Women's Mental Health Research Articles

Prevalence and associated factors of prenatal depression in pregnant Korean women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

This study investigated the effects of prenatal education characteristics, pandemic-related pregnancy stress, and health behaviors during pregnancy on prenatal depression in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The participants were 180 pregnant Korean women, recruited from internet communities for pregnancy preparation, childbirth, and childcare, from July 5 to 15, 2022. The collected data were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple regression analysis. The scores for pandemic-related pregnancy stress (24.50±6.37) and health behaviors during pregnancy (67.07±9.20) were high. Nearly half of the participants (n=89, 49.4%) presented with prenatal depression, with scores of 10 or greater. Prenatal depression had a positive correlation with gestational age (r=.18, p=.019) and pandemic-related pregnancy stress (r=.27, p<.001), and a negative correlation with health behaviors during pregnancy (r=-.42, p<.001). The factors associated with prenatal depression were pandemic-related pregnancy stress (t=4.70, p<.001), marital satisfaction (dissatisfied) (t=3.66, p<.001), pregnancy healthcare practice behaviors (t=-3.31, p=.001), family type (weekend couple) (t=2.84, p=.005), and gestational age (t=2.32, p=.022). The explanatory power of these variables was 38.2%. Since participants had a high level of prenatal depression during the pandemic, and infectious diseases such as COVID-19 may recur, strategies should be developed to improve pregnant women's mental health with consideration of the unique variables that are relevant in a pandemic. It is also necessary to develop efficient online prenatal education programs that can be implemented even in special circumstances such as social distancing, and to evaluate their effectiveness.

"I hope I die. That is what I hope for": Qualitative study of lived experiences of mental health of Indian women living with HIV experiencing intersectional stigma.

Poor mental health due to stigma and discrimination has been well documented among women living with HIV. Although they often have other marginalized and stigmatized identities, little is known about their mental health as a result of experiencing multiple stigmas. Current narratives of mental health as a result of HIV-related stigma center on common mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression. However, biomedical diagnostic categories may not be as well known in all cultural and social contexts, and people may choose to express their distress in their own language. It is therefore important to listen to how women express their mental health concerns in their own language-their lived experiences-in order to best support them. To fill this research gap, semi-structured interviews were conducted in Kolkata, India, with 31 women living with HIV and 16 key informants. Data were coded and analyzed using thematic network analysis. The results showed that women suffered from poor mental health, which in turn affected their physical health. This happened through reduced adherence to medication, lowered CD4 counts, and the physical effects of stress, which could be perceived as prolonged. Participants described women's mental health concerns as worry, sadness, hopelessness, and fear, but biomedical diagnostic labels were rarely used. This allowed women to avoid additional stigmatization due to mental illness, which can attract some risk in this social context. As many women living with HIV experience poor mental health, they should be supported with a combination of psychosocial and psychological interventions. These include screening all women for mental illness and offering them mental health first aid. Those requiring additional support should be offered specialist psychotherapeutic and pharmacological care. This must be accompanied by stigma reduction interventions if they are to be successful in addressing the mental health needs of women living with HIV.

The Emotional State During Cesarean Section and Vaginal Delivery

Alterations in emotional, social, or psychological factors of a woman's life in postpartum could lead to impairing mood disturbances. Depressed mood in mothers in the first days after delivery is named maternity blues and accepted as a common phenomenon in the postpartum phase. The aim of the present study is to determine the mood of the women with pregnancy after delivery. After approval of Clinical Research Ethics Committee, this cross-sectional designed study was enrolled women in postpartum period who underwent vaginal delivery or cesarean section in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey. All subjects were invited to complete the questionnaires including Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Short Form-36 in the first 24th hour of postpartum period. The lumbopelvic pain intensity associated with cesarean section incision or episiotomy was evaluated using visual analog scale. The mean age of the participants was 28.43∓5.14. In catastrophizing group, the mean role limitations due to physical health problems, Beck Depression Inventory-C, Beck Depression Inventory-S, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and visual analog scale in women with cesarean section, and general mental health in women with vaginal delivery were significantly higher compared to each other (p=0.037, p=0.002, p=0.003, p=0.01, p=0.042, p&amp;lt;0.01, p=0.005, respectively). The present study revealed that the psychological condition and quality of life of women may impair after cesarean section, hence it might be beneficial to provide emotional support for patients after cesarean section.

