteristic of com- petitive advantages of the Russian timber industry, including the production dynamics of wood products, poly wood, paper, cardboard and wood pulp. In addition, it gives the evaluation of key payers in furniture and paper production on the basis of factors having impact on volume changes in production and competition development. It makes analy- sis of the turnover of examined timber in-dustry production on the consumer market in Russia within the context of the producer country.

Dendrochronological studies of indigenous and creole archeological remains in the Argentinean Pampas (19th and 20th centuries)

The Pampas is a natural flat region that covers 750 000 km2 in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. The driest part of the Argentinean Pampas is occupied by thorny forests dominated by Fabaceae species, mainly by caldén (Prosopis caldenia Burkart). The caldén's area was affected by large human immigration processes that started in the 18th century up to the last century. Semiarid climate in caldén's area has made water a critical source for the development of biotic communities and human settlements. Native people dug wells, lined by wooden poles, commonly named jagüeles, in order to have access to drinkable groundwater. Such poles, preserved in the subsoil, were submitted to wood anatomical and dendrochronological analysis, and 18 were collected from three archeological sites. Because the poles were undated, they were compared with two master chronologies of P. caldenia that belong to the area. Anatomical studies determined that the poles belonged to P. caldenia and Prosopis flexuosa. Poles of one of the sampling sites had their last tree rings between 1799 and 1838, which coincided with indigenous occupation period. On the contrary, the samples from the other two sites were placed chronologically between 1885 and 1918, which coincided with the first creole and European occupation. These results show the use of native people's traditional building strategies by other cultural groups such as the creole and European settlers since the strategies were useful in the semiarid environments.

Buffer Strips on the Low-Lying Plain of Veneto Region (Italy): Environmental Benefits and Efficient Use of Wood as an Energy Resource.

Vegetated buffer strips (VBS) are recognized as a cost-effective way to reduce agricultural nonpoint-source pollution. In agroecosystems with high field fragmentation, only narrow VBS that partially compromise farmers' revenue are accepted. This study aimed to identify some ecosystem services as provided by VBS in terms of soil and water quality, and VBS performance in terms of wood for energy purposes. Buffer strip design (3 vs. 6 m wide) and composition were considered to define best practices for wood use at the farm level and for the local firewood market. Results showed that yearly wood pole production was 0.5 t 100 m, on average, ranging between a minimum of 0.22 t 100 m and a maximum of 0.72 t 100 m per row. Wood production had negligible effects on farmers' revenue. By contrast, water quality was enhanced, especially with 6-m-wide VBS. Specific subsidies for the maintenance of VBS increased total income despite a reduction in crop production (-17.5% in 6-m VBS with two rows). Subsidies might be better quantified at a site-specific level by taking into account all ecosystem services that are provided by VBS. Promising solutions to increase farmers' income are related to the wood seasoning process for firewood production; reducing the moisture content to <25% before the start of the winter season increases its market value.

Multi-dimensional wind fragility functions for wood utility poles

Risk assessment and life cycle cost analysis of electric power systems facilitate analysis and efficient management of compound risks from wind hazards and asset deteriorations. Fragility functions are key components for these analyses as they provide the probability of failure of poles given the hazard intensity. Despite a number of efforts that analyzed the wind fragility of utility wood poles, impacts of key design variables on the likelihood of failure of poles have not been yet characterized. This paper, for the first time, provides a set of multi-dimensional fragility models that are functions of key factors including class, age, and height of poles, number and diameter of conductors, span length, and wind speed and direction. Unlike existing generic pole fragility models, this new class of fragility functions is able to accurately represent various configurations of power distribution systems. Therefore, it can reliably support decisions for installation of new or replacement of existing damaged or decayed poles. The generated fragility models are also used to investigate impacts of design variables. For example, results indicate that when height is considered as a covariate for the fragility function, the likelihood of failure of wood poles for a given height increases with class number. However, if height is treated as an uncertain variable, and therefore, excluded as a covariate from the fragility model, lower classes of poles may have higher failure probability as they are often used for higher clearance limits.

Static and dynamic analysis of wood laminated composite poles using FEA

Wood laminated composite poles having polygonal cross section are considered as latest products. The synthetic resins are used as binders for these poles. These poles possess various advantages in comparison to wooden poles of solid type. Hence, they are replacing solid wood poles in transmission and distribution services. The present work was carried out to analyse the effect of number of strips and strip thickness on the deflection and stress. Three levels of strip thickness and three levels of number of strips are taken as variables. In this current work an attempt has been made to present the Static and Dynamic analysis of uniform cross-section and tapered cross-section composite pole and the results show that Tapered cross-sectional pole is having lesser frequency at higher modes, lesser amplitude of vibration which is an advantage in selecting the desired cross-section of the pole. It was observed through this project study that tapered pole consisting of 9 strips and 15 mm thickness is best suited for supporting the power transmission lines.

