Power Of Women Research Articles

THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF POWER: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON BLACK AMERICAN WOMENAS PORTRAYED IN MAUD MARTHA AND THE HATE U GIVE

This study is an attempt to present a latent racial and gendered issue repeatedly taking place in American society as depicted by two novels produced within 70 years interval of time. Maud Martha was published in 1953 and The Hate U Give in 2017. Using critical discourse analysis and qualitative research methods, this article aims to explicate the causes of the unjust construction of Black women's power relations and how Black women cope with such unfavorable situations in such very different eras. Critical discourse analysis observes people's interactions through language because language is the basic element of life and the way truth and power are produced. In power contestation, discourse plays two opposing roles i.e., maintaining or preserving the system of dominion on one side and in another side fighting against the system of dominion. Seizing discourse means seizing power. The ongoing unjust construction of racial power relations is the major discourse that Maud Martha and Starr Carter have to live in. They exercise power producing discourses of their own as their resistance against the ongoing unfavorable major discourse. The contestation of power leads to hard mass demonstrations in The Hate U Give and a solemn understanding of living a peaceful life in Maud Martha.

Intersectionality of HIV Stigma with Female Identity: An Investigation among Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Vietnam.

Women living with HIV/AIDS (WLHA) in Vietnam encounter challenges stemming from HIV-related stigma and gender disparities. This study delves into the intersectionality of HIV-related stigma and gender disparities as perceived by WLHA. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 91 WLHA in Hanoi, Vietnam. Two sets of identically worded scales were used to measure awareness, agreement, and application of stigma towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) and WLHA. A larger difference between stigma scores towards WLHA and that of PLHA represents a higher level of female-specific stigma. Univariate analyses and multiple regressions were conducted to identify demographic and psycho-social factors associated with the gendered differences in stigma measures. Multiple linear regression showed that WLHA who were currently married were more likely to apply stigma concepts to themselves due to gender identity (adjusted beta coefficient (aBeta Coef) = 0.223). Psychological capital was negatively associated with awareness of stigma towards female identity (aBeta Coef = -0.261). A higher perceived norm in women's equity and power was associated with less self-application of female-specific stigma (aBeta Coef = -0.294). Our findings underscore the importance of addressing psychological well-being and promoting gender equity norms as essential components in the efforts to reduce female-specific HIV-related stigma in WLHA.

Gender differences in rice production participation among smallholder farmers in small-scale irrigation schemes in mbarali district, Tanzania

Smallholder farmers are crucial to agri-food production in sub-Saharan Africa. However, gender disparities in rice production participation persist in Tanzania. Existing research has yet to fully explore how demographic and socioeconomic factors influence gendered participation in rice production. This study assesses gender differences in rice production participation patterns among smallholder farmers and identify gender-related socio-economic and demographic factors influencing differences in participation within small-scale irrigation schemes in Mbarali District. Using cross-sectional approach, data were collected from 397 randomly selected farmers through structured questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics, including ordered probit regression. The results revealed significant gender differences in rice production participation (p < 0.01). Male farmers had higher participation rates in activities such as land preparation, seedbed preparation, seedling management, irrigation, herbicide, fertilizer, pesticide application, harvesting, transporting, storage, and selling, while female farmers had higher participation rates in transplanting and weeding. The overall level of participation was moderate, with 78 % of male farmers and 49 % of female farmers. However, larger proportion of females (43 %) were at a lower participation levels compared to only 1 % of male farmers, while 21 % of males and 8 % of females were at high participation levels. Factors like household size, farming management, hierarchical position within households, decision-making power, and the ability to access irrigation water positively influenced participation levels, while land size cultivated had a negative impact (p < 0.05). These were gender-related socio-economic and demographic factors that disadvantage female farmers' participation (p < 0.05). While the age of the farmer and inadequacy of irrigation water significantly affected participation levels, farm-hired labour had positive influence, however, these factors were not gender-specific. The study concludes that gender differences in participation in rice production are influenced by demographic and socio-economic factors. To address these, the study recommends for interventions that reduce gender disparities by promoting equality in resource access, enhancing women's decision-making power over resources and ability to access irrigation water, and ensure sufficient water in small-scale irrigation schemes. The government should create an enabling environment that supporting female farmers in small-scale irrigation schemes for broader gender equality in agriculture and rural development.