Nexus of Family Conflict and Depression among Married Women Working at Public Hospitals

Family is considered the strongest support institution in terms of social and economic support. However, adversaries within the family system can influence human behavior in negative ways. In this vein, the study attempts to understand the relationship of adversaries within the family and its impact on the level of depression among married women working in public hospitals. For this purpose, two hospitals, namely, Khyber Teaching Hospital and Leady Reading Hospitals of Peshawar City, were selected. Data were collected from a sample of 300 married working women through a structured questionnaire. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling techniques. A Chi-square statistic was applied to know about the association between family conflict and depression. The results revealed a strong association between family conflict and depression among married women working in public sector hospitals. This shows that family conflict influences married women's mental health, and its influence is also reflected in the work environment. Family conflict coupled with job responsibility causes depression among married women. Working women living in families with conflict need proper counseling and guidance. The role of the family counselor is very important in this regard. Public hospitals need to take care of the problems and issues of married working women by providing them concessions in work and special support.

Importance of Preventive Measures to Reduce the Incidence of Postpartum Depression in Unintended Pregnancies: A Narrative Review

Unintended pregnancies and associated emotional issues can negatively affect expectant mothers, potentially harming both them and their babies. This study focuses on the significance of forgiveness as an intervention for healing emotional wounds, enhancing self-acceptance, and improving overall well-being and relationships among mothers. It assesses forgiveness's impact on the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health of mothers throughout their lives, bolstering their resilience. A narrative review of evidence on forgiveness in the context of unwanted teenage pregnancies was conducted from January 2016 to January 2019, including PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane, EBSCO, PubMed, UpToDate, and Clinical Key. Out of 995 studies, 14 articles were selected, primarily emphasizing forgiveness therapy for adolescent bullying and social issues. Although research on forgiveness in unwanted pregnancies was limited and had methodological limitations, early interventions are crucial to safeguard pregnant women's physical and mental health during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Further research with improved methodology is needed to comprehensively understand forgiveness's impact and enhance support for pregnant women

The influence of perceptions of gender discrimination in the workplace on depressive symptoms among Korean working women: The moderating role of job satisfaction

RationaleWhile previous research has primarily examined the mental health implications of experiencing racial or gender discrimination in the workplace within a Western context, there remains a gap in understanding the impact of perceptions of workplace gender discrimination (WGD) on mental health in Asian countries. Additionally, the potential moderating role of job satisfaction in this relationship is yet to be thoroughly explored. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between perceptions of WGD and depressive symptoms, independent of an individual's personal experiences of workplace discrimination. This study also examined whether this association is moderated by job satisfaction, distinguishing between intrinsic satisfaction (related to recognition of performance and achievement) and extrinsic satisfaction (related to wages, workplace relationships, and welfare). MethodsThe data utilized for this study were collected from 2170 employed women over four waves (eight years) of the Korea Women Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families, between 2012 and 2020. Fixed effects (FE) models were utilized to account for unobserved individual heterogeneity. ResultsFE estimates indicated that perceptions of WGD is significantly associated with an increase in depressive symptoms (b = 0.577, p < 0.001), even after controlling for personal experiences of workplace discrimination. Interaction analyses further revealed that this association is moderated by extrinsic job satisfaction (b = −0.318, p < 0.05), but not intrinsic job satisfaction. ConclusionThe perceptions of WGD may be a potential pathway by which gender inequalities at the workplace harms women's mental health. Interventions to reduce gender discrimination and enhance extrinsic job satisfaction may contribute to improving the mental health of working women.