Summer Rules

Summer Rules Larry Foley (bio) They were the summers of my dreams—and I dream of them still. As a teenager in the late 1960s and early ’70s, as soon as school ended, my life revolved around a homemade ball field in Union City, Tennessee, the little town where Hall of Fame second baseman Red Schoendienst broke into professional baseball in the old Class D Kitty League. My neighborhood was built on a former soybean field on the edge of town when new ranch style homes were popping up to house a boom created by a Goodyear Tire plant opening. For a backstop, we scrounged for chicken wire and lumber from our homes, and as soon as Memorial Day was over, a fleet of push mowers arrived, secretly “borrowed” from dads at work, to groom the vacant lot where our games would be played. The field was flat, but the ground was not—still ridged by a tractor’s tiller long before, into the hard-packed dirt that had once been a farm. Our diamond was strategically placed into a corner of the subdivision where home sites were planned. The outfield was bordered by two asphalt streets. A ball landing on the road would bounce high off the pavement, making a home run an easy call. If the ball landed on the gravel just in front of the street, that made it a harder call, leading to many spirited arguments. Cursing was strictly forbidden. One of the regular ballplayers, a burly, muscular kid named Ross, who showed up for every game with his slobbering dog, was a consistent violator of this rule. One day Ross went on a tirade of expletives and “we” banned him from that game, and all future games, until he cleaned up his mouth. He stormed off with his bat and mitt and mutt, cussing all the way home. The next morning, as if nothing had happened, Ross (and dog) showed up for the game, self-cleansed of his former habit. Of course, there were other rules, and I must have had a heavy hand in their creation. Not long ago my mother found them on a broadsheet, tucked away in the desk I had when I was a boy. The paper was sponsored by the Chicago Rivet and Machine Co. and featured a calendar from 1969. [End Page 45] rules 1. A base will not be given in case of a balk 2. Bunting is allowed only for the leadoff hitter in each inning 3. No Infield Fly Rule 4. Hit by Pitch-batter is allowed to take base only if an attempt has been made to get out of the way of the ball, then he May either take his base or continue to bat 5. Homerun-A ball hit in the street or hitting the foul pole or center field pole in the air (We hammered wooden poles into the dirt, spray painted whatever color someone could commandeer from their garage) 6. Triple-A ball bouncing or rolling over the street 7. Double-A ball bouncing into the ditch (ditch separated playing field from the street) 8. No Automatic Strikes unless members on both teams agree that the ball thrown was a strike 9. A limit of 20 runs per team in a game 10. No stealing of bases unless the fielding team chooses to use a catcher 11. Cursing-one (1) base will be given to the opposite team if a player on his team uses profanity. 1 base per foul word. (On the batting team, if a player curses, 1 strike extra will be put on the batter) 12. Only members on both teams will be allowed on the playing field (This did not pertain to dogs. There was no leash law in those days, and every kid had a dog, of all breeds and temperament) There was no adult supervision ever, and the age of kids ranged from ten to seventeen. An unwritten rule was that older boys were not allowed to throw hard to the younger kids. One of the best players was a “girl,” a tomboy classmate who could throw and hit with the best of us. When...

Assessment of wood utility poles’ deterioration through natural frequency measurements

Utility poles in a power distribution line are usually made of prestressed concrete, reinforced concrete or wood. In Latin America, given the abundance of different species of wood suitable for structural purposes, the latter material is more commonly used. The durability of wood in structures exposed to meteorological agents is usually an issue, especially when these have a critical role in the operation of industries or when the structures provide a service to society. For this reason, it is convenient to develop simple techniques that allow the assessment of the damage during their service life. In this paper, results obtained experimentally are contrasted with the outcomes of finite element models, taking deterministic property values of the material and simulating the same load state of the test. The correlation between the degree deterioration of wood poles and their dynamic behavior taking into account defects such as cracks, knots and others, was evaluated. The wood used in the experiments is Eucalyptus grandis, a species that is widely cultivated in South and Central America and particularly, found in the northeastern part of Argentina. The experimental work has been carried out in laboratory using real poles with different degrees of damage and deterioration, that were provided by the EDES, the electricity company that provides service in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina.