Risk Perception In Women Research Articles

The Effects of COVID-19 Risk Perception in Women in Their 20s and 30s on Preventive Efficiency and Beauty Health Care Behaviors

This study examines the effects of COVID-19 risk perception in women in their 20s and 30s on preventive efficiency and beauty health care behaviors. For this study, a survey was conducted on women in their 20s and 30s in Seoul and Gyeonggi region. It was distributed online from March 28 to April 28, 2021. A total of 610 questionnaires were distributed, of which 602 questionnaires were used for final analysis, excluding 8 unfaithful responses. The collected data was analyzed by using the SPSS WIN 21.0 Program, and the results of the analysis are as follows. First, the level of COVID-19 risk perception, preventive efficiency, and beauty health care behavior among women in their 20s and 30s were found to be high in the order of preventive efficiency, COVID-19 risk perception and beauty health care behavior. Second, it was found that beauty health care behavior has a high correlation of positive(+) in the order of economic, physical, and social perception in relation to COVID-19 risk perception. Third, an analysis of the effects of COVID-19 risk perception on preventive efficiency showed that the higher the social and physical perception of COVID-19 risk perception, the lower the economic perception, the higher the preventive efficiency. Fourth, an analysis of the effect of COVID-19 risk perception on beauty healthcare behavior showed that the higher the economic perception of COVID-19 risk perception, the higher the beauty health care behavior. Therefore, this study raises awareness of COVID-19, promoting preventive action. at the same time, it aims to contribute to the development of the beauty health industry by providing basic data for establishing effective beauty healthcare behavior strategies for the beauty healthcare industry that changes in the environment of the COVID-19 era.

Unpacking millennial Chinese women's risk perceptions in outbound travel: An intersectional perspective

Enhanced social status and education levels empower women to experience freedom in travel. Drawing on the feminist theory of intersectionality, this study employs purposive snowball sampling (n = 41) to investigate millennial Chinese women's risk perceptions in transnational experiences of freedom. By applying semi-structured interviews, this study finds that millennial Chinese women perceive four main risks: sexual/racial, betraying nationalism, loss of face, and parent-daughter conflicts. The power relations that underpin these risks are analysed, suggesting that risk perceptions are closely associated with patriarchy, Orientalism, patriotic education, face culture and family structure. This paper argues that risk perception in travel is socially constructed by complex power relations in which the multiple identities of gender, age, race, ethnicity, nationality and class interweave. A comprehensive understanding of risk perceptions in travel is provided, not only reflected in the diverse activities where women perceive risks, but also in the underlying power relations and multiple identities constituting these risks. The application of intersectionality and analysis of power relations also exemplify how to employ a feminist approach in travel and tourism studies.

Adaptation of hurricane risk perception scale to earthquake risk perception and determining the factors affecting women's earthquake risk perception

Adaptation of hurricane risk perception scale to earthquake risk perception and determining the factors affecting women's earthquake risk perception

The lived experience of staff caring for women in labour who have a BMI ≥40 kg/m2

Background Obesity is a growing health concern nationally and internationally. During the perinatal period, obesity poses increased risks to both mother and fetus; however, few studies consider the challenges staff caring for these women face. Aims To explore the lived experience of the staff that provide labour care for women with a BMI≥40 kg/m2. Methods A qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with practicing midwives was conducted. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Findings A total of five interviews were conducted and seven themes emerged, namely monitoring the fetal heart and mobilisation, assessing labour progress, different to caring for woman with a lower BMI, emotional issues, opinions regarding women's risk perception, addressing the issue of obesity, and education/training. Conclusions Further training would guide staff to deliver timely and appropriate information to women, assisting staff caring for women, particularly in labour, to feel more confident when discussing issues surrounding obesity.

Perceived Risk in Women with High Risk Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study.

Background:Risk perception in high-risk pregnancies influences the mothers' adherence to medical treatments and recommendations. Because of the lack of information about the women's perception of risk, the aim of this study was to explain perception of risk in high-risk pregnancies.Materials and Methods:This qualitative study was conducted on 25 women with a high-risk pregnancy in educational hospitals of Mashhad, Iran, from August 2017 to August 2018. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and data saturation was reached after 29 interviews. Data collection and analysis were simultaneously carried out using the qualitative content analysis method adopted by Elo and Kyngäs in MAXQDA software.Results:Data analysis resulted in the four main categories of perception of risk control ability (risk controlling through experience, risk tolerance through relying on a higher power, and risk tolerance to reach family goals), wrong estimation of risk (wrong calculation of possible risks based on wrong beliefs and knowledge, and incorrect risk estimation caused by misunderstanding), possibility of mutual vulnerability of pregnancy and risk condition (possibility of vulnerability of the fetus to risk factors, and possibility of the mother's vulnerability to risk factors), and induced risk (risk induced by negative experiences, induced threat of unknown pregnancy outcome, and fear of ambiguous medical terms).Conclusions:The results of this study promoted our understanding of risk perception in women with high-risk pregnancies. Therefore, it will help to establish a-Ž better link between women with a high-risk pregnancy and the health team, enhance and improve maternal and fetal care.

619-P: The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk Perception on Adoption of Preventive Strategies in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes

Background: Gestational diabetes confers a 3-7 fold higher risk of incident diabetes. However, studies show women with GDM underestimate their personal risk, even when they understand GDM is a risk factor for incident T2DM. The study objectives were to identify predictors of T2DM risk perception in women with GDM and to determine if their level of risk perception impacts adoption of evidence-based health behaviors for T2DM prevention. Methods: Using electronic health records to identify eligible women between 18-50 years old, we surveyed women with a history of GDM who had not progressed to T2DM. Results: The study sample (n=264) was racially and ethnically diverse; 37% Hispanic, 29% Asian, 27% non-Hispanic white, and 5% black. About one in five (21%) women were unaware that GDM increases the risk of incident T2DM after pregnancy; almost half (48%) believed their personal risk of T2DM was low. In multivariate analyses adjusting for race, ethnicity, education level, time since index GDM pregnancy, and agreement with GDM diagnosis, family history of T2DM (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.0) and knowledge of GDM increasing risk of T2DM (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.1-9.7) were independent predictors of higher risk perception of T2DM. Higher risk perception was associated with both a higher level of interest in taking metformin (unadjusted OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.1) and a higher level of interest in attending a National Diabetes Prevention Program (unadjusted OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-3.9) compared to women with lower risk perception. Conclusion: Educating women with a history of GDM about their increased risk of T2DM is important; our study underscores the need to identify ways to effectively convey personal risk of T2DM. Family history of T2DM, which is strongly associated with personal risk perception, may be a key area for discussion with women with GDM to positively impact the adoption of T2DM preventive strategies; this may be relevant for all patients with higher risk of progression to T2DM. Disclosure A.V. Vu: None. N. Turk: None. O. Duru: None. C. Mangione: None. H. Panchal: None. S.A. Amaya: None. K.C. Norris: None. T. Moin: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (5R18DK105464)

The accuracy of depression risk perception in high risk Canadians

BackgroundPrevention and early detection of depression is a top public health priority. Accurate perception of depression risk may play an important role in health behavior change and prevention of depression. However, the way in which people in the community perceive their risk of developing depression is currently unknown. MethodsWe analyzed the baseline data from a randomized controlled trial in 358 men and 356 women who are at high risk of having a major depressive episode (MDE). The predicted risk was assessed by sex-specific multivariable risk predictive algorithms for MDE. We compared participants’ perceived risk and their predicted risk. Accurate risk perception was defined as perceived risk is in the range of predicted risk ± 10%. ResultsIn men, 29.7% perceived their risk accurately; 47.5% overestimated their risk; 22.8% underestimated their risk. In women, the proportions were 21.7%, 59.6% and 18.7%, respectively. Compared to men, women were more likely to overestimate their risk and less likely to be accurate. Regression modeling revealed that poor self-rated health and higher predicted depression risk were associated with inaccuracy of risk perception in men; a family history of MDE, higher psychological distress and lower predicted risk were associated with inaccuracy of risk perception in women. ConclusionsIndividuals who are at high risk of developing depression tend to overestimate their risk, especially women. Inaccurate depression risk perception is related to people's health status. Educational interventions are needed to enhance the accuracy of risk perception to encourage positive behavior change and uptake of preventive strategies.