Causal association of immune cells and polycystic ovarian syndrome: a Mendelian randomization study.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive disorder that affects a considerable number of women worldwide. It is accompanied by irregular menstruation, hyperandrogenism, metabolic abnormalities, reproductive disorders and other clinical symptoms, which seriously endangers women's physical and mental health. The etiology and pathogenesis of PCOS are not completely clear, but it is hypothesized that immune system may play a key role in it. However, previous studies investigating the connection between immune cells and PCOS have produced conflicting results. Mendelian randomization (MR) is a powerful study design that uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to enable examination of the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome in observational data. In this study, we utilized a comprehensive two-sample MR analysis to examine the causal link between 731 immune cells and PCOS. We employed complementary MR methods, such as the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, and conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate the reliability of the outcomes. Four immunophenotypes were identified to be significantly associated with PCOS risk: Memory B cell AC (IVW: OR [95%]: 1.123[1.040 to 1.213], p = 0.003), CD39+ CD4+ %CD4+ (IVW: OR [95%]: 0.869[0.784 to 0.963], p = 0.008), CD20 on CD20- CD38-(IVW: OR [95%]:1.297[1.088 to 1.546], p = 0.004), and HLA DR on CD14- CD16+ monocyte (IVW: OR [95%]:1.225[1.074 to 1.397], p = 0.003). The results of the sensitivity analyses were consistent with the main findings. Our MR analysis provides strong evidence supporting a causal association between immune cells and the susceptibility of PCOS. This discovery can assist in clinical decision-making regarding disease prognosis and treatment options, and also provides a new direction for drug development.

Effect of cognitive behavior therapy training and psychological nursing on the midwifery process in the delivery room.

The severe physical and psychological impact of pain on the physical and mental health of women during labor leads to increased risks and complications during childbirth, presenting a major public health concern. Some studies have shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has a positive effect on maternal psychology during delivery, reducing stress and shortening labor time. Thus, CBT training for mothers and delivery room staff may be beneficial in minimizing complications and adverse effects during natural birth. To investigate the clinical effects of CBT training and psychological care during delivery, and their therapeutic effects on women in labor. This study used a retrospective analysis and included 140 mothers admitted to the maternity ward between January 2021 and January 2023. The study subjects were randomized into two groups: control (n = 70) and observation (n = 70). Routine care, CBT training, and psychological care were provided to mothers in both groups. Psychological status scores, delivery time, and satisfaction with care pre- and post-delivery were compared, and the incidence of complications after receiving care was analyzed between the two groups. Although the psychological state of both groups improved significantly in the late stages of labor, the psychological state scores of the mothers in the observation group were significantly lower than those of the mothers in the control group (P < 0.05). The duration of labor and incidence of complications in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The mothers in the observation group were significantly more satisfied with nursing care during the course of labor than those in the control group (P < 0.05). CBT training and psychological care for mothers in the midwifery process can effectively improve anxiety and depression, shorten labor duration, reduce postnatal complications, and improve nursing satisfaction and nurse-patient relationships. Its clinical application is effective and has popularization value, providing a new way to protect maternal mental health.

Compassion focused therapy for women in the perinatal period: a summary of the current literature.

Compassion focused therapy (CFT) is emerging as an effective psychological intervention to treat those experiencing mental health difficulties. CFT was adapted for women who are mothers during the perinatal period (from conception to 2 year postpartum). Although CFT is being delivered in NHS perinatal mental health services in the United Kingdom (UK), its current evidence-base for the treatment of women's mental health problems is unclear. As part of this Mini Review, we aimed to identify the current findings relating to CFT for women in the perinatal period (with or without a mental health condition) in order to identify any associated future research and clinical implications. A systematic search of two databases was undertaken. Included studies were required to meet the following criteria: (1) offered an intervention using CFT or perinatal CFT (P-CFT), (2) participants were women in the perinatal period, and (3) studies used a pre- and post-intervention study design. No language restrictions were used. A narrative synthesis was then conducted. Five studies, dating from 2018 to 2023, met the inclusion criteria. A total of 1,258 participants were included across those studies. Significant improvements in compassion-based outcomes (i.e., self-compassion, self-criticism/self-reassurance) were observed. However, these findings were primarily derived from non-clinical samples (n = 4) and could only be seen as preliminary. Although these results are encouraging for mothers presenting with sub-clinical mental health symptoms, further research is clearly warranted to determine whether CFT/P-CFT may benefit mothers, including those presenting with more significant perinatal mental health difficulties.

The social determinants of mental health disorders among women with infertility: a systematic review

IntroductionInfertility is associated with mental health disorders in women, even if a successful pregnancy resolves infertility. However, the link between social determinants of health (SDoH) and mental health in women with infertility is not well understood. We aimed to investigate the determinants thoroughly so that mental health screening and services can be tailored to suit women with infertility who are vulnerable to mental health disorders.MethodologyAll observational studies that included women participants of reproductive age with infertility and assessed social determinants associated with mental health disorders were searched using a combination of keywords from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases and published in English. Two reviewers conducted screening, data extraction, quality assessment and risk of bias. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (number CRD42022343962).ResultsThe systematic review included 32 studies out of 3405 screened articles from January 1st 2010 to 16th October 2023. Compared to women without infertility, the prevalence of mental health disorders, including anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and stress, is high among women with infertility, with the severity being influenced by social determinants—those with higher education, employment, higher personal or family income, private health insurance, higher social support, stronger religious beliefs, and higher spiritual well-being reported better mental health outcomes.ConclusionThe study highlights the need for early detection, tailored interventions, and integrated and comprehensive support systems to address the mental health needs of women with infertility and improve their well-being.

