Women's Speech Research Articles

Female Voice-Related Sexual Attractiveness to Males: Does it Vary With Different Degrees of Conception Likelihood?

Previous investigations have found that female voice-related attractiveness to males increases when both conception likelihood (CL) and voice fundamental frequency (fo) are elevated. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a perceptual experiment where 78 heterosexual males rated sexual attractiveness of 9 female voice samples, recorded at menstrual, follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle under two double-blinded randomly allocated conditions: a natural menstrual cycle (placebo condition) and when using an oral contraceptive pill (OCP condition). The voice samples yielded a total of 54 stimuli that were visually sorted and rated using Visor software. Concentrations of estrogens, progesterone and testosterone were analyzed, and measurements of speaking fundamental frequency (sfo) and its standard deviation (sfoSD), fo derivative (dfo) and fo slope were made. A multilevel ordinal logistic regression model nested in listeners and in females, and adjusted by phase and condition, was carried out to assess the association between ratings and: (1) phases and conditions; (2) sex steroid hormonal concentrations; and (3) voice parameters. A high probability of obtaining high ratings of voice sexual attractiveness was found for: (1) menstrual phase of placebo use and follicular phase of OCP use; (2) for low estradiol to progesterone ratio and testosterone concentrations; and (3) for low dfo. The latter showed a moderate statistical association with ratings of high attractiveness, as compared with the small association found for the remaining variables. It seems that the voice is a weak cue for female CL. Female sexual attraction to males may be a consequence of what females do in order to regulate their extended sexuality across the menstrual cycle rather than of estrus cues, the use of paralinguistic speech patterns being an example.

ЕМОТИВНО-ЕКСПРЕСИВНА ЛЕКСИКА КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ГЕНДЕРНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ (на матеріалі іспанських художніх текстів)

The article is devoted to the description of gender specifics of the use of emotionally-expressive vocabulary in a literary text on the basis of communicative behavior of a female character and a male character. The article provides an overview of the history of gender research in linguistics and gender differences in language behavior. The definition of the concept of "emotionally expressive vocabulary" is also considered. The purpose of the study is to try to describe the use of emotionally expressive vocabulary depending on the gender of the speaker. Definitions such as "gender", "emotional vocabulary" and "expressive vocabulary" are given. Gender stereotypes of femininity and masculinity, the social roles of women and men, their pattern of behavior, as well as the asymmetry of social relations between men and women are reflected in their communicative behavior. Thus, stereotypes of female and male behavior affect the features of emotional communicative behavior. The main content of the theory of linguist R. Lakoff, the theory of dominance of B. Thorne and D. Cameron, D. Tannen are outlined. The study allowed us to state that communicative behavior in men and women has characteristic differences, in particular the means of its expression. The main differences in gender communication are identified, namely: conversation, status positions, sphere of communication, etc. Thus, emotionally expressive vocabulary is characteristic of both male and female speech. However, the means of its actualization differ. Emotionality in women is diverse (epithets, metaphors, exclamations, suffixes), and this can be explained by the fact that women's speech is more emotionally represented, while men's speech is less emotionally rich. Personal contribution. Conclusions on gender differentiation of the usage of emotional-expressive vocabulary are a personal contribution to the general theory of gender research, and gender linguistics in particular. Also, the results of this study can contribute to the further development of emotiology and the development of an approach to the analysis of language personality through the emotional component.

Marie Jeanne Riccoboni's Epistolary Feminism: Fact, Fiction, and Voice by Marijn S. Kaplan

