Selection Of Women Research Articles

Black Women and Historical Wellness

Black Women and Historical Wellness Kimberly Akano (bio) Stephanie Evans's Black Women's Yoga History: Memoirs of Inner Peace, Albany: SUNY Press, 2021 Amid individual, interpersonal, and sociopolitical stressors, what resources have Black women leveraged to care for themselves and their communities? For some like Harriet Jacobs or Angela Davis, stretching served as a lifeline for dealing with physical confinement during periods of enslavement or imprisonment. For Black women like Anna Julia Cooper, writing and mindfulness nurtured their intellectual health while navigating challenging academic institutions. Still, others such as Eartha Kitt and Tina Turner found comfort while moving their bodies to accomplish daily household chores—out of view from the public eye that typically followed them. For all of these women, such strategies formed the building blocks of robust practices that aligned the mind, body, and spirit. These women and many others are part of a larger tradition of Black women's embodied efforts to pursue health and healing. In Black Women's Yoga History: Memoirs of Inner Peace, historian Stephanie Evans traces an expansive history of Black women's ideas surrounding mental health and physical well-being as they navigate stress and trauma in their everyday lives. This history decenters an emphasis on South Asian and white American iterations of yoga to shed light on African and African American contributions to yoga history—what she ultimately calls "Africana yoga" (365). By adopting a capacious understanding of yoga to include prayer, exercise, and meditation practices, Evans argues that African American women's pursuit of wellness is anything but new. Instead, Black women's healing traditions reflect an enduring legacy of "historical wellness," the sustained ways of being and knowing that Black women apply to prioritize individual and communal health (364). For Evans, a [End Page 329] historical wellness approach to Black women's understandings of wellness requires situating their healing traditions within the larger context of Black women's struggles against racism, sexual violence, and the many other challenges that threaten African American women's flourishing. In doing so, she reorients readers toward a critical examination of the role that both gender and race play in histories of mental and physical health—an aspect that is sorely understudied within most scholarship on yoga. This approach also seeks to consider how the experiences and epistemological contributions of Black women "show us inner peace is possible, historical, practical, and teachable" (136). As a work of intellectual history, Evans attends to a selection of Black women's memoirs and autobiographies to analyze how African American women have narrated their stress management strategies over time. In particular, she focuses on the writings of Black women senior elders (those age seventy and above) and Black women midlife elders (those age fifty and above). Evans situates these writings before and after 1975 when the first issue of Yoga Journal, a national publication, gained national attention. Using her method of "narrative portraiture," Evans artfully weaves biographical data with historical analysis to provide robust depictions of African American women's lives (43). These portraits offer an intimate look at subjective experiences of loss, trauma, and healing. They also suggest that past and present socio-political developments such as enslavement, the Great Migration, and the #MeToo movement required African American women to assess and refashion their varied approaches to health over time. For example, Evans gestures toward an increasing need for Black women to reconsider how nuanced understandings of wellness may positively contribute to more contemporary conversations about social media usage, classroom pedagogy, and public health policy. Indeed, rather than settling for one-dimensional portrayals of Black women that overemphasize life's trials or triumphs, Evans considers the "beautiful, ugly, and healing" moments that inform the dynamism of African American women's wellness writings (36). Perhaps one of the most striking examples of what Evans ultimately calls "Africana yoga" involves Rosa Parks's dedicated yoga practice, which, in part, sustained her lifelong commitment to activism. Evans's keen analysis of Rosa Parks's engagement with yoga stands as an apt illustration of one of her primary assertions that "it is political for Black women to claim ownership or possession, of their own bodies" (47). In other words, Black...

Addressing Gender Inequities in Forest Science and Research

Forest research and professional workforces continue to be dominated by men, particularly at senior and management levels. In this review, we identify some of the historical and ongoing barriers to improved gender inclusion and suggest some solutions. We showcase a selection of women in forestry from different disciplines and parts of the globe to highlight a range of research being conducted by women in forests. Boosting gender equity in forest disciplines requires a variety of approaches across local, regional and global scales. It is also important to include intersectional analyses when identifying barriers for women in forestry, but enhanced equity, diversity and inclusion will improve outcomes for forest ecosystems and social values of forests, with potential additional economic benefits.

