Well-being Of Women Research Articles

Women's Economic Transformation: A Literature Review on Empowerment through Entrepreneurship and Financial Inclusion in Pekalongan, Indonesia

This systematic literature review (SLR) explores factors influencing women's empowerment through entrepreneurship and financial inclusion in Pekalongan. Key elements supporting or hindering women entrepreneurs include access to capital, entrepreneurship education, training, and robust support networks. Financial inclusion, encompassing banking services, microcredit, and financial education, is crucial for enhancing women's economic capacity and independence. The research employs a structured SLR methodology, using databases like Scopus to identify relevant studies from the past decade. The data collection involves keyword identification, literature search, screening, full-text review, and data extraction, followed by thematic analysis and coding. The findings reveal that well-designed government and NGO programs significantly impact women's economic and social well-being, with success dependent on local context and sustained support. Policy recommendations for Pekalongan include increasing access to financial services through microcredit and entrepreneurship training, expanding financial education programs, strengthening support networks via women's business groups and mentoring, and addressing socio-cultural barriers. Tailored policies and programs that consider the local context are essential for effective implementation. This study's comprehensive approach, combining women's entrepreneurship and financial inclusion within Pekalongan's context, provides practical recommendations for policymakers and enriches existing literature, offering a framework for future research and policy development in similar socio-economic settings.

Impact on Sexual Function and Wish for Subsequent Pregnancy after Uterus-Preserving Prolapse Surgery in Premenopausal Women.

(1) Background: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects millions of women globally, impacting their quality of life and potentially influencing family planning decisions. This study aimed to assess the impact of uterus-preserving prolapse surgery on the sexual function, desire for children, and pregnancy outcomes in premenopausal women with symptomatic POP. (2) Methods: A survey study was conducted among patients who underwent sacrospinous hysteropexy at a tertiary hospital between 2001 and 2021. Telephone interviews were performed to gather data on sexual function, desire for children, and satisfaction with surgical outcomes. (3) Results: The study included 33 premenopausal women, revealing diverse factors influencing sexual activity and desire for children following surgery. While most of the participants expressed a desire for children after surgery, sexually inactive individuals were more likely to report an unfulfilled desire for children. Fear of incontinence during sexual activity emerged as a significant concern for the sexually inactive participants. (4) Conclusions: The study highlights the need for comprehensive counselling and tailored interventions to address the multifaceted needs of women with POP. Further research is warranted to highlight the long-term implications of uterus-preserving surgeries on women's health and well-being.

Women’s Pornography Use Patterns and Sexuality Education in U.S. Public Schools

This study investigated the relationship between sexuality education in U.S. public schools and women's pornography use. Utilizing quantitative methods, we examined a sample of women attending U.S. public schools who reported regular pornography use. Results revealed that, regardless of the type of sexuality education received, women exhibited similar rates of pornography use, with 60% reporting its use. A substantial portion (69%) of the women began using pornography during childhood or adolescence. Women who received abstinence only sexuality education reported higher frequencies of pornography use compared to their comprehensive sexuality education counterparts. About 79% of women using pornography perceived it as a source of sexuality learning, especially regarding sexual pleasure. However, they expressed reluctance in using pornography for sexual education and did not consider it a preferred method for learning about sexuality. The findings suggest the need for comprehensive sexuality education that addresses essential topics, such as sexual pleasure and sexual script development, to cater to women’s diverse learning needs, ideally taught by parents or primary caregivers, but may be necessary for public education in the absence of parental instruction. Policymakers and educators should bridge these gaps to develop more effective sexuality education curricula. This study contributes valuable insights, highlighting the importance of an inclusive approach to sexuality education in U.S. public schools. Future research should explore the implications of different sexuality education approaches on women's sexual development and well-being, emphasizing comprehensive education to foster healthy sexual behaviors among women.

