Women's Gender Identity Research Articles

The influence of social media portrayal on the self-presentation of women in the digital era

Social media serves as a powerful force in shaping societal norms and values, often presenting idealized and unrealistic images of womanhood. This study explores how social media influences women's gender roles and identities, particularly its impact on their aspirations and self-esteem, while also providing opportunities for self-expression and empowerment. Using a phenomenological approach, the research involved focus group discussions with young women aged 18–25 living in Cagayan de Oro City, Mindanao, Philippines. The findings reveal that women respond differently to social media content based on their values, beliefs, and backgrounds. The results highlight social media's dual impact: it can both reinforce traditional gender norms and serve as a tool for self-empowerment. This complexity demonstrates the need to recognize individual differences in social media engagement and their effects on shaping gender identities. By exploring these diverse interactions, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted relationship between social media and gender role formation.

A Comparative Analysis of Intersectional Feminist Identities in Caryl Churchill’s Vinegar Tom and Cloud Nine

The portrayal of women in patriarchal communities and their resistance against the tyranny of males are one of the most evident themes of literary texts. Feminist writers and scholars object to the conventional premise that women are inferior, silenced, or marginalized figures, and they aim to alter the mindsets of traditionalists’ by implementing and analyzing the sense of the rebellious spirit of female characters through their works. The advocates of intersectional feminist theory hold a notion that the oppression, from which women suffer, is the result of intersected social factors combined with the gender identity of women. In other words, gender cannot be the sole reason for tyranny but women’s social status, race, poverty, sexuality, ability, or disability are some of the crucial issues that accompany and reinforce the oppression they experience. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to scrutinize Caryl Churchill’s Vinegar Tom and Cloud Nine by analyzing the female characters’ miserable conditions and their struggles to find their real identities since the female characters suffer from patriarchal dogmas and norms in each play.

РАЗРАБОТКА И АПРОБАЦИЯ ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ГЕНДЕРНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ ЖЕНЩИН

The article describes the process of developing and testing a methodology for studying women's gender identity. The analysis of modern diagnostic tools for gender identity showed that the available diagnostic methods are based on the idea of a woman’s gender role, which is irrelevant in today’s rapidly changing world. The need to create a methodology for diagnosing women’s gender identity that corresponds to the gender norms of modern society has been identified. The team of authors developed and tested a methodology for studying women’s gender identity. At the first stage, based on the results of the association experiment and frequency analysis, 47 questionnaire scales were identified. Using the method of exploratory factor analysis, a three-factor structure of the questionnaire was identified, which showed acceptable fit indices. The content of the scales was clarified by confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical characteristics of this model turned out to be at the level of acceptable values. When assessing the empirical validity, the relationship between the results obtained on the three scales of the developed methodology and the results obtained using the scales of the questionnaire ‘Masculinity, femininity and gender personality type’ was assessed. The data obtained indicate the presence of significant positive correlations. It is concluded that the measurement model corresponds to the theoretical factor structure and has satisfactory indicators of reliability and validity. The tested methodology can be used both for research purposes to study the psychological portrait of a modern woman, and as a diagnostic tool in and as a diagnostic tool in counseling practice and psychotherapy.

Влияние современного язычества и экофеминизма на женские образы в российском игровом кино

This paper displays the results of a system-typological and structural-semiotic analysis of female pagan images in Russian feature films, shown in interrelations with religious movements and ideological trends of modern culture. The relevance of this research is determined by the need of ensuring the ideological security and sociopsychological well-being of modern society. The research was conducted on the material of mystical series, folk horror, ethnographic cinema, and historical fantasy. The study highlights static and dynamic types of female pagan images. The static type exists in two contexts: rural and urban, and the dynamic type develops in two directions: progressive and regressive. The paper detects connection of the victim's motif, which characterizes dynamic female images, with gender and postcolonial issues. Comparison of the ways of representation of female pagan images, discourses of modern paganism and ecofeminism allowed us to conclude about the mutual influence of these three discursive systems. The connection of the system of female images with the modern processes of the revival of paganism follows the pattern of isomorphism. The study shows that Russian cinema has experienced the influence of Western ecofeminism, yet the relationship of the sexes here does not have the character of an open confrontation. The author focuses in this case on the new role and gender identity of women, which is best expressed by the static heroines of mystical series and historical fantasy.

Gender communication: Gender mainstreaming and gender differences in the age of gender equality

The implementation of Gender Mainstreaming (Pengarusutamaan Gender, PUG) policies in Indonesia has had a problematic impact on the advancement of women's resources. This is due to a discrepancy between the value system from the West (secular) which is the essence of PUG policy and the value system in Indonesian society. This study was conducted to provide an explanation of the impact of PUG policy implementation in producing a transformation of women's gender identities and roles that are becoming more modern towards the phenomenon of gender communication. This study uses critical discourse analysis from Van Dijk which includes 3 (three) dimensions, namely discourse, cognition, and society, with a micro-macro and power analysis approach. This study found that there is a potential for abuse of power in the interpersonal communication practices of men and women. There are 3 things that become factors: the structure of the mind, the structure of the text (conversation), and the meaning of the message. The operation of gender differences in gender communication practices is supported by sources of legitimacy of cultural belief systems and interpretations of religious teachings. Understanding gender differences and how they operate is beneficial in equal and comfortable communication practices. Gender intelligence will form subjectivity based on the meaning of the coherence or togetherness of the relation pair.

