Women's Sexuality Research Articles

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION: A SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE IN INDIAN CONTEXT

Youngsters and also the ladies have been exploited everywhere around the globe in one way or another, several ways in which are overtly followed against them whereas some are deeply coated behind the curtains, feminine reproductive organ Mutilation(FGM) is one such grotesque method of exploitation of young women. The practice refers to the forceful cutting or manipulation of the private parts of young girls in the name only of cultural and spiritual beliefs. It reflects the deep-seated difference between the sexes and constitutes an extreme kind of discrimination against women. This paper is aimed toward explaining the meaning and therefore the} procedures and techniques concerned during this derogative follow together with the harmful effects that it's on the life and dignity of the people and the reasons behind its prevalence within the society. The paper also deals with the position of this practice in Asian countries and internationally. it's nearly continuously administrated on minors so may be a violation of the rights of children. The practice is aimed at gender inequality and tries to manage women's sexuality, and concepts concerning purity, modesty, and beauty. This paper is an endeavor to spotlight the hidden existence of this life-threatening practice behind the curtain of culture and faith in India.

Hormonal influences on women's extra-pair sexual interests: The moderating impact of partner attractiveness

Based on the idea that women are especially attracted to ancestral markers of male genetic quality when conceptive in their cycle, scholars have conjectured that increases in women's extra-pair sexual interests during the conceptive phase of the cycle are moderated by their primary partners' sexual attractiveness. Multiple studies have examined this prediction, with largely supportive but mixed results. The current study is the first to examine whether hormonal influences—thought to mediate cycle shifts—on women's extra-pair sexual interests are moderated by partner attractiveness. 213 naturally cycling, romantically involved women (181 attending multiple sessions) participated in up to four sessions over about a month. Estrogen and progesterone levels were measured multiple times across women's cycles. Male partner attractiveness moderated associations between progesterone levels (though not estrogen levels) and women's extra-pair sexual interests. A negative association between progesterone levels and extra-pair sexual interests, a composite measure, was observed for women with relatively unattractive partners. For women with relatively attractive partners, no clear association emerged. The interaction between progesterone and partner attractiveness was robust for women's interest in extra-pair sex, a component preregistered as exploratory. The interaction effect was also significant for the absolute intensity of women's extra-pair attraction (a component item referenced in the preregistration) but was non-significant for the frequency of women's extra-pair attraction relative to typical days (a composite component specified in the preregistration). These findings inform theoretical understandings of women's sexuality.

Alteration of the temporal association between courtship audio and visual components affects female sexual response.

Some multimodal signals-that is, occurring in more than one sensory modality-appear to carry additional information which is not present when component signals are presented separately. To understand the function of male ring dove's (Streptopelia risoria) multimodal courtship, we used audiovisual playback of male displays to investigate female response to stimuli differing in their audiovisual timing. From natural courtship recordings, we created a shifted stimulus where audio was shifted relative to video by a fixed value and a jittered stimulus, where each call was moved randomly along the visual channel. We presented 3 groups of females with the same stimulus type, that is, control, shifted, and jittered, for 7days. We recorded their behavior and assessed pre- and post-test blood estradiol concentration. We found that playback exposure increased estradiol levels, confirming that this technique can be efficiently used to study doves' sexual communication. Additionally, chasing behavior (indicating sexual stimulation) increased over experimental days only in the control condition, suggesting a role of multimodal timing on female response. This stresses the importance of signal configuration in multimodal communication, as additional information is likely to be contained in the temporal association between modalities.