Women's decision-making power can influence modern contraceptive use: Evidence from Bangladesh.

It is generally believed that gender inequality and women's lack of decision-making power may restrict women's use of modern contraception, leading to high rates of unwanted pregnancies, abortions, and deaths. Evidence shows that empowered women are more likely to use modern contraception methods, but few studies have investigated this across multiple domains of empowerment. This study examined the associations between women's empowerment and modern contraception use in Bangladesh. Data from a sample of 16,834 married women aged 15-49years from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018 were analysed. Complex survey weight adjusted logistic models were fitted to evaluate the associations after adjusting for clusters, strata, and sampling weights. indicate that just over half of the married women (55.7%) had used modern contraception methods. Women's empowerment was associated with contraceptive use, especially decision-making power. Women who had medium or high autonomy of household decision making were likely to have 20% (AOR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.04-1.39) and 27% (AOR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.11-1.45) increased odds of using modern contraceptives compared to those who scored low in the decision-making domain. The findings demonstrated strong evidence of direct influence of women's decision-making power on modern contraception use. The results also found influence of several socio-demographic factors including area of residence, husband's age, wealth index andmobile phone ownership on the use of modern contraceptives. Future interventions can focus on integrating women's empowerment into family planning programming, with a particular focus on enhancing women's autonomy in decision making.

The effect of Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory-based care during pregnancy and postpartum period on health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To examine the effect of the provision of care on health outcomes when provided based on Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory during perinatal period. The perinatal period is a process with multidimensional care needs for the mother, baby and family. Care based on nursing theories can improve the quality of perinatal care. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies on this topic from 2006 to 2020 have been accessed by nine database searches. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Checklists for experimental and quasi-experimental studies, developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. This study was conducted by following the Preferred Reporting System for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. This systematic review included nine studies with a total sample size of 839 women. These studies showed that care based on Orem's theory significantly helped prolong the mean duration of pregnancy, reduced the incidence of preterm labor, improved hygiene behaviour and increased empowerment. Concerning the perinatal period, this intervention significantly improved self-care and readiness for hospital discharge, adaptation and breastfeeding self-efficacy and reduced nipple pain and pain due to abdominal distension. The implementation of this theory into care during the perinatal period can contribute to improved health outcomes. What is already known about this topic? The quality of pregnancy and postpartum care is important for the maternal health. The use of nursing theories-which nursing knowledge is produced-improves care quality and ensures that care is organized systematically. What this paper adds? There is insufficient research that supports Orem's theory of self-care deficit in pregnancy and postpartum care and also no systematic review about this topic, but the current meta-analysis showed that postnatal and prenatal treatments based on Orem's theory have a positive impact on the self-care agency. The implications of this paper: The use of Orem's theory helps nurses understand women and their needs during pregnancy and postpartum periods. Integrating Orem's theory of self-care deficit into pregnancy and postpartum nursing care services can help increase women's self-care power.

On Joy and War: Black Feminism/Intersectionality

Black feminist theorizing developed outside the formal academy to meet the needs of Black women but did not end there. This review offers entrée to some current “wars” and debates on politics of knowledge about Black feminist theories, concepts, and praxis that have deepened within sociology and increasingly extend into live conference panels, online debates, and legislatures. Shared characteristics within Black feminism include persistent and critical attention to Black women's knowledge production, power, and social change—but there is much more. Drawing on sociology and other disciplines, this review of Black feminism/intersectionality covers families of Black feminisms, disciplinary citation trends, methodological considerations, and tensions around embodiment in claims to Black feminism and intersectionality. In the conclusions, we propose directions to untether conflicts, unsettle wars, and move toward joy and liberation as the struggle continues.A Spanish translation is available online at https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-030424-062839