Sex Differences in Interleukin-6 Responses Over Time Following Laboratory Pain Testing Among Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis

Epidemiological studies suggest that women are not only at a higher risk for developing knee osteoarthritis (KOA), but also report greater symptom severity compared to men. One potential underlying mechanism of these sex differences may be exaggerated inflammatory responses to pain among women compared to men. The present study examined sex differences in interleukin-6 (IL-6) response over time following experimental pain testing. We hypothesized that women, when compared to men, would show greater IL-6 reactivity when exposed to acute pain in a human laboratory setting. Eighty-four participants (36 men and 48 women) with KOA scheduled for total knee arthroplasty underwent a quantitative sensory testing (QST) battery. A total of seven IL-6 measurements were taken, twice at baseline, once immediately after QST, and every 30 minutes up to 2 hours after QST. Consistent with our hypothesis, women, when compared to men, showed accelerated increases in IL-6 levels following laboratory-evoked pain, even after controlling for body mass index, marital status, clinical pain, evoked pain sensitivity, and situational pain catastrophizing. Given that KOA is a chronic condition, and individuals with KOA frequently experience pain, these sex differences in IL-6 reactivity may contribute to the maintenance and/or exacerbation of KOA symptoms. PerspectivesThe present study demonstrates that women, when compared to men, exhibit greater IL-6 reactivity after exposure to laboratory-evoked pain. Such sex differences may explain the mechanisms underlying women's higher chronic pain risk and pain perception, as well as provide further insight in developing personalized pain interventions.

Pregnancy related risk perception in pregnant women, midwives & doctors: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundRisk perception in relation to pregnancy and birth is a complex process influenced by multiple personal, psychological and societal factors. Traditionally, the risk perception of healthcare professionals has been presented as more objective and authoritative than that of pregnant women. Doctors have been presented as more concerned with biomedical risk than midwives. Such dichotomies oversimplify and obscure the complexity of the process. This study examines pregnancy-related risk perception in women and healthcare professionals, and what women and professionals believe about each other’s risk perception.MethodsA cross sectional survey of set in UK maternity services. Participants were doctors working in obstetrics (N = 53), midwives (N = 59), pregnant women (N = 68). Participants were recruited in person from two hospitals. Doctors were also recruited online. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring the degree of perceived risk in various childbirth-related scenarios; and the extent to which they believed others agreed with them about the degree of risk generally involved in childbirth. Main outcome measures were the degree of risk perceived to the mother in baby in pregnancy scenarios, and beliefs about own perception of risk in comparison to their own group and other groups.ResultsThere were significant differences in total risk scores between pregnant women, doctors and midwives in perception of risk to the mother in 68/80 scenarios. Doctors most frequently rated risks lowest. Total scores for perceived risk to the baby were not significantly different. There was substantial variation within each group. There was more agreement on the ranking of scenarios according to risk. Each group believed doctors perceived most risk whereas actually doctors most frequently rated risks lowest. Each group incorrectly believed their peers rated risk similarly to themselves.ConclusionsIndividuals cannot assume others share their perception of risk or that they make correct assessments regarding others’ risk perception. Further research should consider what factors are taken into account when making risk assessments,

Pregnant Women's Risk Perception of the Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol Consumption in Pregnancy.

There is ample evidence of the teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, with long-term consequences throughout the entire life cycle. Nevertheless, research on risk perception of alcohol consumption among pregnant women is scarce. In order to analyze risk perception of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a random sample of 426 pregnant women (in their 20th week of gestation) receiving care at the outpatient clinics of a public university hospital in the southern European city of Seville (Spain). Data were collected through structured face-to-face interviews conducted by trained health professionals using a customized questionnaire. Data analysis included structural equation modeling. Only 48.1% of the sample indicated that the sequelae from alcohol consumption during pregnancy were life-long. The structural equation model showed that a lower risk perception about beer and wine consumption, and a lower educational level, were related to more frequent alcohol consumption. Younger participants showed lower risk perception concerning beer consumption. Higher levels of education were related to a greater risk perception of beer. Healthcare institutions should articulate programs that facilitate health advice regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly when providing care for women with low educational levels.

Factors associated with the utilization of postnatal care services among Malawian women.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that every woman be checked after the delivery of a child. However, only 42% of Malawian women are checked by a skilled health worker within 48 hours after delivery. This study aimed at identifying factors associated with postnatal care (PNC) utilization among Malawian women by using nationally representative data. Secondary data from the 2015-2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) was used for the study. A logistic regression model was used to find the adjusted odds of utilizing PNC services among the women. All the analyses controlled for the survey clusters and weighting. All the analyses were conducted in STATA version 14 at a significance level of 5%. Out of the 6,693 women who had a live birth 24 months prior to the 2015-2016 MDHS, only 48.4% were checked by a skilled health worker within 42 days after delivery. Uptake of PNC was significantly associated with older age, being employed, living in an urban area, delivery through caesarean section, a timely first antenatal care (ANC) visit, uptake of recommended number of ANC visits, and receiving the adequate number of tetanus injections. Interventions to increase utilization of PNC services should be tailored to appropriate populations. Particularly, special focus has to be made towards younger women, the women who reside in the rural areas, who are not employed, and who are generally not well to do. Behavioural change interventions must also target women with low perceived risk after delivery. Information should also be consistently provided by health workers in communities and health facilities to women on perinatal care in order to change the women's risk perception on all levels of pregnancy care and to encourage utilization of relevant health services.

Risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

Risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

High-risk women's risk perception after receiving personalized polygenic breast cancer risk information.

Evidence is accumulating of the clinical utility of single nucleotide polymorphisms to effectively stratify risk of breast cancer. Yet for this personalized polygenic information to be translated to clinical practice, consideration is needed about how this personalized risk information should be communicated and the impact on risk perception. This study examined the psychosocial implications and the impact on risk perception of communicating personalized polygenic breast cancer risk to high-risk women. High-risk women with a personal history of breast cancer and an uninformative BRCA1/2 result were genotyped in the Variants in Practice study for 22 breast cancer single nucleotide polymorphisms. Participants in the highest quartile of polygenic breast cancer risk were invited to receive their individual research results. Two personalized visual risk communication tools were used to facilitate communication of the polygenic information. Participants subsequently undertook a semi-structured interview examining their experience of receiving their polygenic breast cancer risk and their breast cancer risk perception. Thirty-nine women opted to receive their results and were interviewed. The women described the risk communication tools as helpful as the tool enabled comparison of their personalized breast cancer risk to the general population. Participants incorporated the polygenic risk information into their breast cancer risk perception, which for some reawakened feelings of being at risk years after an uninformative BRCA1/2 result. However, few reported any detrimental emotional impact. The delivery of personalized polygenic breast cancer risk to high-risk women informed and modified their breast cancer risk perception with little emotional impact.

The Cancer Worry Scale Revised for Breast Cancer Genetic Counseling.

The Cancer Worry Scale was revised to be used in breast cancer genetic counseling (CWS-GC). This scale is used to identify dimensions that are relevant in the genetic counseling context, such as worry about developing breast cancer, impact of worries on daily life, and risk perception in women attending a counseling session for BRCA1/2 mutations. The aim of this study was to estimate the psychometric properties of the CWS-GC in a sample of Italian women. A total of 304 women aged 19 to 90 years, 58% with history and 42% with no history of breast or ovarian cancer, participated in the study. Validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change of the CWS-GC were assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested a 2-factor structure of the CWS-GC measuring cancer worry and risk perception and with Cronbach's α coefficients of .90 and .70, respectively. Criterion validity was attested by substantial yet not overlapping correlations with anxiety and fear of medical procedures. In a subsample of 50 women, test-retest reliability at a 4-week interval ranged from 0.70 to 0.87, and the CWS-GC was able to detect small to medium changes 1 month after genetic counseling. Overall, the CWS-GC showed good psychometric characteristics in this population. The CWS-GC would be appropriate for use by healthcare professionals to better understand how women react and adapt to information on genetic cancer risk to provide them with emotional support and encourage surveillance behaviors.

Effect of risk communication on anxiety, breast cancer worry and risk perception in women at high risk of breast cancer.

e22129Background: Breast cancer risk assessment models and guidelines are designed to prevent breast cancer in high risk women. However, the effect of communicating a high risk status on the psycho...

Evaluating Risk Perception based on Gender Differences for Mountaineering Activity

In average 26 death events in mountaineering per year for the time span from 2003 to 2012 is reported. The number of women dying during the mountaineering is significantly smaller than males (3.5 deaths male for one female death). This study aims to analyze the differences of risk perception based on gender and provide recommendations as education basic to prevent accidents in mountaineering. This study utilizes the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Delphi Method. A total of 200 mountaineer respondents (100 males and 100 females) participated in this study. The independent variable in this study was gender. The dependent variable was risk perception including perception toward the serious accident, perception toward the probability of accident event as well as anxiety level and perception of efficacy and self-efficacy. The study result showed that the risk perception of women is higher than men with significant difference (p-value = 0.019). The recommendations from Delphi method result are by developing a positive mental attitude, showing about the risks that exist in nature, implementing Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) to raise awareness of the safety of ownself, following the climbing or mountaineer school, and using instructors to give lessons about safety in outdoor activities.