Reviewed by: Marie Jeanne Riccoboni's Epistolary Feminism: Fact, Fiction, and Voice by Marijn S. Kaplan Tessa Ashlin Nunn Kaplan, Marijn S. Marie Jeanne Riccoboni's Epistolary Feminism: Fact, Fiction, and Voice. Routledge, 2020. Pp. 184, ISBN 9781003047803. $44.05 (ebook). ISBN 978-0-367-85852-0. $160 (cloth). Few book-length studies examine the life and work of novelist, journalist, actress, and translator Marie Jeanne Riccoboni (1713-1792). Marijn S. Kaplan underscores Riccoboni's role in the European feminist Enlightenment and points to the factors leading to her erasure from the eighteenth-century canon. Using the epistolary form as a vehicle for proto-feminist thought, Riccoboni promoted authority and autonomy for female voices. The first half of the book analyzes how Riccoboni's epistolary novels make feminist statements by silencing male voices, creating female spaces, and narrating the self. Her first novel, Lettres de Fanni Butlerd, blends fiction and facts from the novelist's life to make the personal public and to hold her former lover accountable for his acts. Whereas feminist scholars often protest against [End Page 181] reading women's novels as confessions, Kaplan interprets the use of autobiographical elements as a feminist praxis. Drawing on Janet G. Altman's argument that the letter is a metonym of the letter writer, Kaplan shows how the plurality of female voices in Riccoboni's novels creates self-sufficient female spaces where letter writing and friendship replace marriage. As Kaplan argues, female friendships and widowhood appear as methods for surviving eighteenthcentury patriarchy. Throughout her novels and short stories, Riccoboni grapples with the possibilities of feminine existence in marriage which, in her view, must be based on friendship. Though scholars tend to consider Riccoboni's last novel, Lettres de Mylord Rivers, to be her least feminist novel, Kaplan reads it as her most poignantly feminist work. This polyphonic novel suggests that men and women can coexist in harmony only when women possess authoritative voices, men respect women's speech, and no one is silenced. Studying Percival Stockdale's 1778 translation Letters from Lord Rivers, Kaplan examines how translations exaggerate, change, or eliminate feminist arguments. With new paragraphs and numerous footnotes, Stockdale's translation presents men as victims of women's attempts to gain rights and compares coquettish women to slave owners. English translations of Riccoboni's novels and letters greatly influenced the international reception and perceptions of this author. Riccoboni's indignation against sexism stands out in her novels as well as her letters, several of which she published. In the second half of the book, Kaplan examines Riccoboni's correspondence with men such as Denis Diderot, David Hume, Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, David Garrick, and Philip Thicknesse. These letters, nineteen of which are included in the appendix with meticulous English translations, attest to how Riccoboni used publication to gain authority. One of her letters to Diderot delineates her concept of theatricality that must remain distinct from nature. Finally, her letters reveal her thoughts on the pirated editions of her works as well as the denigrated status of women writers. This book is essential for scholars of eighteenth-century women writers. Additionally, researchers interested in epistolary novels, theater studies, translation, and early feminism will find it relevant to their respective fields. Kaplan summarizes the novels in such a way that her analyses are understandable for readers unfamiliar with Riccoboni's work. Though Kaplan avoids comparisons between eighteenth-century epistolary feminism and twenty-firstcentury feminist practices, she gestures toward numerous connections that instructors can develop in the classroom. Accessible and engaging, this monograph offers new perspectives on eighteenth-century proto-feminism and the possibilities of letter writing. Tessa Ashlin Nunn Duke University Copyright © 2021 Women in French Studies

Translation Technique of Women Anger Speech Act in Television Series 13 Reasons Why Season 1

The study aimed to analyze the translation technique used in women's anger speech acts in a television series entitled 13 Reasons Why Season 1. This study was a descriptive qualitative research and an embedded case study. Analysis document and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to collect the data. The result shows the behaviour patterns of the translator using various translation techniques in all types of speech acts including direct verbal or cognitive sign, thinly veiled verbal sign, and indirect verbal sign. The most frequently used techniques in direct verbal or cognitive signs are establish equivalent and followed by variation and explicitation, while establish equivalent, variation, and pure borrowing are frequently used in thinly veiled verbal signs and indirect verbal signs. In addition, compensation technique is only used in direct verbal or cognitive signs and indirect verbal signs while paraphrase is used in translating anger speech acts in terms of direct verbal or cognitive signs and thinly veiled verbal signs. Meanwhile, other techniques such as generalization, linguistic amplification, linguistic compression, and adaptation are the least frequent techniques used in direct verbal or cognitive signs and thinly veiled verbal signs.

Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Parameters of Upper-Class Ageing Women's Speech.