Here for the Right Reasons: The Selection of Women as Peace Delegates

AbstractSince the passing of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security more than two decades ago, there has been a global push to bolster the inclusion of women in these processes. When women are selected into peace delegations for the wrong reasons, they—like men—can hinder or stall progress. Yet, very little work has analyzed which women are included in peace processes, how they are selected, why they are selected, and how their individual experiences influence both their behavior and the outcomes of those processes. We identify four selection criteria used to select participants in negotiations: (1) reliability as assessed through either connections to elites or ideological purity; (2) qualifications such as experience in the armed forces, rebel forces, civil society, or academia; (3) personal appeal or ability to elicit sympathy based on factors such as victimhood, attractiveness, youth, or demographics; and (4) selection by a third party whose strength and size have allowed it to negotiate representation in the process. It is likely that in many cases, multiple motives and selection criteria are at play in the selection of individual women (or men). We consider how gender impacts the implementation of these criteria, drawing on a variety of peace processes, but especially the Havana Peace Talks between the Colombian government and Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarios Colombianos–Ejército del Pueblo. This framework sets the foundation for the development of three research agendas: the first relating to which women get a seat at the table, the second to how the individual backgrounds of the women selected into the peace process influence outcomes, and the third to issues of intersectionality and representation.

Clustering of behavioral risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases in climacteric women.

ABSTRACTObjective To estimate the prevalence of clustering of behavioral risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases, as well as the associated factors in climacteric women.Methods This is a cross-sectional, analytical study, with random selection of climacteric women, aged between 40 and 65 years, and registered in Family Health Strategy units. The dependent variable was clustering of three or more behavioral risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. The definition of associated variables was made after Poisson multiple regression analysis with robust variance.Results We evaluated 810 women, and 259 (32.0%) had a clustering of risk factors. The main risk behaviors were physical inactivity and low fruit consumption. The variables associated with clustering of behavioral factors were age group 52-65-years, marital status without a partner, overweight/obesity, moderate to severe anxiety and depression symptoms.Conclusion There was a considerable prevalence of women with three or more behavioral risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. Demographic variables and those related to health conditions were shown to be associated. Considering the results recorded, health services must provide differentiated care policies to climacteric women, seeking to alleviate high morbidity and mortality of chronic non-communicable diseases.

Quality of Life (QOL) of postmenopausal women in the Rural Area of Hyderabad District, Pakistan: A cross-sectional study

Aim: To determine and evaluate the factors that affect the quality of life of women going through menopause. Study design: A cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted Hyderabad District. Pakistan. from January 2021 to March 2021. Methodology: A total of 110 postmenopausal women were a part of the study from the ages of 45 to 65. The selection of women was done using a convenient sampling method. Consent was taken from the participants before including them in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire with a MENQOL scale with interview method was used for the collection of primary data. The analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics, SD, percentages, and mean were calculated. Factors at 5% α were determined using the chi-square test. Results: A total of 29% of women got menopause before 40 years of age. A total of 11% of the women were pre-menopausal. Hysterectomy was found in 20% of the women. A total of 33% of women displayed vasomotor symptoms. Physiological symptoms were found in 47% of the women. A total of 15% of women displayed sexual problems and 66% displayed physical symptoms. Conclusion: In order to make menopause easier for women, supportive therapy, choice of lifestyle modification, and family support are needed. In order to accomplish this, intense and detailed health education is required for premenopausal and postmenopausal women as well as the entire community. Keywords: Menopause, women, quality of Life

Pharyngeal screening for Chlamydia trachomatis, more harm than good?

Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections can result in urethritis in men and late sequelae in women, such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Heterosexual transmission of chlamydia is in most cases via genital contact. Pharyngeal C trachomatis infections are for the vast majority asymptomatic and without complications. However, the clinical relevance of transmission to genital sites via orogenital contact is a matter of ongoing debate. Male-to-female transmission of C trachomatis via oral sex has been described, 1 Marcus CJL Kohn RP Barry PM Philip SS Bernstein KT Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission from the female oropharynx to the male urethra. Sex Transm Dis. 2011; 38: 372-373 Google Scholar but in general, the pharyngeal C trachomatis bacterial load is lower 2 Wijers JNAP Dukers-Muijrers NHTM van Liere GAFS Dirks JAMC Wolffs PFG Hoebe CJPA Men and women have an equal oropharyngeal and anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis bacterial load: a comparison of 3 anatomic sites. J Infect Dis. 2021; 223: 1582-1589 Google Scholar and pharyngeal C trachomatis viability is diminished in comparison with anorectal and urogenital infections. 3 Dukers-Muijrers NHTM Wolffs P Lucchesi M et al. Oropharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in women; spontaneous clearance and cure after treatment (FemCure). Sex Transm Infect. 2021; 97: 147-151 Google Scholar Routine universal testing versus selective or incidental testing for oropharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in women in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort studyNo optimal testing scenario was available for pharyngeal C trachomatis, in which only a selection of high-risk women needs to be tested to find most pharyngeal C trachomatis infections. The relative low prevalence of pharyngeal-only C trachomatis (0·5%) and probably limited clinical and public health effect do not provide support for routine universal testing. Full-Text PDF