Intended and actual use of self-medication and alternative products during pregnancy by French women

Objectives(i) To identify the proportion of non-pregnant women intending to use self-medication and self-administered alternative products (dietary supplements, essential oils and herbal teas) in the event of pregnancy, and the proportion of pregnant women using these products. (ii) To describe women's risk perception related to these products and the advice given by health professionals. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted. One hundred and twenty-eight women (60 non-pregnant and 68 pregnant women) responded to a self-administered questionnaire. ResultsThe proportion of pregnant women using self-medication was higher than the proportion of non-pregnant women intending to use self-medication (72% vs 48%, P=0.01) and lower for the use of herbal teas (29% vs 63%, P<0.01). There were no differences between the two groups for dietary supplements (25%) and essential oils (18%). Non-prescribed medications were perceived as a risk by 90% of all the women. Dietary supplements were considered as a medication by 68% of pregnant women and 48% of non-pregnant women (P=0.04). Health professionals provided advice for alternative products to 23% of the pregnant women, and 83% of the non-pregnant women expressed the wish to receive advice if they became pregnant. ConclusionHealth professionals should inform women, even before pregnancy, about the safe use of medications and alternative products during pregnancy.

Communicating breast cancer risk information to young adult women: A pilot study

ABSTRACTObjective: To examine the effectiveness of a health promotion flyer to increase awareness of breast cancer risk and physical activity as a risk reduction strategy in young adult women. Methods: Young adult women (N = 123) viewed one of five health promotion flyers online and then completed measures of perceived breast cancer risk (PR) and perceived informativeness (PI) and a qualitative thought-listing activity. Results: Differences were observed in PI such that the control and low risk/low information messages were significantly less informative than the others. Qualitative analyses revealed two general themes: message content and flyer design. Additional analyses of the flyer design comments revealed four sub-themes: negative thoughts about the image, positive thoughts about the image, misunderstanding breast cancer risk information, and social comparison. Exploratory analyses controlling for message type indicated that image appraisal predicted PI such that those who commented on the image found the flyer to be less informative. Discussion: Results suggest that the flyer was informative but did not impact young women's breast cancer risk perceptions. Additionally, the image may have distracted young women from the intended message. Evaluating the acceptability of images used in health promotion materials is recommended before testing the effectiveness of the intervention.

A Survey of Osteoporosis and Breast Cancer Risk Perception among Menopausal and Postmenopausal Women in Hong Kong.

ObjectivesA lack of understanding in menopausal and postmenopausal women's (PMW) risk perception towards osteoporosis and breast cancer still exists, which is explored in this study. This information might allow health professionals to conduct interventions to improve health behaviors before menopause-related diseases are imminent.MethodsBetween 10 December 2015 and 31 January 2016, 573 menopausal or PMW were successfully interviewed on 17 questions, comprising separate sections for osteoporosis and breast cancer. The target respondents were menopausal or PMW aged 45 to 60 years, with no previous diagnosis of osteoporosis or breast cancer, who attended private clinics across Hong Kong for annual physical examination.ResultsRegarding menopausal issues, the top three concerns were osteoporosis and fracture (72%), breast cancer (44%), and sleep disorder/insomnia/headache (40%). Among 314 respondents (55%) who tried to prevent osteoporosis, 74% of them began to do it after they were 40 years old. On the other hand, 65% of respondents never had a bone density test. For respondents who said “I'm too young, so I don't need to check”, their mean age was 52 years old. Ninety percent of respondents mistakenly believed that regular breast examination, regular breast massage, drink soy milk, or vaccine can prevent breast cancer.ConclusionsThis survey revealed osteoporosis and breast cancer as the top concerns among menopausal and PMW in Hong Kong. Inadequate health behaviors and misconceptions still exist despite widespread health education in the recent years.

Voices from the Unheard: Perceptions of HIV among Middle Class Black Women in Atlanta

AbstractBlack women have higher HIV risk than women of other ethnic groups. While literature on Black women and HIV risk is extensive, it mostly focuses on “traditional risk groups” like low‐income, low‐education, or drug users. Little research exists on HIV risk in college‐educated, middle class women. Based on ethnographic research in Atlanta, Georgia, this study explores middle class Black women's HIV risk perceptions, knowledge, and sexual behaviors. Using a womanist framework, this article explains how race, gender, and class interact to shape HIV risk in this underrepresented population. Some middle class Black women perceive their HIV risk as low based on social status, whereas structural factors related to Black women living in urban settings weaken the protective influence of class and increases HIV risk. Research findings inform prevention strategies for Black women who fall outside “traditional risk groups” and contributes to our knowledge of anthropological HIV research.