The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depression across the female reproductive lifecycle: current knowledge and future directions.

The aim of this narrative review is to consolidate knowledge on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in depression pathophysiology at different reproductive stages across the female lifespan. Despite growing evidence about the impact of gonadal hormones on mood disorders, no previous review has examined the interaction between such hormonal changes and the HPA axis within the context of depressive disorders in women. We will focus on HPA axis function in depressive disorders at different reproductive stages including the menstrual cycle (e.g., premenstrual dysphoric disorder [PMDD]), perinatally (e.g., postpartum depression), and in perimenopausal depression. Each of these reproductive stages is characterized by vast physiological changes and presents major neuroendocrine reorganization. The HPA axis is one of the main targets of such functional alterations, and with its key role in stress response, it is an etiological factor in vulnerable windows for depression across the female lifespan. We begin with an overview of the HPA axis and a brief summary of techniques for measuring HPA axis parameters. We then describe the hormonal milieu of each of these key reproductive stages, and integrate information about HPA axis function in depression across these reproductive stages, describing similarities and differences. The role of a history of stress and trauma exposure as a contributor to female depression in the context of HPA axis involvement across the reproductive stages is also presented. This review advances the pursuit of understanding common biological mechanisms across depressive disorders among women. Our overarching goal is to identify unmet needs in characterizing stress-related markers of depression in women in the context of hormonal changes across the lifespan, and to support future research in women's mental health as it pertains to pathophysiology, early diagnosis, and treatment targets.

"I was just a shell": Mental health concerns for women in perimenopause and menopause.

Early detection of deteriorating mental health for women who are experiencing symptoms associated with perimenopause and menopause is critical to ensure the well-being of women. Unfortunately, many women during this phase of their lives find it difficult to access relevant and timely treatment. This concurrent mixed methods study using an online survey and qualitative interviews explored Australian women's knowledge and experiences of perimenopause and menopause and specifically reports on findings associated with women's mental health. Four hundred and eleven women completed the online survey in its entirety and 25 women participated in semi-structured interviews between April and July 2022. Survey data were analysed using SPSS and, in this article, data are presented as descriptive statistics. Qualitative interviews were analysed using thematic analysis guided by Braun and Clarke (2013; 2019). Quantitative and qualitative data specific to women's mental health were integrated into three themes: (1) increased anxiety and depression, (2) a negative impact on emotions and (3) a negative impact on self-worth. Findings from this study will help to inform clinical services for women as it highlights the need to improve education about perimenopause and menopause for healthcare providers and women.

Regulation of Postpartum Depression and Mental Health in Women

Regulation of Postpartum Depression and Mental Health in Women

The association between intimate partner violence type and mental health in migrant women living in Spain: findings from a cross-sectional study.

The association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and mental health has been clearly established in the literature, however the differential associations between IPV type and mental health are less well understood, particularly in migrant groups who are at increased risk of both IPV and poor mental health. Under-studied and emerging forms of violence such as economic abuse and technology-facilitated abuse must be considered alongside more traditionally studied forms of IPV in order to fully understand the complex nature of violence. This study makes a novel contribution to the literature by assessing multiple forms of IPV including psychological, physical, sexual, economic and technology-facilitated IPV and their relationship with symptoms of depression and anxiety in migrant women, disaggregated by IPV type. A cross-sectional survey of migrant women living in the Valencian Community of Spain was conducted, to assess experiences of IPV and symptoms of mental health. Regression analysis from the Bayesian perspective was performed. 1,998 women accessed the survey. They had an average age of 37, and came predominantly from Europe (49%), namely Western Europe, followed by Latin America (38%). The majority had been in Spain between 1 and 3 years, and 80% had resident status. A total of 1,156 responded to questions on violence and mental health. Results showed that the prevalence of IPV was high, with 59% of women reporting any experience of violence. Economic abuse was the most commonly reported form of violence, and showed the strongest relationship with symptoms of depression. Sexual violence was the strongest predictor of anxiety. In both cases, in the presence of violence, the odds of having more severe symptoms of depression and anxiety increases by over 2.25. Technology-facilitated abuse was as detrimental to women's mental health as face-to-face violence. The findings from the study are relevant to researchers, policy-makers and service providers. They highlight the complex nature of IPV experiences faced by migrant women and the importance of understanding how different types of IPV can impact migrant mental health, in order to ensure survivors receive adequate care.