Low Prolactin Levels Identify HSDD and a Low Inhibition Profile in Women with Sexual Symptoms

ABSTRACT Introduction Data on the role of prolactin (PRL) in the physiologic range in the female sexual response are scanty. Objective We aimed at investigating the association between PRL levels and sexual function, and specifically, with the desire domain as assessed by the Female Sexual Function Index. We also explored the presence of a cut-off level of PRL able to identify women with a diagnosis of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD). Methods N=234 pre- and post-menopausal women (mean age 45.2+-12.4 years) consulting for female sexual dysfunction (FSD), and sexually active in the previous 4 weeks, were retrospectively analysed. A clinical, biochemical and pharmacological evaluation was performed. All patients completed the FSFI, the Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R), the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ) for the screening of psychopathological symptoms and the Sexual excitation/sexual inhibition scale (SIS/SES). Biochemical assessment included PRL (by luminescent oxygen channeling immunoassay). Results Only few patients (n=9) had hyperPRL (PRL> 483.0 mU/L) and showed a significantly higher MHQ total score (p=0.043), lower Total (p=0.037), Desire (p=0.002), Arousal (p=0.024) and Satisfaction (p=0.026) FSFI scores and a higher FSDS-R score (p=0.006) compared with women with normoPRL women. At univariate linear regression analysis, we did not find a significant correlation between FSFI total score and PRL levels. Hypothesizing the non-linearity of the association between these 2 variables, we tested different fitting models and found that the quadratic relationship was the best fitting (R2=0.11).When stratifying normoPRL women into tertiles (T1: PRL < 163.55 mU/L; T2= PRL > 163.55 and < 262.0 mU/L; T3: PRL > 262.0 and < 483.0 mU/L), a significant difference emerged in FSFI Desire (p=0.001), Arousal (p=0.033) and Satisfaction (p=0.019) among the 4 groups; however, only the difference in Desire was confirmed (p=0.034) in a multivariate model. A post-hoc analysis showed that only women in the T3 PRL tertile had significantly higher scores in FSFI Desire (p=0.011) and Satisfaction (0.045) vs. women with hyperPRL.After excluding hyperPRL women, we compared PRL between women with (n=35) and without HSDD (n=190) and observed that those with HSDD showed significantly lower PRL levels (p=0.002). ROC curve analysis for PRL levels showed an accuracy of 0.615 +- 0.022, p = 0.040, in predicting HSDD, and when a threshold of PRL<190 mU/L was chosen, sensitivity and specificity for HSDD were both 64.7%. Finally, we compared women with PRL levels > and < 190 mU/L. At multivariate analysis, women with PRL <190 mU/L showed a significantly lower cortisol (p=0.017) and SIS1 score (p=0.049), a scale of sexual inhibition, than women with PRL >190 mU/L (bit still in the normal range). Conclusions FSD women with hyperPRL showed a worse sexual function than those with normal PRL levels. However, when stratifying normoPRL women based on PRL tertiles, those included in the highest group had the best FSFI profile. Measuring PRL level in women with FSD is important, not only in order to ascertain the presence of a hyperPRL condition, but also to potentially predict the presence of HSDD or of a lower sexual inhibitory trait. Disclosure No

Misrepresentation of Female Sexual Behavior in Pornography

ABSTRACT Introduction Female sexual wellness is a highly complex condition that builds not only on biological factors, but also on social norms, background, religion, education, and social media. One source where both women and men learn about sexual behavior, interactions, and expectations is pornography. This resource has become widely available to anyone with access to the internet. While pornography is a way of expanding sexual horizons, like any media it may misrepresent more common behaviors and expectations for both genders. Objective The purpose of this review is to evaluate how women's sexuality is portrayed in the most commonly viewed pornography videos in order to understand its role in female sexual health. Methods Videos from the category “most viewed videos” based on internet ratings were viewed. We analyzed the content and female and male sexual behaviors portrayed. Results We reviewed the 25 most viewed videos by the general public from the five most popular free pornography websites. The two most commonly viewed contexts were sexual encounters between step relatives (16%) and during casting sessions (16%). With the majority of videos having two participants (92%), two videos included three and five participants. Overall, only 9 (36%) videos demonstrated at least one female orgasm with 5 (20 %) videos showing clitoral stimulation before reaching orgasm. Only 4 (16%) videos did not demonstrate male orgasm. Similarly, only 8 (32%) videos pictured a female as the recipient of oral sex, whereas all but 3 (12%) videos showed the male as the recipient. Only in one (4%) video did a woman have more than one orgasm. Anal sex was represented in 4 (16%) of videos, with novelty toy uses in one (4%) video. Conclusions We found that he most viewed videos on popular pornography sites did not represent the most common real life sexual scenarios and were predominantly male-pleasure centered.Inaccurate portrayal of female sexuality can contribute to sexual performance anxiety, unfulfilled expectations among both partners, and sexual dysfunction. More research is needed to determine the best referral websites and categories for women and their partners, representing more realistic female sexual behavior. Disclosure No