Routine universal testing versus selective or incidental testing for oropharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in women in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study

Pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in women might contribute to autoinoculation and transmission to sexual partners. Data for effectiveness of different testing practices for pharyngeal C trachomatis are scarce. We therefore aimed to assess the prevalence of pharyngeal C trachomatis, determinants, and effectiveness of different testing practices in women. We did a retrospective cohort study, in which surveillance data for all women visiting sexually transmitted infection clinics in all regions in the Netherlands between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 31, 2017, were used. We collected consultation-level data and individual-level data from 2016 onwards for sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behaviour in the past 6 months, self-reported symptoms, and STI diagnoses. The primary outcome was the positivity rate of pharyngeal C trachomatis infection compared between routine universal testing (>85% tested pharyngeally per clinic year), selective testing (5-85% tested pharyngeally per clinic year), and incidental testing (<5% pharyngeally tested per clinic year). We calculated the number of missed infections by extrapolating the positivity rate assessed by routine universal testing to all selectively tested women. We used multivariable generalised estimating equations logistic regression analyses to assess independent risk factors for pharyngeal C trachomatis and used the assessed risk factors as testing indicators for comparing alternative testing scenarios. Between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 31, 2017, a total of 550 615 consultations with at least one C trachomatis test was recorded, of which 541 945 (98·4%) consultations (including repeat visits) were included in this analysis. Pharyngeal C trachomatis positivity was lower in the routine universal testing group than in the selective testing group (1081 [2·4%; 95% CI 2·2-2·5] of 45 774 vs 3473 [2·9%; 2·8-3·0] of 121 262; p<0·0001). The positivity rate was also higher among consultations done in the incidental testing group (44 [4·1%; 95% CI 3·1-5·5] of 1073; p<0·0001) than in the routine universal testing group. Based on extrapolation, selective testing would have hypothetically missed 64·4% (95% CI 63·5-65·3; 6363 of 9879) of the estimated total of C trachomatis infections. The proportion of pharyngeal-only C trachomatis was comparable between routinely universally tested women (22·9%) and selectively tested women (20·4%), resulting in a difference of 2·5% (95% CI -0·3 to 5·3; p=0·07). When using risk factors for pharyngeal C trachomatis as testing indicators, 15 484 (79·6%) of 19 459 women would be tested to detect 398 (80·6%) of 494 infections. No optimal testing scenario was available for pharyngeal C trachomatis, in which only a selection of high-risk women needs to be tested to find most pharyngeal C trachomatis infections. The relative low prevalence of pharyngeal-only C trachomatis (0·5%) and probably limited clinical and public health effect do not provide support for routine universal testing. Public Health Service South Limburg.

Last love: The ‘double standard of ageing’ and women's experience of gender and sexuality at mid-life

This paper explores the concept of the double standard of ageing as applied to women's experience and perceptions of mid-life sexuality and love affairs. Drawing on a selection of popular and literary women's writing, it argues that the recurring trope or motif of the ‘last chance’ affair is an ideological vehicle that serves to age women by dividing their lives in two – pre and post-sexual, youthful and middle-aged - with all the associations of a decline in status and value that have, moreover, much broader implications for gendered equality. There is also a submerged theme of empowerment running through these women's stories, through which, among other things, it is possible to critique normative sexuality, which enshrines male privilege, at earlier points in the life course. However, the continued salience of the double standard suggests both the presence of a powerful tributary feeding ongoing gender inequality and the role that age plays in this.

PELATIHAN BISNIS MELALUI PEMANFAATAN MEDIA SOSIAL INSTAGRAM PADA KALANGAN IBU- IBU PKK RW 01 PONDOK LABU

Training for some people is to add skills (ability) to do something. Of course it provides knowledge and experience that is increasing. UBSI and PKK RW.01, Pondok Labu women synergize together to carry out activities that begin with a passion to provide education in terms of the use of social media in this case is Instagram. In the academic world, community-based activities are packaged with the term Community Service. Community involvement is a clear and consistent existence of every university to carry out the Tri Dharma. The choice of a theme that is adapted to the linear discipline of the UBSI Campus is an absolute must, as a form of professionalism and proportion in doing community service. Business training is the central issue of this training, because many PKK women currently use social media to market the products/services they sell. This is a good form of cooperation, because theory and practice are tried to be combined. The selection of PKK women in RW 01 Pondok Labu, because many of the mothers here use Instagram to do business even though it is still relatively new in its application. However, this gives a signal that these mothers have a great interest and willingness to learn and do business. This challenge is the priority of our team to make this object a community service which of course is relevant to our academic studies.