DEMOGRAPHIC TARGETING OF USERS IN MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK DIGITAL MARKETING AMONG SMALLHOLDER CATTLE FARMERS

Several livestock diseases leading to high mortality rates among animals have raised concerns about a potential food crisis in Indonesia. To prevent further spread of these diseases, access to livestock sheds has been restricted. This situation has highlighted the importance of developing alternative marketing channels to facilitate livestock trade. The present study investigates the demographic factors that influence farmers' interest in adopting mobile applications for digital livestock marketing in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The data for this research was collected from a stratified random sample of 968 respondents across four regions. Prior to the interviews, farmers were provided with an introduction and given the opportunity to experience the mobile applications firsthand. The data analysis employed descriptive statistics, non-parametric analysis, and a logistic regression model. The results indicated a significant (p &lt; 0.05) association between variables such as the farmer's age, educational level, women's decision-making power, farming revenue, cattle ownership, farming experience, and interest in using mobile applications for livestock digital marketing. However, no distinction in adoption interest was observed between farmers who were members of agricultural groups and those who were not. These findings have significant methodological implications, as they require independent interviewing among member farmer groups. This study suggests that developers of mobile applications for livestock digital marketing should consider the lack of digital literacy among farmers as a crucial factor influencing their interest in adopting new technologies. Addressing the digital literacy gap could increase the adoption and effective use of these applications within the farming community.

Level of optimal antenatal care utilization and its associated factors among pregnant women in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia: new WHO-recommended ANC 8+ model.

To fully realize the life-saving and health-promoting benefits of antenatal care (ANC), the latest World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations call for pregnant women to have at least eight contacts with skilled healthcare providers. This increased number of recommended ANC visits represents a shift toward a more comprehensive, individualized approach to prenatal care. The focus is on health promotion, disease prevention, and the early detection and management of complications during pregnancy. However, in sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia, the coverage rate for this level of recommended antenatal care is only 58%. Given this relatively low utilization, identifying the key risk factors that prevent adequate antenatal care would have significant implications for increasing overall ANC uptake in these regions. The aim of the present study was to assess the level of optimal antenatal care utilization and its associated factors among pregnant women in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia in 2023 using the new WHO-recommended ANC 8+ model. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 416 mothers who were enrolled between 1 December 2022 and 30 January 2023. The total sample size was allocated proportionately to the number of women who delivered at each public health facility. Thus, systematic sampling was applied. Kobo Toolbox was used for data collection and cleaning, which was then analyzed using SPSS Version 26. Statistical significance was determined at a p-value <0.05. In this study, the level of optimal antenatal care was 41% [95% confidence interval (CI): 37-45.3]. The associated factors with optimal antenatal care were the presence of pregnancy danger signs [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.87-8.82], having bad obstetric history (AOR = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.94-7.83), antenatal contact at hospital (AOR = 5.11, 95% CI: 2.28-11.21), having good knowledge about antenatal care (AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.15-4.44), women's high decision-making power (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.2-7.63), and male partner involvement (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.04-3.78) were positively associated with optimal antenatal care utilization. The level of optimal antenatal follow-up is still low. Therefore, it is crucial to provide more information during the antenatal contacts to lower the rate of women discontinued from antenatal care.

Do Trolls Dream of Women in Power? An Approach to Gender Trolling as Political Violence