Women's welfare attitudes in South Korea

AbstractMany scholars argue that gender affects welfare attitudes: women support welfare policies more than men in most welfare societies. However, in South Korea, women tend to oppose welfare policies or show no gender gap in welfare attitudes. As welfare programs in South Korea are expanding, I investigate whether women's attitudes towards welfare policies have changed and if they differ based on self‐interest. I analysed welfare attitude data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS) for 2013 and 2022 using ordered logistic regression models, finding that women in South Korea supported almost all welfare policies less than men. However, in terms of income redistribution and free preschool and childcare service provision, there were no gender differences observed. Furthermore, cleavages among women were found regarding attitudes towards support for the unemployed and free preschool and childcare service provision based on self‐interest. Additionally, progressive women exhibited more supportive attitudes across all domains of welfare.

Bibliometric Profile of the Literature on Psychological Wellbeing in Women who Suffer Violence 2010-2024

Bibliometric Profile of the Literature on Psychological Wellbeing in Women who Suffer Violence 2010-2024

Factor Affecting the Perception of Traumatic Childbirth: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pregnant Women Women

Objective: In order to experience all the processes of pregnancy and childbirth in a healthy way, it is necessary that the perception of traumatic birth is not high and the affecting factors should be known. This study was conducted to evaluate the factors affecting pregnant women's perception of traumatic childbirth. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study consisted with 305 pregnant women, who was in the last trimester of their pregnancy. Data collected face-to-face using the Perception of Traumatic Childbirth Scale and the socio-demographic, obstetric and birth-related information form. Results: All of the pregnant women included in the study were married and their mean age was 28.04±5.20 years. The mean score of the pregnant women from the scale was 56.46±1.56 (Min-Max=0-120). Statistical significance was found between the score obtained from the scale and income status, the total number of miscarriages/mortal deliveries, mode of termination of the last delivery, fear experienced at the last delivery and anxiety experienced at the last delivery. Conclusion: A thorough understanding of the factors that influence and/or increase the perception of traumatic childbirth could contribute to the development of birth services as well as the protection and promotion of women's and pregnant's mental well-being.

Insights into breast health issues in women's rugby.

World RugbyTM supports dedicated women's welfare, injury surveillance and medical/technical interventions, yet breast health has received limited attention. This article aims to provide insights into breast health issues in rugby, including breast impacts and injuries. We discuss how breast anatomy and position may be problematic in rugby. Breast volume relates to body size, which may be increasing in women's rugby, suggesting increased breast surface area and mass, potentially increasing injury risk. Breast health issues in rugby have been reported previously, with 58% of contact footballers (including rugby) experiencing breast injuries. There are damaging effects related to these breast health issues, with breast impacts often causing pain and swelling. Breast impacts may lead to haematomas, cysts and fat necrosis which can calcify over time making them difficult to distinguish from breast carcinoma, causing further investigation and anxiety. In sport, poor bra fit and insufficient support are associated with pain, skin strain and performance decrements. This article reports the potential implications of these breast health issues on performance in rugby. Recent breast-related projects supported by rugby communities may address recommendations identified in the literature for robust breast injury classifications, updated injury surveillance systems and prospective data collection on breast injury prevalence, severity and impact in rugby. These data should inform breast injury care pathways and intervention research, including evidence-based bra design. Understanding the implications of breast impacts on tissue properties, health and wellbeing is vital. Finally, data should inform rugby-specific breast education, raising awareness of this aspect of athlete health.

Pretheranostic agents with extraordinaryNIRF/photoacoustic imaging performanceand photothermal oncotherapy efficacy

Cervical cancer, the most common gynecological malignancy, significantly and adversely affects women's physical health and well-being. Traditional surgical interventions and chemotherapy, while potentially effective, often entail serious side effects that have led to an urgent need for novel therapeutic methods. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a promising approach due to its ability to minimize damage to healthy tissue. Connecting a biothiol detection group to PTT-sensitive molecules can improve tumor targeting and further minimize potential side effects. In this study, we developed a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF)/photoacoustic (PA) dual-mode probe, S-NBD, which demonstrated robust PTT performance. This innovative probe is capable of activating NIRF/PA signals to enable the detection of biothiols with high emission wavelength (838 nm) and large Stokes shift (178 nm), allowing for in vivo monitoring of cancer cells. Additionally, the probe achieved an outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency of 67.1%. The application of laser irradiation (660 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 5 min) was able to achieve complete tumor ablation without recurrence. In summary, this seminal study presents a pioneering NIRF/PA dual-mode dicyanoisophorone-based probe for biothiol imaging, incorporating features from PTT for the first time. This pioneering approach achieves the dual objectives of improving tumor diagnosis and treatment.