The paper is devoted to lexical units that mark the speech of upper-class ageing women in English drama of the end of the twentieth century. The aim of the present study is to show how the age of the character is reflected in the speech structure: lexico-phraseological, grammatical and syntactic models with content-conceptual basis and implicit temporal localization traits. To achieve this goal the plays of modern English writers were chosen as a material for the research. It is concluded that age-specific speech characteristics of senior women with high social position depend on psychological formations of elderly age, new social status, leading activities of this period, commitment to established views, values, loss of the leading role in the family, violation of life stereotypes, experiences and self-isolation. The combination of lexical and syntactic elements is also based on the need to adapt to new external (social) and internal (personal) changes.

Apoio social, qualidade de vida e a percepção de mulheres praticantes de treinamento físico

A qualidade de vida e o apoio social podem contribuir para o envelhecimento saudável e na motivação para prática de atividades físicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o apoio social e a qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde (QVRS) e compreender as experiências de mulheres participantes de um programa de treinamento físico. Estudo transversal, exploratório e de desenho misto. O apoio social foi avaliado pela Escala de Apoio Social para a Prática de Atividades Físicas em Adultos e a QVRS pelo questionário Medical Outcomes Study – Item Short-Form Health Survey, versão 1. A amostra foi composta por 17 mulheres, com média da idade de 59,8 anos. A avaliação da QVRS mostrou escore médio superior a 80, antes e depois do início do programa de treinamento. A avaliação do apoio social, mostrou que a maioria das mulheres respondeu que “nunca” ou “as vezes” recebeu apoio de familiares e amigos para a prática de atividades físicas. As experiências relatadas evidenciaram melhorias nos aspectos físicos, emocionais e sociais. Este estudo indica que as mulheres possuem pouco apoio social para a prática atividades físicas e não houve melhora na QVRS. Por outro lado, a fala das mulheres mostrou melhora em vários aspectos da vida cotidiana.

A Study on Speech within the Marriage Ceremony of the Luwu Community, South Palopo in Basse Santempe (Bastem)

The purpose of this study describes and interpreting form act said, acts said dominant way act speech and function act said used in ceremony custom wedding society of Bastem. This research was conducted in Bastem, Luwu, South Sulawesi Province.
 The method used is the descriptive method where made ​​a systematic description and rules about the data studied. The descriptive method chosen for the research conducted aims to describe clearly the object under study naturally.
 Of research findings obtained in that form of speech acts traditional wedding ceremony in Bastem form of action how about the courtesy and understanding of customary law which must be carried out and implemented in life, especially the marriage ceremony, the next speech acts are dominant in the marriage ceremony is from the woman's speech act grateful love, explain and asked, while on the men which speech acts grateful. Then the speech acts are spoken in the marriage ceremony that is by polite, careful and respectful in public bastem wedding ceremonies, and the last speech acts are used in traditional wedding ceremony bastem society serves as a speech act aimed at the women and men with accompanying speech acts goal was spoken.
 To achieve a deeper study suggested enrich linguistic, contribute in preserving the indigenous communities Bastem, as well as reviewing the speech act of birth and death ceremonies, create archives by reference in observing the development of time-backward.

Perception of sexual orientation through speech: Generational differences

Previous research has shown that listeners can perceive talkers' sexual orientation at a greater than chance levels from the acoustic characteristics of their speech (Munson et al., J. Phonetics [2006]). Recently, Obeda and Munson (2018, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143, 1924) compared the perception of 44 gay, lesbian, and heterosexual people's sexual orientation through speech by the young adults reported in Munson et al. 2006 (whose data were collected in 2003) to a group of young adults tested in 2018. The new listeners were matched in age to the 2003 listeners. A number of differences between the two cohorts were found. In particular, the 2018 listeners were less willing to judge heterosexual women's speech as 'sounding heterosexual'. In this presentation, we compare both sets of data to the performance of a new set of listeners who are matched in birth year to the 2003 listeners, and who are currently 33–48 years old. Collection of those data is ongoing. Comparing this new group to the two other groups will allow us to examine whether the apparent generational change observed by Obeda and Munson has led listeners like those in 2003 to reevaluate their perception of sexual orientation through speech in 2018.