A ‘prodigious latitude’ of words: vocabularies of illness in 18th-century medical treatises and women’s writing

In its examination of a selection of 18th-century medical treatises and women’s writing, this essay considers a range of context-specific and historically specific medical vocabularies and tries to illuminate the...

The 2020 Chadema special seats dispute in Tanzania.Does the National Electoral Commission Comply with the Law?

This article focuses on the CHADEMA dispute regarding the selection of its 19 women to special parliamentary seats after the completion of the 2020 general elections in Tanzania. It argues that the dispute is caused by the failure of the National Electoral Commission (NEC) to provide political parties with a uniform and transparent modality for the selection of women to special seats against the requirement of Article 81 of the 1977 Constitution. The NEC’s failure has led to modalities of implementing women’s special seats that are incompatible with the international standards governing ‘Temporary Special Measures’ (TSM). This has led to conflict, the marginalisation and discrimination of women in special seats, ridicule of the special seats system, and a slow transition of women from special to constituency seats. The article provides suggestions on how the special seats system could be reviewed and repositioned to achieve its intended objectives.

Телемедицина в акушерстве на территориях с низкой плотностью населения: правовые основы и практические результаты интеграции

The purpose of the study is to characterize the legal framework for integrating telemedicine into the obstetric service in the light of the new Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 2010.2020 No. 1130n, to establish aspects of the use of telemedicine in obstetrics, and to show the practical results of its implementation. Material and methods. A scientific and analytical, retrospective study of all cases of the use of telemedicine technologies in the obstetric service of the Perinatal Center of Noyabrsk (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) in 2020 was carried out. Results. The main aspects of the use of telemedicine in obstetrics in areas with a low population density have been established, namely: selection of pregnant women requiring a high level of attention, routing of high-risk pregnant women in health care facilities of levels II and III, extreme conditions of pregnant women and newborns, pregnancy complications and negative medical and genetic prognosis of offspring, high-tech remote medical care for pregnant women, women in labor and newborns in federal healthcare facilities of III B level. The capabilities of patient-centered telemedicine technologies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have been determined. The clinical experience of the Noyabrsk Perinatal Center has proved that telemedicine counseling for pregnant women located in areas remote from the PC, prescribed by Order No. 1130n, significantly improves the quality of the regional obstetric care system. Conclusion. The Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 1130 n ensures the effective integration of telemedicine technologies into the obstetric service, laying the foundation for the formation of a regional regulatory framework for obstetric telemedicine. Thanks to the new Order, the planned development of telemedicine obstetric networks and the organization of remote consulting centers in level III A health facilities have become mandatory. The Order gave impetus to the formation of electronic databases of high-risk pregnant women in each region. It provides for remote provision of both routine and emergency obstetric care. All this allows the obstetric service of the regions with the use of telemedicine to provide high-quality medical care to pregnant women, women in labor and parturient women, even in extreme conditions of epidemics and emergencies.

Neighborhoods, networks, and delivery methods

We examine the contribution of information transmission among pregnant women to geographic variation in C-sections in Lombardy, Italy. Defining networks as pregnant women living in the same municipality, we observe that if the incidence of C-sections within the womans network is one standard deviation higher over the 12 months preceding delivery, then her probability of delivering by C-section is 0.007 percentage points (3%) higher. This result is mainly a network effect on Italian women, while it arises from both network and neighborhood effects on foreign women. Both groups respond to additional information, such as the incidence of C-section complications. The selection of pregnant women across hospitals does not uniquely explain our results, which are robust to alternative sample selections and specifications.