The role of sexual communication in the relationship between emotion regulation and sexual functioning in women: The impact of age and relationship status

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate sexual communication as a mechanism involved in the link between emotion regulation and sexual functioning in a sample of adult women, also testing the moderating role of relationship status and age in this association. Method1344 sexually active cisgender women (aged 18–57, M = 27.34; SD= 6.484) were recruited from March 30, 2021, to April 12, 2021, through an online survey. From the initial sample, 1280 women were retained and included in the analysis. Participants were asked to respond to three self-report questionnaires: the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Communication subscale of the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women (SSS-W), and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). ResultsWe found that sexual communication mediated the link between emotion regulation abilities and female sexual functioning. Moreover, we found that age, but not relationship status, moderated the association between emotion regulation and sexual communication, so that older women with difficulties in emotion regulation processes showed worse sexual communication abilities as compared to younger women. ConclusionsAccording to this study's results, clinicians and sexual therapists should carefully consider emotion regulation abilities and sexual communication as crucial factors in promoting women's sexual well-being.

Analysis of the Influence of Domestic Violence Severity on the Emotional States of Non-working Women in Sialkot

Violence against women is widely acknowledged as a severe violation of human rights and a significant public health issue with profound physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health consequences. The purpose of current research is to assess the impact of domestic violence on the emotional states of non-working women. This study, using a cross-sectional quantitative approach, surveyed 350 non-working females in both rural and urban Sialkot through purposive sampling. The sample size was determined using g-power analysis. Findings revealed a strong positive correlation between domestic violence and emotional states (r=.827, p<.001; r=.771, p<.001), suggesting that increased domestic violence severity leads to greater emotional disturbance. The abusive behavior scale (r=.777, p<.001) indicated that marital abuse exacerbates domestic violence, further disturbing emotional states. In conclusion, abusive behavior moderates the relationship between domestic violence and emotional disturbance. Addressing abusive behavior is recommended to mitigate its impact on non-working women's emotional well-being.

Sleep disturbance associated with the menopause.

Sleep disturbance is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms experienced by women during the menopause transition. However, there are currently no therapies specifically approved for sleep disturbance associated with the menopause. Here, we consider how to characterize sleep disturbance associated with the menopause and discuss its etiology, including the latest advances in our understanding of the neuronal circuits that regulate reproduction, body temperature, sleep, and mood; and reflect on its impact on women's health and well-being. We also examine the current treatment landscape and look to the future of treatment for this condition. We conducted a review of the literature and combined this with discussion with experts in the fields of sleep and menopause as well as experiences from our own clinical practices. Sleep disturbance associated with the menopause is characterized by frequent night-time awakenings and increased awake time after sleep onset. Its impacts are wide-ranging, negatively affecting health as well as personal and social relationships, productivity, and work performance. There is currently an unmet need for effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatments to address this important symptom, and wider recognition of the association between sleep disturbances and the menopause is needed. Sleep disturbances associated with the menopause can result from hormone changes as well as vasomotor and mood symptoms. Growing research has contributed to our knowledge of the role of hypothalamic estrogen-sensitive kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin neurons. These neurons are thought to integrate the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pathway and the pathways responsible for the homeostatic control of body temperature and the circadian regulation of sleep-wake cycles. Understanding these neurons offers the potential to create treatments that target a key cause of sleep disturbance associated with the menopause. Further research to understand their etiology and characterize the neuronal circuits responsible could benefit the development of these targeted treatment approaches.

Attitudes towards wife-beating justification and its association with female genital mutilation - analysis of ever-married Somali women in the 2020 Somali Health and Demographic Survey.