African American women's speech: Vowel inherent spectral change

African American women's speech: Vowel inherent spectral change

Women's Prophetic Writings in Seventeenth-Century Britain by Carme Font

Reviewed by: Women's Prophetic Writings in Seventeenth-Century Britainby Carme Font Claire McGann WOMEN'S PROPHETIC WRITINGS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN, by Carme Font. Routledge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2017. 250 pp. $149.95 cloth; $49.46 ebook. Carme Font joins a cohort of scholars who have discovered creativity, intellect, and beauty in the prophetic discourse of seventeenth-century women. Despite the bodily suffering and self-abnegating authorial strategies often associated with this genre, Font's study helps to celebrate the highly personalized and empowering nature of early modern prophecy. In Women's Prophetic Writings in Seventeenth-Century Britain, Font illuminates the ways in which women became leaders of communities and activists for political and social change through their prophetic writing. Font demonstrates the empowering and personalized nature of seventeenth-century prophecy through the example of the Baptist Anne Wentworth (1629/30-1693?). In Wentworth's prophetic writing, her biblical imagery and doom-laden predictions also reference and condemn her own violent and abusive husband. Font observes that for women such as Wentworth the prophetic mode facilitated "the articulation of personal convictions as spiritual beliefs" (p. 214). This form of discourse allowed [End Page 199]women to produce authoritative texts that were shaped by their own experiences and that often "transformed their personal circumstances" (p. 214). Font also argues that seventeenth-century women used their prophetic voices to intervene and influence the politics and society around them. In another compelling case study, Font discusses the Baptist Elizabeth Poole (bap. 1622?-1688?), who was invited to deliver her prophecies to the army council in December 1648. Poole's speech was printed under the title A Visionin 1649. Addressing the heart of power, Poole reported a divine vision of "a man" (signifying the army) assisting " a woman crooked, sick, weak and imperfect in body" (signifying the nation) (qtd. p. 65). Poole explained that this vision was an expression of God's specific desire that the army should aid the ailing nation by preserving the body of King Charles I after his trial. With her anti-regicidal interpretation, Poole clearly endeavoured to intervene in the pressing political matters of the day with her prophetic discourse. In her analysis of Poole's writing, Font goes so far as to suggest that "the main motivation" for Poole's text was in fact "political," and that Poole's references to prophetic visions stemmed from a need to "build a public personafit for the occasion" (pp. 76, 86). As such, Font argues that Poole's passionate political discourse predominates her visionary material, which the critic describes as "brief, almost subdued" (p. 86). As illustrated by her discussion of Poole, Font is often less invested in examing the spiritual and theological arguments within women's prophetic discourse. Instead, Font's analyses frequently favor emphasizing the personal and political motivations of women adopting a prophetic mode. While duly acknowledging that religious and political matters were closely intertwined during this period, Font also argues that seventeenth-century prophecy could work as "a form of activism because social or political regeneration, and not religious conversion, was the primary concern of prophetesses" (p. 42). Indeed, what Font is often most interested in celebrating in her work is the way in which "women's prophetic narrative created an authorial center capable of confronting political adversaries, subverting institutional control, or dignifying the social status of women" (p. 217). Thus, according to Font, "to read prophecy as an adjunct of a religious discourse only is to deny its full discursive capability" (p. 217). One of the greatest contributions Women's Prophetic Writingsmakes to the study of early modern women's writing is the careful way in which Font nuances our understanding of the term "prophetic." As this volume's abundant source material illustrates, not all seventeenth-century prophecy resembled an inspired trance. As Font states, "women's prophetic speech in seventeenth-century Britain displayed a combination of ecstatic, exegetic, and autobiographical elements" that "could vary according to the prophetic personality of the individual" (p. 97). Accordingly, Font glosses a [End Page 200]broad spectrum of works in which women might be described as adopting a...

The Routledge Introduction to American Women Writers

The Routledge Introduction to American Women Writers

Effect of interaction type on the characteristics of pet-directed speech in female dog owners.