En la sociedad pospandémica actual, las redes sociales desempeñan un papel crucial como principales espacios de socialización, facilitando la circulación de ideas y comportamientos. No obstante, el internet no ha supuesto la creación de una esfera pública digital más libre y democrática, sino que se observa más bien una transposición de las dinámicas de poder y desigualdades de la esfera pública convencional. El anonimato en línea, en lugar de subvertir las relaciones de género, ha propiciado la desinhibición negativa, normalizando discursos sexistas y misóginos. Una revisión de la literatura científica pone de manifiesto que el troleo de género, especialmente visible en temas como igualdad, violencia de género y feminismo, contribuye a crear y mantener un entorno hostil para las mujeres, limitando su participación y expresión. La misoginia y la reactividad ante las mujeres en roles políticos las convierte en víctimas especialmente propicias de este tipo de conductas, considerándose parte de las violencias contra las mujeres en política. Las redes sociales, al difundir y normalizar estos comportamientos, pueden tener un impacto negativo en la participación de las mujeres en la esfera pública y la política. Los gestores de plataformas en línea juegan un papel esencial en abordar este fenómeno, ya que cuentas falsas, trolls y ataques de odio persisten con impunidad.

Role and the Untold Stories of the Women in Power in the Epic Mahabharata

This paper provides an overview of existing research papers analysing "Palace of Illusions" by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. It highlights key findings and contributions of these studies, which explore various aspects of the novel, including its feminist perspective, narrative techniques, cultural representation, and character analysis. Through close textual analysis and theoretical frameworks such as feminism, postcolonialism, and psychology, scholars investigate how Divakaruni reimagines traditional mythology, crafts her narrative, navigates cultural complexities, and portrays the character of Draupadi. The paper concludes by suggesting avenues for further research to deepen our understanding of this captivating work and its significance within Indian literature, feminism, and postcolonial discourse.

Women in power: the role of gender in renewable energy policymaking

Do female policymakers encourage the production of renewable energy compared to their male counterparts? Using instrumental variables, we conduct a cross-country analysis of 39 high-income countries for the years 1997–2020 using quota laws and women’s suffrage as instruments for women’s participation in the parliament. We find that a 1 percentage point increase in the proportion of women in the legislature increases renewable energy production by 1.54 percentage points. This study suggests that fostering policies that boost women’s participation in policy-making positions is beneficial, especially when considering the positive spillover to other countries.

Terentia and the Bona Dea: Women's Public Power in the Late Roman Republic

Abstract: This paper challenges older views that women's political power in the late Roman Republic was exercised mainly behind the scenes and had to be, because women could not have publicly acknowledged power. First, ancient historiography is used to recover a model of politics, according to which women's interventions gained urgency when made in public. Then, case studies explore how high-ranking women ( matronae ) used the annual rites for the Bona Dea to contribute to public life and intervene in politics. Later accounts of the Catilinarian conspiracy of 63 b.c.e. positively recalled actions of Cicero's wife Terentia and her peers.

The National Policy of Empowerment of Women- A Critical Evaluation of Policies with Special Reference to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2006

The simple logic about the status of women in India is “as women receive greater education and training, they will earn more money. As women earn more money they spend it in the further education and health of their children, as opposed to men. Women rise in economic status; they will gain greater social standing in the household and the village, and will have greater voice. As women gain influence and consciousness, they will make stronger claims to their entitlements - gaining further training, better access to credit and higher incomes - and command attention of police and courts when attacked. As women's economic power grows, it will be easier to overcome the tradition of "son preference" and thus put an end to the evil of dowry. As son preference declines and acceptance of violence declines, families will be more likely to educate their daughters” (Coonrod, 1998). In other words, the women need to be ‘empowered.’

Women's Public Leadership in the Implementation of Women-Friendly Village Program Policy and Child Protection in Kediri Regency

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the strength of women's leadership power as village heads in the implementation of the National Program for Women-Friendly Villages and Child Protection as well as an indicator of gender justice at the village level. This research method uses a qualitative approach with a type of case research. A single informant from the village heads of Kedak, Semen, Kediri and additional informants from the Sahabat Perempuan cadre. Data analysis using the Cresswel model. The findings of this study are: 1. the village head's decision on women's and children's organizations has been drafted; 2. disaggregated data on population by sex, vulnerable groups, disability are available; 3. the village head's decision on Women-Friendly and Child Care Villages has been drafted; 4. allocated budget for activities; 5. Women's representation in Village Governments, Village Consultative Bodies, Village Resilience Institutions, and Village Customary Institutions; 6. There is still a lack of women who are entrepreneurs; 7. There is still a lack of children receiving child-based care; 8. No violence against women and children; 9. no children work; and 10. There is no child marriage. The conclusion of this study is that women's public leadership requires going directly to the community and listening to aspirations and implementing in accordance with the beliefs and personal abilities of the village head.