In Somalia, despite its prohibition, female circumcision persists alongside significant intimate partner violence. This study examines the prevalence of wife-beating justification among Somali women and its link to the perception that female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a religious obligation. We studied 7726 married Somali women 15-49y of age from the 2020 Somali Health and Demographic Survey. Using χ2 tests and logistic regression, we examined wife-beating justification by covariates and its connection to the perception that FGM/C is a religious obligation. The prevalence of women justifying wife-beating for any of six reasons was 56.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 55.3 to 57.6). A higher prevalence of wife-beating justification was found among women 35-49y of age (59.9% [95% CI 57.8 to 61.9]), without education (57.7% [95% CI 56.5 to 59.0]), rural residents (57.8% [95% CI 56.3 to 59.2]), with lower socio-economic status (60.4% [95% CI 58.7 to 62.1]) and married before age 18y (58.4% [95% CI 56.7 to 60.1]). Adjusted for covariates, logistic regression analyses indicated a significant association between wife-beating justification and the belief that FGM/C is mandated by religion (adjusted odds ratio 1.40 [95% CI 1.17 to 1.68], p<0.001). Wife-beating justification is alarmingly common among Somali women and significantly associated with the belief that FGM/C is mandated by religion. Further research is necessary to investigate the drivers behind the acceptance of domestic violence, its impact on women's mental health and well-being and its association with FGM/C acceptance.

(029) INVESTIGATING THE OVERLAPPING PRESENTATION OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME AND VULVODYNIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE AND MECHANISMS

Abstract Introduction Vulvodynia is a complex and multifactorial medical condition characterized by pain and discomfort in the vulvar and vaginal area without any identifiable cause. Despite its prevalence, vulvodynia remains underdiagnosed, especially in the United States, leading to delayed diagnosis, increased risk of sexual dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. Concurrently, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal disorder with a global prevalence predominantly affecting women. Vulvodynia and IBS frequently co-occur in women, with a 2 to 4-fold increased likelihood of IBS diagnosis in those with vulvodynia (1). These comorbid conditions may share common underlying causes, highlighting the need for comprehensive research to better understand the underlying molecule mechanisms and develop effective management strategies. Recognizing the interplay between vulvodynia and IBS is crucial for improving women's health and well-being. Objective The aim of this review was to assess the evidence and mechanism of simultaneous presentation of IBS and vulvodynia, and whether the incidence of one condition predicts the incidence or increases susceptibility of the other condition. Additionally, this review aims to assess whether treating one condition impacts the presentation, prognosis, or outcome of the other. Methods A systematic search was conducted in 6 electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (publication dates between January 1950 and August 2023). Primary research about the overlap of presentation, diagnosis, or treatment of IBS and vulvodynia was included. Data were extracted from eligible studies, summarized, and collated. Results Of the 306 unique articles identified, 38 were included in the final analysis: 33 were cross-sectional studies, along with 2 case reports, 1 open-label non-comparative study, 1 cohort study, and 1 nested case-control study. The data represents patients from 21 countries. Common themes amongst the studies included a hypothesis of central hypersensitization which can manifest as either and/or both vulvodynia and IBS, the incidence of vulvodynia being higher in younger and older women (women in their mid-40s had the lowest odds), the significant diagnostic delay in vulvodynia, and the need for a multimodal treatment strategy. Conclusions Our review adds to the evidence that there is a pervasive association with vulvodynia and IBS. Despite this, research on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the association is scarce, and diagnostic delays persist for vulvodynia. Increasing awareness of the overlap of these conditions will improve screening for vulvodynia in the IBS patient population, therefore improving the diagnostic delay. Further studies over longer time periods, and utilizing randomized study designs are needed to elucidate the mechanism of simultaneous presentation of IBS and vulvodynia, and how we can leverage their pathophysiology clinically to optimize diagnosis and treatment. Disclosure No.

Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on mental health among married women in Sri Lanka: a study based on Women's Wellbeing Survey-2019.