Recent studies focusing on the interspecific communicative interactions between humans and dogs show that owners use a special speech register when addressing their dog. This register, called pet-directed speech (PDS), has prosodic and syntactic features similar to that of infant-directed speech (IDS). While IDS prosody is known to vary according to the context of the communication with babies, we still know little about the way owners adjust acoustic and verbal PDS features according to the type of interaction with their dog. The aim of the study was therefore to explore whether the characteristics of women's speech depend on the nature of interaction with their dog. We recorded 34 adult women interacting with their dog in four conditions: before a brief separation, after reuniting, during play and while giving commands. Our results show that before separation women used a low pitch, few modulations, high intensity variations and very few affective sentences. In contrast, the reunion interactions were characterized by a very high pitch, few imperatives and a high frequency of affectionate nicknames. During play, women used mainly questions and attention-getting devices. Finally when commanding, women mainly used imperatives as well as attention-getting devices. Thus, like mothers using IDS, female owners adapt the verbal as well as the non-verbal characteristics of their PDS to the nature of the interaction with their dog, suggesting that the intended function of these vocal utterances remains to provide dogs with information about their intentions and emotions.

Her Memorial: An Alternative Reading of Matthew 26:13

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)In Matt 26:6-13, an unidentified woman performs an extravagant act that stirs up controversy among the disciples. Jesus defends the woman, declaring the underlying significance of her deed: ... (Matt 26:13).In the history of scholarship, rendering ... as an objective genitive-that is, interpreting the feminine pronoun aiiT% as the object of the head noun ...-is virtually unanimous.1 Accordingly, Jesus's saying in Matt 26:13 identifies the woman as the object of memorial: wherever gospel is preached throughout the whole world, what she has done will be told in memory of her2 On reading, the anonymous nature of the woman's identity is called into question. Why, when Jesus intends to memorialize the woman, is she left unnamed by Matthew?Recent answers have varied considerably. Mainstream scholarship of the 1980s and 1990s has generally downplayed the woman's anonymity by limiting her comprehension of the deed's scope and significance. Although the woman performed a generous act, she did not necessarily intend to anoint Jesus.3 If the woman's act of pouring oil is differentiated from Jesus's interpretation of her act as an anointing, her role remains coincidental to the narrative. In way, the problem posed by her anonymity is minimized.Feminist biblical scholars have taken a much more critical stance on the issue.4 That the woman is stripped of her identity, so it is argued, is clear evidence of androcentric bias. Not only does Matthew fail to record the woman's speech, but her actual name is also omitted, which precludes the possibility of a proper memorial.5 These interpretations, however divergent, depend on reading ... as an objective genitive.The objective genitive, however, is not the only viable rendering of ... Another possibility is to take ... as a subjective genitive-the probability for which, at least based on New Testament usage, is statistically greater than the probability for the objective genitive.6 To be sure, what differentiates the two is not always obvious, nor does statistical probability necessarily settle the matter. Herein lies the tension. A. T. Robertson explains, [The subjective genitive] can be distinguished from the objective use only by the context. Sometimes the matter is not clear. This genitive is the common possessive genitive looked at from another angle. In itself the genitive is neither subjective nor objective, but lends itself readily to either point of view.7 Robertson's point is especially relevant for study since it supplies the basic premise for the argument that follows: identifying the use of the genitive in Matt 26:13 should ultimately appeal to evidence in the surrounding context.Despite the pliability of the genitive, most translations and commentaries on the First Gospel do not give any indication that a subjective genitive reading of ... is a possibility. There are a few exceptions that are worthy of mention.8 In New Testament in Modern English, J. B. Phillips offers the following rendering: this deed of hers will also be recounted, as her memorial to me9 A. T. Robertson's translation also gestures toward a subjective genitive: For a memorial of her.... This monument to Jesus fills the whole world with its fragrance, greater than even permanent memorials10 But the scholar who has most explicitly argued for a subjective genitive reading is J. Harold Greenlee. His remarks are suggestive, if underdeveloped, in a one-page note published in I960.11 The paucity of references in the history of interpretation and the brevity of Greenlee's remarks provide the occasion for the present study. Building on Greenlee's suggestion but departing slightly from his translation, I present a case for an alternative reading of Matt 26:13.I argue that a subjective genitive reading of ... is not only plausible based on Matthew's redaction of Mark 14:9 but also favorable, given Matthew's deliberate omission of the anointing of Jesus's body for burial as in Mark 16:1 (cf. …