Leg Press and Chest Press Power Normative Values by Half Decade in Older Women.

Parrino, RL, Martinez, KJ, Konlian, JA, Conti, JM, and Signorile, JF. Leg press and chest press power normative values by half decade in older women. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 991-998, 2024-Neuromuscular power is essential for the performance of most activities of daily living and the maintenance of functional independence throughout the aging process. Power declines rapidly in later life; however, this decline may be reduced or delayed with early detection and intervention. Therefore, this study provides leg press and chest press power normative values for older women. Women's power data for this analysis included 229 participants, 60-90 years of age. Power testing was conducted on Keiser A420 pneumatic leg press and chest press machines following a standardized protocol. Data were stratified into half-decade age groups and analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA. Descriptive statistics and quartile rankings are reported, and significant differences between age groups are outlined. There were significant differences in absolute and relative leg press peak power between the age groups ( p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in absolute or relative chest press peak power between the age groups. This research established normative values and quartile rankings for leg press and chest press power in older women 60-90 years of age, allowing comparative evaluations with patients and subjects by clinicians and researchers, respectively. These values should improve exercise interventions designed to improve power production by providing assessments of subjects' current status and allowing comprehensive monitoring of progress.

Delay in Seeking Institutional Delivery Services and Associated Factors Among Immediate Postpartum Mothers in Public Health Facilities in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022.

Maternal and neonatal mortality is a global problem that is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Maternal delay in seeking institutional delivery services utilization plays a significant role in determining maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Although studies have been conducted on institutional delivery service utilization in Ethiopia, little is known about factors for delays in seeking care for institutional delivery services. This study aimed to assess the delay in seeking institutional delivery services and associated factors among immediate postpartum mothers in public health facilities in Gondar, northwest Ethiopia. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 15 to September 10, 2022. A total of 391 participants were selected using systematic random sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using structured, pretested, and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.6, and the analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Science version 26. The multivariable logistic regression model was fitted and the level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The prevalence of delay in seeking institutional delivery was 49.10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 44.13, 54.08). Rural residence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.43-4.41), no antenatal care visits (AOR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.34-6.13), unplanned pregnancy (AOR: 2.98; 95% CI: 1.78-5.01), poor decision-making autonomy in maternity care services (AOR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.15-3.40), and poor birth preparedness plan (AOR: 4.88; 95% CI: 2.79-8.53) were significantly associated with delays in seeking institutional delivery. Delays in seeking institutional delivery services were high. It is better to promote women's decision-making power in their own health care. In addition, it is better to arrange programs that will improve maternal and child health service utilization.

Women's decision-making power and the adoption of liquefied petroleum gas for cooking in Cameroon

The low-level of women's decision-making power could be the determining cause of the minimal adoption of clean cooking fuel in Africa, needing deep exploration. This study surveys the gendered nature of household adoption of liquefied petroleum gas for cooking in Cameroon. Specifically, it assesses the effect of women's decision-making power in the household on LPG adoption. Using data from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey, we estimated several standard and recursive bivariate probit models. We accounted for the endogeneity of women's autonomy in the LPG adoption model by using women's control over land as an instrument. Our results show that women's participation in household decisions increases the household probability of adopting LPG for cooking. In addition, women's land rights increase women's final say on large household purchases. Therefore, policies enhancing land rights equity have the potential to increase women's decision-making power, therefore increasing adoption of LPG.