Sri Lankan married women have been reported to experience higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV). However, research on its impact on mental health and how socio-demographic factors contribute to this association is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of IPV on the mental health of married women in Sri Lanka. In this study, data from 1611 married women who participated in the 2019 Sri Lankan Women's Wellbeing Survey were analyzed. Two binary outcomes were considered: married women's mental health and their suicidal ideation. Binary logistic regression models were used to assess the association between mental health and suicidal thoughts in relation to IPV while controlling for socio-demographic factors. The results revealed that married women who experienced any form of violence by their spouse had a higher risk of having poor mental health conditions [AOR=2.88 (2.20, 3.78)] and suicidal thoughts [AOR=5.84 (4.10, 8.32)] compared to those who did not experience IPV. IPV is a substantial contributor to poor mental health and suicidal thoughts among Sri Lankan married women. There is an urgent need for policy interventions, such as community awareness programs, counseling services and enhanced legal protections for victims.

WOMEN SAFETY APP

The Women Safety App operates on a multifaceted approach, incorporating real-time assistance, precise location tracking, and immediate access to emergency services. By capitalizing on the ubiquity of smartphones, this project strives to provide a swift and effective response to potential threats that women may encounter in various situations. The core features of the app include a panic button for instant distress signals, live location sharing to facilitate timely assistance, and a streamlined communication channel with emergency services. These elements collectively contribute to fostering a safer environment for women, instilling a sense of confidence and security as they navigate their daily lives. The Women Safety App project addresses the critical issue of women's safety by leveraging technology to provide a reliable and accessible solution. In today's society, incidents of gender-based violence, harassment, and discrimination underscore the urgent need for effective measures to protect women's well-being and security. Existing safety mechanisms often fall short, relying on manual interventions and traditional communication channels that may not provide immediate assistance during emergencies. The Women Safety App aims to bridge this gap by offering real-time assistance, location tracking, and emergency services through a mobile application. Its key advantage lies in delivering instant distress signals, enabling quick alerts to trusted contacts and emergency responders in threatening situations. Additionally, live location tracking allows users to share their whereabouts for added safety.

A Closer Look into the Correlates of Spiritual Well-Being in Women with Breast Cancer: The Mediating Role of Social Support

The aim of this study was to gain insight into the relationship between spiritual well-being in breast cancer patients, psychological flexibility, social support, and personality traits. The research was conducted on 64 women (Mage=58.36, SD=11.30), while undergoing radiation therapy. Results showed that younger, less agreeable, and more conscientious patients were more likely to experience positive changes in life after the illness; greater perceived social support positively predicted sense of purpose/reason for being alive, and younger, more open to experience patients tended to be more hopeful. Full mediation effect of perceived social support was found – participants who were more agreeable and open to experience, through greater perceived support, achieved a higher sense of purpose/reason for being alive, while conscientious and psychologically inflexible individuals perceived less support, which resulted in diminished sense of purpose. Our results highlight the pivotal role of perceived social support, which could modulate and diminish negative psychological, spiritual and existential consequences of breast cancer.

Flirtations with Eros from a Black-Eyed Squint: Romantic Love in the Oeuvre of Ama Ata Aidoo

ABSTRACT: What's love got to do with it? Everything—suggests Ama Ata Aidoo, whose oeuvre, virtually without exception, foregrounds romantic love as part of a woman's well-being, obstacles to which constitute a decidedly feminist concern. Throughout Aidoo's career, her fiction highlights romantic love as the human relationship that has the greatest potential to achieve social justice, since it often transgresses boundaries of ethnicity, race, class, and various social taboos. At a personal level, union through love represents a reconciliation of broader political differences. In this sense, as in a range of others to be considered, the personal is shown to be political. Romantic love in Aidoo's project, furthermore, has the catalytic potential to transform and bring into congruence disjunct social relations, which, in a postcolonial context, disproportionately impact the lives of African women. The earliest recognition of the significance of eros in Aidoo's meditation was an unconscious one, where she echoed the dominant assumption of the African literary scene at the time, which saw love as a trivial personal concern. In a provocative self-critique, Aidoo reverses her earlier position when she acknowledges her own preoccupation with love across her career. A careful study of Aidoo's work suggests, however, that despite its power, romantic love finally is beset by obstacles to its realization, which leave social barriers in place and patriarchal structures untransformed. This black-eyed squint clearly does not see the world through rose-tinted glasses.