The Court of Bigotry: Contested Sexuality of Dalit and Non-Dalit Women

In the Indian context, women, especially Dalit women, have been subjected to scripturally and culturally sanctioned misogyny. These deep-rooted prejudices are manifested at both the societal and the institutional levels. In such a scenario, any assertion of justice by Dalit women is fraught with tensions. The sexual violence against them is routinized, normalized and invisibilized. For the victims, it is a lonely struggle as civil society scarcely registers such crimes; for the law and judiciary, it is another claim for meagre compensation. Their bodies are bereft of honour, and their sexuality is viewed with suspicion, easily accessible to any male of the dominant communities who can lay claim to it. This article explores two case studies—Khairlanji and Nirbhaya, geographically distinct spaces, where Dalit women were brutally raped and mutilated, and the perpetrators were let off lightly. The mainstream media largely ignored the developments. The article also focuses on the fissures within the feminist movement vis-à-vis caste and the politics of sexuality.

ENSINO DE BIOLOGIA: MORALIZANDO AS CONDUTAS DAS MULHERES ATRAVÉS DA SEXUALIDADE

We investigated the production of the body, sexualities, and genders in the Teaching of Sciences and Biology from articles published in scientific events (ENPEC and ENEBIO). We perceive the functioning of discursive practices based on moralizing medical discourses, aimed at controlling women's sexuality. Such practices, in the present, have historicities. Thus, inspired by Foucaultian studies, we move research between the present and the past of biology teaching. As we go through the past, we find and examine O livro das mamães: noções de puericulture, used in the discipline of Biology Educational for the formation of primary school teachers, in the first half of the twentieth century, aimed primarily at women. The Teaching of Biology, still today, puts into action and updates mechanisms aimed at the control of the body and life.Keywords: Teaching of Biology. Sexuality. Body. Moralization. Women.

Women's Estrus and Extended Sexuality: Reflections on Empirical Patterns and Fundamental Theoretical Issues.

How do women's sexual interests change across their ovulatory cycles? This question is one of the most enduring within the human evolutionary behavioral sciences. Yet definitive, agreed-upon answers remain elusive. One empirical pattern appears to be robust: Women experience greater levels of sexual desire and interest when conceptive during their cycles. But this pattern is not straightforward or self-explanatory. We lay out multiple possible, broad explanations for it. Based on selectionist reasoning, we argue that the conditions that give rise to sexual interests during conceptive and non-conceptive phases are likely to differ. Because conceptive and non-conceptive sex have distinct functions, the sexual interests during conceptive and non-conceptive phases are likely to have different strategic ends. We discuss provisional evidence consistent with this perspective. But the exact nature of women's dual sexuality, if it exists, remains unclear. Additional empirical research is needed. But perhaps more crucially, this topic demands additional theory that fruitfully guides and interprets future empirical research.

The Handmaiden

The Handmaiden

For a fluid approach to Céline Sciamma's Portrait of a Lady on Fire

This paper argues that Céline Sciamma's Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019) goes beyond the lesbian or queer categorization that critics have often hastily reduced it to. Set in pre-revolutionary France, Portrait is a film from 'the 2019th century' (Sciamma) that addresses contemporary issues (consent, patriarchal and heteronormative order, women's silencing, women's desire and sexuality). It offers a reflection on 'fluid' time and historicizes and archives both disappeared women artists and same-sex women's relations in French painting and cinema. Sciamma reeducates her spectators’ (male) gaze, precludes voyeurism and the objectification and fetishization of her heroines’ bodies, bestows agency upon them, and displays equality and respect in both form and content. Despite its Queer Palme award at Cannes, Portrait calls for a qualifier better suited to our changing times, as this fluid approach attempts to show.