Empowering women for embracing energy-efficient appliances: Unraveling factors and driving change in Pakistan's residential sector

The residential sector's role in global energy consumption highlights the need to understand residents' energy behaviors. However, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding women's preferences for energy-efficient appliances, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan, where women have limited decision-making power within their households. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior this study establishes framework by incorporating constructs such as personal norms, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms, along with an additional construct of place attachment. By using the data of women of Pakistan and using partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM), the findings reveal that place attachment and perceived behavioral control substantially influences the women's attitudes and intentions to purchase energy-saving appliances. However, personal norms and subjective norms are found to be non-significant factors. Notably, subjective norms are found to significantly influence the purchase willingness through attitudes. The insignificant findings reflect the prevailing patriarchal culture that may influence women's decision-making power towards purchasing appliances. The overall study holds significant relevance in the context of Pakistani households, where understanding the adoption of energy-efficient appliances from a gender perspective can provide an opportunity to initiate efforts towards a clean and sustainable future, as well as gender equality by assisting policymakers in establishing gender-oriented energy policies.

The Portrayal of Women’s Power Ambivalence: in Literature- to- Film Adaptation of Enola Holmes

The pursuit of dreams by women often results in a complex state of ambivalence, as they contend with societal, familial, and personal obstacles. This underscores the need for a new cultural narrative that reconciles the strengths and weaknesses of women. Our research focuses on examining the portrayal of woman's power in the novel and film Enola Holmes. Utilizing a qualitative approach and Betty Friedan's liberal feminism as a framework, we explore the multifaceted nature of female empowerment as represented by the character Enola Holmes. Our findings reveal that Enola's aspiration to become a detective symbolizes female empowerment but is marked by ambivalence. A form of ambivalence can be seen when Enola ends up in boarding school, falls in love with a man, gets help from male friend, gets a culture shock, and uses the name “Holmes”; Eudoria’s absence after her enthusiastic efforts of teaching Enola and making a plan for reform bill with her feminist movement; Dowager's plan to kill Tewkesbury is defeated by Enola Holmes and Tewkesbury; women oppressing women through the character Enola Holmes fights Edith and Enola Holmes argues Miss Harrison. Therefore, these complexities suggest a paradox: efforts to challenge patriarchal norms can inadvertently reinforce the culture they seek to change. In conclusion, our study highlights the nuanced nature of female empowerment in "Enola Holmes," offering insights into the intricate interplay between women's agency and societal norms in the ongoing struggle for gender equality.

Why do women still give birth at home; perceptions of Pakistani women and decision-makers from marginalized communities.

In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), maternal and newborn mortality is high due to the high prevalence of home births. Understanding the reasons behind this behavior is essential for improving maternal and newborn outcomes. Therefore, a qualitative exploratory study was conducted in a peri-urban community in Karachi, Pakistan to understand the perceptions of pregnant women who delivered at home despite receiving antenatal care and the perceptions of their decision-makers regarding this behavior. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 randomly sampled women who chose to deliver at home after receiving antenatal care at a health facility, as well as 15 family members who were purposively identified as decision-makers by the women themselves. Thematic analysis was performed to explore the perceptions, myths, and cultural beliefs about homebirths as well as women's decision-making power related to childbirth. The three main themes identified showed that traditional beliefs and practices, poverty and gender inequality, and poor healthcare systems significantly influence the preference for childbirth. Traditional beliefs and practices, including religious and cultural beliefs, played a role in perceiving childbirth as a natural process best managed at home. The presence of traditional birth attendants who provide personalized care and emotional support further reinforced this preference. Gender inequalities, including limited access to mobile phones and women's caregiving roles, were identified as barriers to seeking formal healthcare at the time of delivery. Additionally, poor experiences with the formal healthcare system, such as the poor attitude of formal healthcare workers and fear of medical interventions, also contributed to the decision to deliver at home. The study highlighted the complex interplay between traditional/religious beliefs, gender inequalities, and healthcare experiences in shaping the decision to deliver at home despite receiving ANC services in marginalized settings. Addressing these factors is necessary for promoting facility-based delivery and improving maternal and neonatal outcomes in LMICs.