KETERWAKILAN POLITIK PEREMPUAN DI PARLEMEN PERIODE 2019-2024: PERAN PARTAI POLITIK

Political parties have an important role in efforts to increase women's political representation in parliament. The most significant function of political parties as gatekeepers is to carry out the recruitment, selection and candidacy of candidates for members of parliament in the general election contestation. This study aims to explain both internal and external factors that influence the role of political parties in increasing women's political representation in parliament in the 2019 election. The research method used is literature study by referring to previous research and secondary data sourced from books, journals, online news, and laws and regulations. The findings of this study reinforce previous research that political parties have a major role in efforts to increase women's political representation in parliament. The role of the party refers to the process of recruitment, selection and candidacy of women, the involvement of women in the organizational structure of the party, and the ideology of political parties. The role and policies of political parties in increasing women's representation are also strongly influenced by gender quota policies, electoral systems and party systems, and women's movement activists.

Is the Kish Household Sampling Method Better than the Birthday Method

Practically all studies on household survey sampling have given some space to the different dwelling selection processes. Since most surveys are administered to ONE person within each household, reselection is necessary within those households where there are two or more people. This study compares two within-household selection methods: the last-birthday method and the Kish method. The hypothesis is that the last-birthday method represents the population better than Kish method. It complements the “classic” representation of sex and age distribution with the representation of educational attainment, labor force participation rates, employment and unemployment by sex. The data from the European Social Survey (8 th wave) shown point toward accepting this hypothesis. In spite of the last-birthday method producing a greater selection of women, the differences in educational level and labor force participation are smaller than with the Kish method.

The cervicovaginal microbiome and its resistome in a random selection of Afro-Caribbean women

The cervicovaginal microbiome consists of community state types (CSTs) I-V. Several studies have reported positive correlations between health issues such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), preterm labour and CST IV. The cervicovaginal microbiome in Afro-Caribbean women has never been characterized. Hence, this study aimed to determine the composition, CST, microbial function and resistome of the cervicovaginal microbiome in a cohort of Afro-Caribbean women using targeted (16S rRNA V4) and whole genome shotgun metagenomics. CST IV predominated in this ethnic group, with Prevotella (13.91 %) being the most abundant genus followed by Gardnerella (12.14 %). The relative abundance for Lactobacillus was 9.37 %. The most abundant species for Prevotella and Lactobacillus were P. timonensis (5.00 %) and L. iners (7.00 %), respectively. Taxa with significant nucleotide similarity to the less virulent culture collection strain G. vaginalis 409–05 (8.14 %) were more abundant than G. vaginalis ATCC 14019 (4.00 %) in this group that was asymptomatic of BV. Functional profiling revealed a high abundance of biological processes (such as flagellum-dependent cell motility, cell adhesion and quorum sensing) associated with biofilm activity. In the resistome, 2,753 predicted antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes consisting of 28 types (mostly tet and Emr; relative abundance 52.94 % and 16.18 %, respectively) that can potentially confer resistance to tetracyclines and the macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B group were identified. Theoretically, these AMR genes can impact the effectiveness of antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of STIs and BV. This study is the first to provide insight into the cervicovaginal microbiome and its resistome in Afro-Caribbean women.

Breastfeeding knowledge of mothers in protracted crises: the Gaza Strip example

The protection and support of breastfeeding is the most effective intervention to prevent child morbidity and mortality especially in humanitarian crisis.During the Palestine-Israel conflict healthcare services are understaffed and lack basic resources, with frequent power cuts and stock-outs of essential drugs and equipment. This case study seeks to answer the questions: (1) How does the protracted crisis in Gaza affect the breastfeeding practices of the most vulnerable population; and (2) What is the role that midwives can play in improving breastfeeding practices?The study was conducted using a mixed method approach with quantitative and qualitative methods. Purposeful selection of women and children was conducted utilising eligibility criteria, women with children less than 2 years of age were included. All the respondents were asked if they agreed to participate in the survey.A total of 63% practice early initiation of breastfeeding and 42% confirmed that their new-borns were given liquids other than breast milk during the first 3 days of life. Fifty percent of mothers addressed breast milk insufficiency by drinking additional fluids and 40% by using infant formula. Only 18% of women said that they received breastfeeding information during contact with health professionals throughout labour, delivery, and subsequent post-natal care visits. Many mothers during the focus group discussions (FGDs) confirm using milk to top up or replace breast milk.Myths and misconceptions around breastfeeding remain, while women do access antenatal care services and deliver in the health facilities. There is a need to a) adapt the recommendations of the operational guidance for infant and young child feeding in emergencies (IYCF-E) in the Gaza strip, to protect, promote and support breastfeeding and b) include skilled breastfeeding counselling in the pre-service and in-service training for midwives.Lessons learned included the importance of a) allocating additional research time, to account for interruption b) daily coordination with security officers to ensure safe access to localities c) identification of extra sites, in case of conflict escalation d) training of additional enumerators in case conflict escalation e) negotiation with authorities to ensure compliance with requirements.