Adolescence and Postpartum: Two Life Periods to Deepen Our Understanding of the Complexity of Female Rat Sexual Behavior

The sexual behavior of the female rat has been extensively studied and used as a model for human female sexuality. The development of models that focus on sexual interaction from the female’s perspective has demonstrated the complexity of this behavior, in which motivational and affective aspects have great relevance. This review describes, from a historical perspective, some of the studies that have shed light on this complexity and presents the potential of two periods in the female’s life to expand our understanding of sexual behavior: adolescence and postpartum estrus. Cycling adolescent female rats can express sexual behavior even though some of the underlying circuitry is still developing. Therefore, this is an ideal time for studying the ontogeny of sexual behavior, the interaction of sexual and social motivations, and the neuroendocrine changes that lead to adult behavior. Female rats also show a fertile estrus a few hours after parturition. During this period, rats are simultaneously sexually and maternally motivated, making postpartum estrus an excellent model for exploring the interaction of these two social motivations. What we know so far about female sexual behavior in these unique periods of life reaffirms its richness and shows that much remains to be known.

Orgasm Rating Scale and Bodily Sensations of Orgasm Scale: Validation for Use With Pre, Peri, and Post-Menopausal Women

Orgasm, particularly in older women, remains a poorly understood aspect of female sexual response partly because of a lack of validated self-report measures. To evaluate the Orgasm Rating Scale (ORS) and Bodily Sensations of Orgasm Scale (BSOS) for use with pre, peri, and post-menopausal women and between solitary and partnered orgasm contexts. Participants (solitary context, 252 pre, 139 peri, 190 post; partnered context, 229 pre, 136 peri, and 194 post-menopausal women, aged 18-82 years) were asked to complete an online questionnaire based on most recent solitary and partnered orgasm. Principal components analysis with Varimax rotation summarized the data into interpretable baseline models for all groups. Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis tested for multi-group measurement invariance. Adjustments to the models were made, and final model structures were presented. ORS and BSOS measuring solitary and/or masturbation and partnered orgasm. For the ORS, 10 factor solutions were preferred, explaining 81% (pre), 80% (peri), and 81% (post) of the variance for the solitary and 83% (pre), 86% (peri), and 84% (post) of the variance for the partnered context. Factors included pleasurable satisfaction, ecstasy, emotional intimacy, relaxation, building sensations, flooding sensations, flushing sensations, shooting sensations, throbbing sensations, and general spasms. For the BSOS, 3 factor solutions were preferred, explaining 55% (pre), 60% (peri), and 56% (post) of the variance for the solitary and 56% (pre), 61% (peri), and 60% (post) of the variance for the partnered context. Factors included extragenital sensations, genital sensations and spasms, and nociceptive sensations and sweating responses. Divergent validity was observed (solitary r = -.04; partnered r = -.11) and configural, metric and scalar invariance for the solitary and partnered versions of the ORS and BSOS were found, suggesting the measures were interpreted similarly by all women. With valid measurement tools, women's varying orgasm experiences can be investigated more systematically and compared to address gaps and conflicts in the existing literature. Ultimately, these additions may assist with improved interventions for women who are unsatisfied with their orgasm experiences. Strengths include gaining the ability to compare age and menopausal status groups using empirically validated measures of orgasm experience. Limitations include cross-sectional design and lack of test-retest reliability measurement. The ORS and BSOS are supported for use with women across adulthood in solitary and partnered orgasm contexts and can be used concurrently to provide a comprehensive assessment.