Rhetoric and Truth:Tacitus's Percennius and Democratic Historiography: Women's Speech Haunting Propertian Elegy

Rhetoric and Truth:Tacitus's Percennius and Democratic Historiography: Women's Speech Haunting Propertian Elegy

'Gender, language and ideology: A genealogy of Japanese women’s language' Momoko Nakamura (2014) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Pp. xv + 253. ISBN 978-90-272-0649-7 (hbk)

Gender, language and ideology: A genealogy of Japanese women's language Momoko Nakamura (2014) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Pp. xv + 253. ISBN 978-90-272-0649-7 (hbk)Women's language is a highly salient category in Japan, which most large Japanese language dictionaries define as the style of speech spoken by women since ancient times. For a long time, it has been assumed that this 'speech peculiar to women' is naturally derived from nyooboo kotoba (court-women's speech), the speech created by women in the imperial palace since the fourteenth century, and also from yuujogo (play-women's speech), the speech used by women in the licensed quarters in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In Japanese society, there is a widespread notion that women have always spoken differently from men, and that these differences are the result of their feminine nature.In this book, Momoko Nakamura emphasizes the heterogeneity of women's linguistic practices in Japan and defends the notion of women's language as an ideological construction, closely linked to historical, political and economic processes. In opposition to the common assumption of women's language as women's actual speech and as a reflection of 'innate femininity', she provides a historical-discourse analysis of written documents, such as conduct books, school textbooks, dictionaries, grammar books and commentaries by intellectuals, in which women's language is prescribed, marginalized and conceptualized in different ways, depending on the historic and political context. This genealogy of women's language in Japan is of great interest for both researchers on Japanese language and language and gender, as it illuminates the importance of history, discourse and ideology in order to deconstruct and denaturalize the relationships between gender and any language. To this end, the author discusses the implications of the analysis in each chapter from this general perspective. The book comprises ten chapters that are organized into four parts, chronologically ordered, from the premodern period of the thirteenth century to the immediate post-WWII (1945-1952).Part 1 addresses how norms of feminine speech are constructed in the discourses of conduct books (etiquette manuals) from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Strongly influenced by the androcentric view of Confucianism dominant in this age, these conduct books establish appropriate ways of speaking for women, thus treating women's speech as an object of regulation, control and normalization. Chapter 1 shows that these normative discourses include not displaying intelligence and not using Chinese words, but are specially focused on limiting women's right to speak, regarding their talk as a dangerous act that can bring trouble to families. It is worth mentioning that these historical discourses on silence or 'not speaking too much' as an ideal for women, and on women's talk as malicious gossip, have also been documented by studies with reference to Spanish (Lozano Domingo, 1995; Acuna Ferreira, 2015) and to many other languages (Spender, 1980; Romaine, 1999).Chapter 2 focuses on the establishment of court-women's speech as another norm of feminine speech in a large number of conduct books which appeared from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. Court-women's speech was created by women serving in the imperial palace since the fourteenth century and it consisted of creative word formation to refer to domestic items such as food, kitchen utensils and clothes. Nakamura analyses funny stories and dramatic comic novels in which court-women's speech is represented as a symbol of being upper-class, a way of speaking that servant women refused but probably needed to attain employment at samurai mansions, and even as a style of speech that was also used by men, though this was later prohibited. Conduct books in this period, however, redefined court-women's speech as a norm of feminine speech, as a list of words that all women should use. …