Personalized Decision Making on Genomic Testing in Early Breast Cancer: Expanding the MINDACT Trial with Decision-Analytic Modeling.

BackgroundGenomic tests may improve upon clinical risk estimation with traditional prognostic factors. We aimed to explore how evidence on the prognostic strength of a genomic signature (clinical validity) can contribute to individualized decision making on starting chemotherapy for women with breast cancer (clinical utility).MethodsThe MINDACT trial was a randomized trial that enrolled 6693 women with early-stage breast cancer. A 70-gene signature (Mammaprint) was used to estimate genomic risk, and clinical risk was estimated by a dichotomized version of the Adjuvant!Online risk calculator. Women with discordant risk results were randomized to the use of chemotherapy. We simulated the full risk distribution of these women and estimated individual benefit, assuming a constant relative effect of chemotherapy.ResultsThe trial showed a prognostic effect of the genomic signature (adjusted hazard ratio 2.4). A decision-analytic modeling approach identified far fewer women as candidates for genetic testing (4% rather than 50%) and fewer benefiting from chemotherapy (3% rather than 27%) as compared with the MINDACT trial report. The selection of women benefitting from genetic testing and chemotherapy depended strongly on the required benefit from treatment and the assumed therapeutic effect of chemotherapy.ConclusionsA high-quality pragmatic trial was insufficient to directly inform clinical practice on the utility of a genomic test for individual women. The indication for genomic testing may be far more limited than suggested by the MINDACT trial.

Contextualizing the think crisis-think female stereotype in explaining the glass cliff: Gendered traits, gender, and type of crisis.

The glass cliff suggests that women are more likely to access leadership positions when organizations are facing a crisis. Although this phenomenon is well established, it is still largely unknown how variations in types of crises influence the strength of the think crisis-think female association, and whether female leaders and leaders with communal gendered traits are both affected by this association. We hypothesized that selection of stereotypically feminine traits (communal leaders) is specific to a relational crisis because of a fit between leader traits and traits required by the situation. We further expected that the selection of women also extends to other crisis situations because other factors such as their signaling change potential may play a role. We investigated the associations that participants made with candidates who varied across gendered traits and gender and between two crisis situations involving problems with either stereotypically feminine (e.g., an internal disharmony) or masculine (e.g., a financial problem) components, and a no crisis situation control. Results from three experimental studies (Ns = 319, 384, 385) supported our hypotheses by showing that communal leaders were most strongly associated with a relational crisis and least with a financial crisis, with the no crisis context situated in-between. This pattern was explained by higher relevance ratings for communal leadership behavior in the relational crisis versus financial crisis context, with the no crisis context situated in-between. In contrast, female leaders were most strongly associated with the relational crisis and least with the no crisis context, with the financial crisis situated in-between. Specific explanatory mechanisms related to the female-crisis association are explored and discussed. Our findings suggest that implicit motivations for valuing feminine/communal leadership and atypical leaders in crisis situations need further research.

Racial and ethnic disparities in posttraumatic psychopathology among postpartum women

People of color in the United States disproportionately bear the burden of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Pregnant women of color are at particular risk, as perinatal PTSD is associated with adverse maternal and child health. However, PTSD is a heterogeneous disorder comprising discrete symptom dimensions. Adopting a dimensional understanding of PTSD could aid in identifying women at-risk for the consequences of posttraumatic psychopathology and guide treatment selection. In a large sample of Latina, Black, and non-Hispanic White postpartum women in the United States (N = 1663), we examined racial and ethnic differences in the factors of the dysphoric arousal model—a leading dimensional model of PTSD. This model is characterized by five symptom dimensions: re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal. Past-year trauma in this sample was common, afflicting nearly 70% of women. In unadjusted models, women of color exhibited more severe PTSD symptom levels across dimensions except for dysphoric arousal, with Black mothers particularly affected. In models adjusted for age, education, and poverty, Black women continued to report elevated symptoms of avoidance and, relative to Latina mothers, re-experiencing symptoms. In contrast, White women reported more dysphoric arousal symptoms relative to women of color. Illuminating differential patterns of symptom dimensions across racial and ethnic groups is critical to PTSD assessment and treatment and may shed light on disparities. Perinatal healthcare may be an important opportunity for posttraumatic symptom screening, and greater understanding of racial and ethnic variation in posttraumatic symptom dimensions can guide targeted intervention selection for perinatal women.