Evaluation of the sexual desire disorders in the post-partum period

ABSTRACT Introduction A woman's sexuality changes throughout her life and varies according to endogenous and exogenous factors. In this perspective, pregnancy and childbirth create a state of sexual desire dysfunction. Eastern culture has always dissociated parents from their intimate life, making the resumption of postpartum sexuality more taboo. Objectives To study women's sexual desire disorders after childbirth in order to identify factors that influence it. Methods Prospective, cross-sectional study over 200 women followed from the third trimester of the pregnancy until the 6th month postpartum. The evaluation of sexual desire was based on the parameters of the FSFI score (Female Sexual Function Index) in Arabic version. Results The average age of the women in our study was 31 years with extremes ranging from 15 to 45 years. The mean parity was 2.4 with extremes ranging from 1 to 4. 94% of our patients were married. 56% of the study population delivered vaginally, of whom 6% required instrumental extraction.20% had a scheduled cesarean section, and 24% had an emergency cesarean section during labor. Over the half the population (56%) did not use any contraception after delivery. 32% opted for the combined pill, while 10% used condoms and 2% had a tubal ligation during cesarean delivery.46% of women breastfed their childs. A decrease in sexual desire has been reported in the postpartum period. At the FSFI, the mean score of the sexual desire before childbirth was 3,33. A minimum sexual desire score of 1,2 was noted in 12% of the women, and 4% of the women had a maximum sexual desire score of 6.After childbirth, the mean score was 3.25. with a minimum of 1,2 noted in 8% of women, and a maximum of 6 found in 4% of women. Regarding the frequency of sexual desire,46% of women reported having sexual desire less than half the time (38%) or almost never (8%). During pregnancy, this rate was 38%.The qualitative evaluation of sexual desire found that 46% of women reported a feeling of decreased sexual desire, whereas this disorder affected 40% of the population before delivery. On the other hand, 26% of women reported a high sexual desire. The occurrence of sexual desire and its intensity were correlated with the following parameters: marital status, breastfeeding, route of delivery and the presence of perineal lesions. Conclusion The postpartum period is accompanied by physical and psychological changes that affect female sexual function. A medical approach to the evaluation of sexual desire disorders must be lead in order to identify their cause's and treat them. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no.

Breast cancer and sexual dysfunction: Does surgery matter?

ABSTRACT Introduction It is well known that breast cancer and its associated treatments have negative effects on women's physical, emotional, and overall sexual health. Studies have shown that the incidence of sexual dysfunction is significantly higher after the diagnosis and associated treatments of breast cancer. For surgical procedures, there is evidence of an increase in sexual problems 6 months after surgery. . Objective The aim of this review is to examine the available research on the impact of breast cancer surgery on women's sexuality. Methods A comprehensive search of Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted to find Englishlanguage articles published since January 2000. We used a list of keywords combining "breast cancer" AND "surgery" AND "sexual function" AND "sexual dysfunction". Results We found 1947 results, and after selecting quantitative and original articles on the effects of breast cancer surgery on female sexuality, there were 14 eligible articles. Three articles from other sources were included. Studies comparing the sexuality of the general population with that of women who had undergone breast cancer surgery found a higher risk of sexual dysfunction in these women. When comparing different types of surgery, namely mastectomy with or without reconstruction and breast-conserving surgery, different results were obtained. Four studies found no differences in sexual function between the different types of surgery. Mastectomy without reconstruction was associated with a negative impact on sexual function in four other studies, with all sexual domains affected in some of these studies. In contrast, two studies found lower scores in women who had undergone breast-conserving surgery. Axillary lymph node removal has also been associated with genital arousal disorder. Two studies found no association between sexuality and breast cancer surgery. Conclusions Breast cancer and related treatments, including surgery, have a negative impact on women's sexuality. Different types of surgery appear to have different effects, with mastectomy without reconstruction associated with worse outcomes, while breast-conserving surgery was associated with lower sexual function scores in only two studies. All of these studies relied on different methods and populations with different expectations, which may explain some of the disparity in outcomes. By pointing out the surgical consequences of mastectomy preoperatively, surgeons can make patients' expectations of esthetic and functional outcomes after breast cancer surgery more realistic and help patients make better treatment decisions. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no.