Identifying effective factors to alleviate postnatal distress and coronavirus anxiety in mothers of hospitalized preterm neonates

BackgroundGiven the critical importance of mental health in mothers of preterm neonates during the postpartum period for Population Youth Programs, our research aims to ascertain the correlation between postnatal distress and corona-induced anxiety in women who have hospitalized preterm neonates.MethodsThis descriptive-analytical study was conducted with a sample of 275 mothers of preterm neonates, were hospitalized in Gorgan city in 2020. Data collection was facilitated through the Corona Anxiety (CA) and Postnatal Distress Measured Scale (PDM). For data analysis, Spearman’s correlation and univariate and multiple linear regression were employed.ResultsThe average age of the participating mothers was 28.61 ± 6.173 years, and the average gestational age of the neonates was 32.8 ± 2.89 weeks. The study found a significant, positive correlation between CA and PDM. Controlling for other variables through multiple regression analysis, the factors that significantly influenced PDM were employment status (β = 3.88, p < 0.01), education level (β = 1.96, p = 0.032), and gestational age (β=-0.60, p < 0.001). Furthermore, number of living children (β=-4.77, p = 0.01), education (β=-2.37, p = 0.01), and gestational age (β=-0.91, p < 0.001) were the factors that were significantly associated with CA scores.ConclusionsThe correlation between CA and PDM suggests that preterm neonate’s mothers experienced increased anxiety during the pandemic. Considering the factors influencing these anxieties, targeted programs should be developed to enhance the mental health of these mothers in future pandemics. The finding that women with more children experienced less CA could serve as evidence of the positive impact of having children on the mental health of women with premature infants during a pandemic.

A comprehensive interventional program based on the needs and concerns related to female genital cosmetic surgeries: protocol for a multistage mixed methods study

BackgroundDissatisfaction with one's body and the subsequent rise in the cosmetic surgery trend pose significant public health concerns today. One unusual cosmetic surgical procedure involves enhancing the genital area. Numerous healthy women and girls have recently sought Genital Cosmetic Surgery (GCS) for beauty or improved sexual performance. There is a concern that this phenomenon may be linked to developing a new standard for vulvovaginal appearance. This stringent standard could potentially adversely affect women's mental health in the future, growing feelings of insecurity and possibly leading teenagers to consider plastic surgery.Implementing empowering and awareness-raising programs for women and girls is crucial, especially in light of the constantly evolving gender norms and the medicalization of sexuality and beauty as social constructs. It is essential that such training is integrated into comprehensive sexual education programs for adolescents. These efforts align perfectly with the SDG, recognizing that education in sexual and reproductive health, ensuring access to health, and empowering women are fundamental rights for women and girls. To accomplish these objectives, we will conduct this study to elucidate the needs and concerns related to the increasing trend of GCS. By doing so, we can concentrate on the factors motivating women to undergo GCS. This approach will enable us to develop effective interventions to empower women and girls considering GCS, thus enhancing their sexual and reproductive health.Methods and objectivesThe objectives of this multistage exploratory sequential mixed-method study will be structured into three phases:First phase: qualitative study.In-depth interviews will be conducted to elucidate the needs and concerns associated with GCS with women with a history of GCS, spouses of willing participants, and women actively seeking these procedures.A literature review in parallel with the qualitative phase will be conducted to gain insights into the needs and concerns of women worldwide considering GCS.Second phase: program design.To formulate an intervention grounded in the primary priorities identified during the qualitative stage and informed by the literature review.To prioritize the needs and concerns of women seeking GCS and to validate and endorse the intervention through input from an expert panel.Third phase: quantitative study.To assess and determine the effectiveness of the intervention designed to address the needs and concerns of women applying for GCS procedures.DiscussionThis study marks the first attempt to design and assess an intervention addressing the needs and concerns of cosmetic surgeries performed on the female genital and reproductive system. The hope is that this study's compilation and implementation will yield substantial evidence and documentation regarding the impact of educational interventions on women's and girls' sexual and reproductive empowerment. Given the rising prevalence of GCS among unmarried teenagers, this approach is of utmost significance. It underscores the necessity for gynecological and midwifery service providers to have comprehensive guidance on GCS. Such guidance can be an essential resource for healthcare providers in this field.