The influence of gender identity on children's production of sibilant fricatives

Phonetic differences between men and women's speech are the consequence of sex-related variation in the anatomy of the speech-production system, as well as learned behaviors specific to particular languages and to specific social and cultural contexts. Children learn socially and culturally specific gendered phonetic variants concurrent with developmental changes in the vocal tract which give the child an increasing capacity to produce systematic phonetic variation. The research in this presentation is part of a larger project examining phonetic variation in 5–13 year old boys with gender dysphoria (GD). This presentation focuses on the acoustic characteristics of /s/, which was chosen because it is the locus of a great deal of gender-related phonetic variation that appears not to be the consequence of sex differences in vocal-tract size and shape. Preliminary analyses of a subset (n = 30) of talkers from a corpus of 5 to 13 year old children (n = 104, including boys with GD and boys and girls without GD), found that boys with GD produce more [θ]-like /s/ tokens than boys without GD in single words. This talk presents the results from the entire corpus, which allows for a more robust analysis of the influence of gender identity on children’s fricative production.

Voice quality variation across gender identities

While several studies of the phonetics of American English make reference to general features of “women's speech” and “men's speech,” no large-scale acoustic or articulatory study has established the actual range and diversity of phonetic variation along gender identities, encompassing different sexual orientations, regional backgrounds, and socioeconomic classes. The current study explores the acoustic and articulatory phonetic features related to gender, particularly focusing on voice quality, e.g., creaky and breathy phonation. Subjects identifying with a range of gender and other demographic identities were audio recorded producing the Rainbow Passage as well as wordlists targeting variation in vowel quality. Simultaneously, electroglottographic (EGG) readings were taken and analyzed for voice quality. Subjects were then asked to rate recordings of other people’s voices to identify the personal characteristics associated with the acoustic reflexes of phonation; in the final task, subjects were also explicitly asked about their language ideologies as they relate to gender. Thus, the current study explores the relation between gender identity and phonetic features, measured acoustically, articulatorily, and perceptually. This work is currently underway and preliminary results are being compiled at this time.

How to Silence Content with Porn, Context and Loaded Questions

AbstractCatharine MacKinnon claimed that pornography silence's women's speech where this speech is protected by free speech legislation. MacKinnon's claim was attacked as confused because, so it seemed, pornography is not the kind of thing that can silence speech. Using ideas drawn from John Austin's account of speech acts, Rae Langton defended MacKinnon's claim against this attack by showing how speech can, in principle, be silenced by pornography. However, Langton's defence requires us to deviate from a widely held understanding of what kind of speech is protected; namely the expression of opinions, ideas, and thoughts. In this paper I provide an alternative defence of MacKinnon's claim which requires no such deviation. I argue that because the truth‐conditions of sentences are context‐sensitive it is possible for there to be contexts in which, when those in attendance believe rape myths, it is not possible to express certain opinions, ideas, or thoughts. Given that pornography is a significant contributor to rape myth acceptance, this argument addresses the accusation of confusion facing MacKinnon without the need for deviation. The cross‐examination of a complainant in a rape trial is used as an illustration.

The functions of еру modal verb «should» in the corpus ice-gb

The article adresses the modal and grammatical functions of the polyfunctional verb should as presented in the language corpus ICE-GB compiled in 1993. It is based on the ideas of poly functionalism laid out in the works of A. Smirnitsky, T. Komova, and others scientists. The author aims at studying the distribution of functions of the verb should; the material is also considered from the standpoint of the extralinguistic parameters of the speaker's gender and age. The analysis of the material shows that the modal function still prevails over the grammatical one, which explains the logic of presenting the material in books on grammar where the first meaning of this verb to be studied is (mild) obligation. The grammatical function is realized in the Suppositional and Conditional oblique moods (A. Smirnitsky's classification). Genderwise, men's speech contains a few more polite formulae that show more consideration for the interlocutor which is generally considered to be typical of women's speech; on the other hand, there is some proof that phrases constructed by men are perceived as more aggressive. Bringing the speaker's age into play seems to suggest that a higher ratio of oblique moods in the speech signifies a free use of language. Some of the notional lexical verbs forming regular collocations with should have been singled out and grouped.

Teaching Guide for: “Women's Speech in the Age of Shakespeare”

Teaching Guide for: “Women's Speech in the Age of Shakespeare”