Prevalence of and risk factors associated with vaginal lubrication issues in women at 6 months postpartum

ABSTRACT Introduction A woman's sexuality changes during her life and varies according to endogenous and exogenous factors. In this perspective, pregnancy and childbirth create a state of sexual dysfunction. The physiological changes that occur in the postpartum period are unique to each woman, and depend on several factors, including the mode of delivery, and the postpartum period. Postpartum vaginal dryness is a common sexual disorder, caused by modifications in vaginal lubrication mechanisms. Objective Studying women's sexuality after childbirth by evaluating vaginal lubrication disorders in postpartum period. Methods This is a prospective, cross-sectional study between November 2018 and September 2019 at obstetric and gynecologic department of Ben Arous hospital of Tunisia. 150 Women were included and were followed from the third trimester of pregnancy through 6 months after childbirth. we opted for the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) to evaluate sexual disorder in postpartum period. Results On the FSFI, the average vaginal lubrication score was 4.58 during pregnancy and 3.79 after delivery. At the time of the study, 6% of women were not sexually active during pregnancy and 2% after delivery. 53% of women who were sexually active during pregnancy reported feeling the sensation of vaginal lubrication during intercourse with varying frequency. 36% of women did not claim difficulty to acquire a satisfying level of vaginal lubrication After delivery, 39 women (26%), noted a sensation of lubrication less frequently. 84 % of women reported varying degrees of difficulty in achieving vaginal moisture during sexual intercourse after delivery (very difficult: 12%, difficult: 28%, somewhat difficult: 44%). The ability to maintain vaginal moisture during sex seems decreased after childbirth. In fact, the ability to maintain an adequate vaginal lubrification during sexual intercourse was reported on postpartum in 21 women (14%) compared to 48% during pregnancy. The factors influencing the different parameters of vaginal moisture found in our series were breastfeeding, mode of delivery and contraception. Conclusion In postpartum period achieving vaginal moisture and maintain of an adequate vaginal lubrification during intercourse seems to be altered. Mode of birth, breastfeeding and contraception was associated with lack of vaginal lubrication. Preparing women and their partners for this during the antenatal period and advising on simple measures, such as use of lubrication could be helpful. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no.

The effects of endometriosis on women's sexual function

Objective: Endometriosis is a chronic disease with multiple negative implications for the quality of life and mental health of affected women. It can significantly affect various aspects of their lives and can cause long-term suffering in the psycho-emotional, social and sexual spheres. The aim of this paper is to present the consequences of endometriosis on female sexual function and the quality of couple relationships, as well as the importance of a multidimensional approach to it. Methods: A literature search investigating the sexual function of patients with endometriosis was performed to identify the effect of endometriosis on women's sexuality. Results: Endometriosis has negative effects in various areas of female sexual function. Dyspareunia occurs as a common symptom in women with endometriosis and causes severe impairment of sexual function, couple relationships and psychological well-being. However, the presence of dyspareunia is not the only discouraging factor in the sexual health of these women, as a general impairment of sexual function in all its aspects is perpetuated over time: desire, satisfaction, orgasm, pain. Conclusions: Women with endometriosis report significantly more sexual dysfunction compared to healthy women. This issue deserves special attention in the case of endometriosis, in the decision-making process for treatment. As a complex condition, endometriosis requires an integrative and multidisciplinary approach that includes, in addition to surgical and pharmacological approaches, emotional and social support, stress reduction, psychosexual therapy, and an emphasis on quality of life, pain management, sex, and relationships.

Quality of Life, Psychological Wellbeing, and Sexuality in Women with Urinary Incontinence-Where Are We Now: A Narrative Review.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a very common condition, negatively affecting social, occupational, domestic, and psychophysical wellbeing. In particular, a peculiar and detrimental effect of UI has been described concerning sexual function. However, the impact of UI on quality of life is not fully understood yet, and further investigation into this issue is warranted. With this narrative review, we aimed to report the current evidence from recent literature regarding the quality of life and psychological wellbeing in patients with urinary incontinence, with a special focus on sexual function and its evolution after UI treatment. There is strong evidence that urinary incontinence—in its different forms, including stress urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence, mixed urinary incontinence, and coital urinary incontinence—negatively affects female sexual function. Treatments aimed to cure urinary incontinence—including pelvic floor muscles training, medications, and surgery—seem to improve quality of life by recovering, at least in part, sexual function. In conclusion, there is a substantial association between involuntary urinary loss and sex life quality. However, few studies are available and more evidence is needed before consistent conclusions can be made.