Modified CMIS Factors Predicting Chinese Women's Mental Health Information Seeking in Douyin

The popularity of Douyin (known as TikTok overseas) could provide additional mental health information services to Chinese women. However, the factors that influence women to seek mental health information services in Douyin are still understudied. The study applied the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking (CMIS) to Chinese women's mental health information seeking behaviors on Douyin to examine this. The study used a questionnaire (N=505), and the data analysis was conducted using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SmartPLS 4.0 was the primary data analysis technology. Results showed that direct experience, beliefs, salience, and characteristics of mental health information could significantly affect the utility of mental health information on Douyin. In addition, utility, social support, and characteristics directly affect Chinese women's mental health information seeking. Moreover, utility partially mediates the relationship between direct experience, beliefs, salience, characteristics, and mental health information seeking. Rather than targeting specific diseases or pan-health information, this study demonstrates the possibility of applying CMIS to mental health information seeking. This insight could contribute to Douyin and government health interventions to better meet the mental health information needs of Chinese women.

Social and Psychological Aspects - Communicating with Our Patients

PCOS is a common endocrine disorder with its worldwide prevalence being almost 20%, affecting women throughout every stage of their lives and is well known for its multifactorial nature. Due to its variation in phenotype, a delay in the diagnosis and hence treatment, adds to the woes of PCOS girls and women, who are already harrowed by its distressing symptoms. Hence depression, anxiety, mood, and mental health disorders are strongly prevalent in women with PCOS. Body shaming and negative body image have a profound impact on the quality of life of women with cosmetic issues. On the other hand, women with infertility have many social issues especially in countries wherein fertility is considered as a bane for women leading to depression and anxiety. Hence, decoding the relationship between mental health and PCOS can help address and improve psycho-social outcomes in such women. Counselling and communication along with evidence based behavioural interventions is the need of the hour to help PCOS women cope with their issues. Along with lifestyle counselling programs, flexible psychological counselling with an individualized approach can promote positive mental health in women with PCOS, whilst management of their physical health is commenced. In India, the PCOS Society of India, has created an organized Awareness Program called “Vijeyata-the winner” for women through Physical Sessions, Webinars, social media, YouTube Videos, supported by a grant, which educates women on the subject. The sessions also assess their knowledge through a poll conducted via pre and post sessions and helps them suspect whether they may be at risk of PCOS and encourages them to see their physicians for their problems. The details of this program will be discussed during this Session.

Bombay Begums-A treasure for social guidance films on determinants of women's mental health.

A woman's health should reach beyond the narrow perspective of maternal and reproductive health and should encompass physical as well as mental health across the life cycle. The focus should be shifted to a broader, social, legal, and economic factors rather than just immersing on lifestyle and individual factors. Recognition of mental health issues among women, education, training, and interventions at various levels would contribute to the improvement of mental health issues among women.

To Solve the Problem that Tampons are Difficult to Develop in the Chinese Market Based on Consumer Psychology

Tampons as safe, convenient, hygienic, and can give women the greatest degree of menstrual freedom of health products have tried to enter the Chinese market in several decades, but repeatedly failed. In contrast, in the European and American markets, tampons have long been widely used by women as hygiene products, occupying most of the market share of the same category of goods. Its product characteristics and use methods are well publicized and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. This phenomenon not only reflects that there are many ideological and cognitive concepts in contemporary Chinese society that need to be updated, but also reflects that women's physical and mental health needs greater attention. At the same time, tampons themselves are also facing problems such as product innovation, inadequate publicity, and no price advantage. Various limitations make the development of tampons difficult. The promotion of tampons has great significance for women's health and social progress. Based on the research literature, this paper expounds on the characteristics and incomparable advantages of tampons, analyzes the reasons for the obstruction of the promotion of tampons in China, and puts forward practical suggestions for the promotion and sale of tampons in different links based on consumer behavior.