US black women’s pregnancy communication networks: A qualitative network analysis

The ongoing Black maternal health crisis necessitates a closer examination of how Black women in the United States utilize communication to mitigate the dangers racism poses for pregnancy, delivery and the postpartum period. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of supportive networks to Black women's wellbeing during pregnancy. However, few studies utilize a qualitative network approach to explore communication about pregnancy and related risks within a social network. Twenty-eight Black women from 12 US states who self-identified as previously, currently or recently pregnant, were recruited to participate in this study. Following data collection, participants' networks and related commentary from the interview were qualitatively analyzed for composition and context of networks (who is in the network and why?) and the content of communication (what is discussed and how?). This study found that Black women's perceptions of pregnancy risk and enactment of agency in response to risk was influenced by communication with individuals within their communication networks. The findings of this study also demonstrate that emotional support and guidance for navigating the dangers of the healthcare system constituted an important component of communication with strong ties, including partners, family members and close friends. Additionally, Black women enacted agency in response to pregnancy risk by leaning on trusted experts (healthcare providers) within their networks. However, this study also found limitations to the role of pregnancy communication networks. First, negative ties (relations) with alters (individuals with whom Black women have communication ties) and unwanted advice or guidance was found to be a source of stress. Furthermore, although mothers were an essential source of support for many women, differences related to generation, culture and the circumstances of pregnancy limited the relevance of the advice Black women receive from their mothers. Finally, immigrant women faced an additional challenge, as their support networks were sometimes geographically distant from them.

Breaking the Stress Cycle: Unveiling the Impact of Workplace Stress on Women's Well-Being and Quality of Life

Workplace stress has become a pervasive issue affecting women across various professions, often compromising their mental health, well-being, and overall quality of life. This study aimed to examine the relationship between workplace stress, subjective well-being, and quality of life among working women. A correlational research design with purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from working women (N=200) aged 27-35 years old. To measure these constructs, General Subjective Wellbeing Inventory (Dalbert, 1992), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL, 1998), and Workplace Stress Scale (American Institute of Stress, 1998) were used. In this study, correlation analysis revealed that workplace stress was significantly negatively correlated with subjective well-being and quality of life. Linear regression analysis revealed that workplace stress negatively predicted subjective well-being and quality of life among working women. Results also revealed that married working women face higher level of workplace stress and lower level of quality of life as compared to unmarried working women. The study concluded that workplace stress significantly reduces subjective well-being and quality of life for working women, especially for those who are married. The results suggest a need for targeted strategies to alleviate stress, particularly among married women, to improve their overall well-being and life satisfaction.

Predicting Recovery Pathways in Jewish Ultra-Orthodox Intimate Partner Violence Survivors: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

Cultural and religious norms, as well as trauma-related cognitions and recovery actions, are known to impact the well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Although acknowledged as a key component, there is scant research on the recovery trajectories of women who have experienced IPV, in particular on survivors from collectivistic societies such as the Jewish Ultra-Orthodox (JUO) community in Israel. A mediation model examined the recovery process of 261 Israeli JUO survivors. In particular, it tested whether the normalization of violence and women's endorsement of Jewish religious norms that justify violence would be directly and negatively associated with women's well-being and positively associated with psychopathology. Additionally, it examined whether women's normalization of violence and support of religious norms would positively predict women's negative trauma-related cognitions. In turn, these cognitions were expected to negatively predict women's engagement in recovery actions, help-seeking behaviors, and faith-based responses but positively predict disengagement responses. The model further posited that women's engagement in steps toward recovery, help-seeking behaviors, and faith-based responses would positively predict women's well-being and negatively predict psychopathology. In contrast, women's disengagement responses would negatively predict women's well-being and positively predict their psychopathology. Bootstrap results indicated that supporting religious norms positively predicted women's trauma-related cognitions, which then negatively predicted women's recovery actions, help-seeking behaviors, and faith-based responses but positively predicted women's disengagement responses. Women's recovery actions and faith-based responses positively predicted women's well-being, while disengagement responses positively predicted women's psychopathology. Contrary to expectations, help-seeking behaviors positively predicted psychopathology.