Should We Call It a Prostate? A Review of the Female Periurethral Glandular Tissue Morphology, Histochemistry, Nomenclature, and Role in Iatrogenic Sexual Dysfunction

There is evidence of glandular tissue within the region of the anterior vaginal wall-female periurethral tissue (AVW-FPT) having similar morphology and immunohistochemistry to the prostate in men and having physiological roles in the female sexual response (FSR). Whether this tissue should be called a prostate in women has been debated. Iatrogenic injury to structures of the AVW-FPT, including these glands and the associated neurovasculature, could be a cause of female sexual dysfunction (FSD). To consolidate the current knowledge concerning the glandular tissue surrounding the urethra in women, evidence was reviewed to address whether: (i) these glands comprise the prostate in women, (ii) they have specific functions in the FSR, and (iii) injury to the AVW-FPT and prostate has sexual dysfunction as a likely outcome. A literature review was conducted using keywords including female prostate, Skene's/paraurethral glands, periurethral tissue, Gräfenberg (G)-spot, female ejaculation, mid-urethral sling (MUS), and sexual dysfunction. Histological and immunohistochemical studies of the glandular tissue surrounding the urethra support the existence of prostate in women. Evidence suggests this tissue may have physiologically and clinically relevant autonomic and sensory innervation, and during sexual arousal may contribute to secretions involved in ejaculation and orgasm. Gaps in knowledge relating to the functional anatomy, physiological roles, and embryological origins of this tissue have impeded the acceptance of a prostate in women. Injury to the innervation, vasculature, and/or glandular tissue within the surgical field of MUS implantation suggests iatrogenic sexual dysfunction is plausible. Continuing to advance our understanding of the morphology, histochemistry, and physiologic capacity of this glandular tissue will clarify the characterization of this tissue as the "prostate" involved in the FSR, and its role in FSD following surgical injury. Tomalty D, Giovannetti O, Hannan J, etal. Should We Call It a Prostate? A Review of the Female Periurethral Glandular Tissue Morphology, Histochemistry, Nomenclature, and Role in Iatrogenic Sexual Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2022;10:183-194.

Misrepresentation of Female Sexual Behavior in Pornography

ABSTRACT Introduction Female sexual wellness is a highly complex condition that builds not only on biological factors, but also on social norms, background, religion, education, and social media. One source where both women and men learn about sexual behavior, interactions, and expectations is pornography. This resource has become widely available to anyone with access to the internet. While pornography is a way of expanding sexual horizons, like any media it may misrepresent more common behaviors and expectations for both genders. The impact of pornography on male attitudes towards sex and women in general has previously been described. This not only harming males, but it also potentially has negative effects on female sexual wellness as well. Objective The purpose of this review is to evaluate how women's sexuality is portrayed in the most commonly viewed pornography videos in order to understand its role in female sexual health. Methods Videos from the category “most viewed videos” based on internet ratings were viewed. We analyzed the content and female and male sexual behaviors. Results We reviewed the 25 most viewed videos by the general public from the five most popular free pornography websites. The two most commonly viewed contexts were sexual encounters between step relatives (16%) and during casting sessions (16%). With the majority of videos having two participants (92%), two videos included three and five participants. Overall, only 9 (36%) videos demonstrated at least one female orgasm with 5 (20 %) videos showing clitoral stimulation before reaching orgasm. Only 4 (16%) videos did not demonstrate male orgasm. Similarly, only 8 (32%) videos pictured a female as the recipient of oral sex, whereas all but 3 (12%) videos showed the male as the recipient. Only in one (4%) video did a woman have more than one orgasm. Anal sex was represented in 4 (16%) of videos, with novelty toy uses in one (4%) video. Conclusions The most viewed videos on popular pornography sites did not represent the most common sexual scenarios as these were between step relatives and during casting sessions. Pornography demonstrates preference for male-centered pleasure. Although the majority of women climax with clitoral stimulation, this was not represented by popular pornography sites. Inaccurate portrayal of female sexuality can contribute to sexual performance anxiety, unfulfilled expectations among both partners, and sexual dysfunction. More research is needed to determine the best referral websites representing more realistic female sexual behavior. Disclosure No

Violence against Women and Girls: Female Filmmakers Critique the Menace

Violence against Women and Girls: Female Filmmakers Critique the Menace