Pěstounství na hranici péče a práce

Foster care in many ways challenges the dichotomy between home and workplace, intimate care, and paid employment. Foster parents are supposed to provide love and safety to children who cannot be with their biological parents for various reasons while receiving financial rewards. Foster care in many ways challenges the idea of parental care as care embedded in a loving relationship that should by its very nature be free of financial rewards. Using semi-structured interviews with eight foster parents, the paper analyses how the foster parents (de)construct the boundaries between the private sphere of care and what meanings they attribute to the financial reward they receive. The paper points out that foster parenting reflects an established gender order, within which care appears as an activity intrinsically linked with the gender identity of women. However, the identity of foster parents has simultaneously been constructed also in terms of a professional identity that permeates the sphere of paid work. Foster parents construct their care both as a labour of love and full-time employment. They actively deconstruct the opposition between love/care and paid work and articulate care as a value that should be financially evaluated.

Redoing gender: How women in the hospitality industry challenge Chinese hegemonic gender discourse

This study addresses gender in China’s hospitality industry. Grounded in doing gender theory and feminist discourse, the research explores gender performance in work and non-work domains based on data gathered through 32 in-depth interviews in the mainland of China. Findings reveal that China’s gender revolution is uneven across spheres and that women’s liberation, centered on productive labor, represents a hegemonic gender discourse. Additionally, the gender identities of women in hospitality have undergone numerous changes. “Redoing gender” is defined in this study as challenging traditional gender norms in multiple spheres. Women redo gender by redefining gender norms, labeling hospitality feminism, strategically using femininity, and selectively performing gender in various domains. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.

الغزل العذري: أدب نسوي في العصر الأمويPLATONIC LOVE POETRY: FEMINIST LITERATURE IN THE UMAYYAD ERA

Readers of Platonic Love pieces, that were popular in the Umayyad era and spread in Arab society until almost a century after its demise, observe its uniqueness in terms of presenting the personalities of poets in a distinguished way as to men in that time in respect of cultural features. The stories also include extraordinary events that drive them away from the real framework, which critics used to believe, and puts them in an artistic framework that seeks to present a possible reality that is not achieved in actuality. Perhaps this is due to the reasons; one of the most important being the need of the Arab society to receive this kind of narration. This need goes back to the Free Arab woman who belongs to the middle class in society. This class, made up of the majority of the population of Hijaz cities in the Umayyad era and Iraqi cities such as Basra, Kufa and Baghdad at the beginning of the Abbasid era, formed the time of prevalence of this art. As to the delivery of this artistic message, it was done by narrators who have taken for themselves specific places such as bars, or people gathered in the evening near their homes, to present the stories of poets and their poems that were sung or chanted. The narrators have formulated or developed this news, they also added events in poems in order to meet the needs of women for this kind of art at that time, where women's gender identity contributed greatly, and indirectly to the formulation and dissemination of Platonic Love stories, regardless of its existence on a real basis or not. Interest in this art declined only with the change of material and cultural ways of life in the Abbasid society, cross-pollination of Arabs with non-Arabs, and the free exit of women from their social shell through methods invented by themselves; some being under the titles of maliciousness, deception, provocation and others. So other stories began to invade the Abbasid Arab society, such as the stories of One Thousand and One Nights, which replaced love stories in both of its genres. Other tales that are not closely related to women continued to be the news of heroes and their stories, such as the biography of Antara bin Shaddad, Al-Zeer Salem and other news of heroism and wars that served to emphasize masculinity and its authority in society at that time.

Psychological health as the problem of public administration in the field of employment

The concept of psychological health of employers is presented as a deep psychological phenomenology of personality resources, due to subjective assessment of functional states and states of physical and mental health, specified by gender causality, and determined by constructive, destructive and deficient functioning of I. Gender identity has been linked to the parameters of physical functioning, the assessment of the impact of physical condition on role functioning, the intensity of pain, general functioning and social functioning of men. The condition of the general state of health and constructiveness of self-functions by the gender identity of women has been revealed. A three-factor model of conceptualization of the concept of psychological health of the individual is proposed, which determines the range of concepts "Constructive functioning", "Psychological well-being", "Attentionality". Models of deep-psychological determination of employers ’resourcefulness in the continuum of psychological health have been developed.

Exploring factors that impact physical science doctoral student role identities through a multiple case study approach

AbstractWe explore how physical science doctoral students navigate their role identities throughout their graduate programme. Physical science doctoral students take on many academic roles in addition to the role of scientist, including researcher, educator, and student. When social expectations of roles become internalized, they become role identities. We examined doctoral students' academic role identities as a complex system to unpack factors that constrain the behavior and define the nature of doctoral students' academic role identities. This multiple case study used open‐ended reflective questions and narrative‐style interviews with eight physical science doctoral students to explore how physical science doctoral students navigate their role identities throughout their graduate programme and the factors that may influence these identities. Responses to the reflective questions and narrative interview transcripts were qualitatively coded and salient themes are drawn through cross‐case analysis. Themes were compared across data sources to further validate the findings. Participants ascribed the most value to researcher and student identities and the least value to an educator identity. Time spent in a role, institutional recognition, advisor relationships, community in graduate school, and interest were factors that participants perceived to influence their role identities, along with the gender identity of women. Implications highlight the ways in which institutions may be able to support doctoral students in graduate school, including increased support for time management, equitable opportunities for authentic research experiences, equitable support in advisor relationships, and the importance of intentionally fostering community within science departments.

The effect of gender identity and gender threat on self-image

The present work examined whether men's and women's gender-identities and experiences of gender threats influenced their self-images. Findings across two studies (N = 567) revealed that masculinity in men appears to be more precarious than femininity is in women, but when similarly threatened in a given situation both men's and women's anger predicted their construction of gender compensatory self-images. Specifically, in Study 1, participants' definition of the self in terms of gender ingroup (vs. outgroup) traits (a) positively predicted the gender stereotypicality of men's and women's actual photographs and women's constructed self-images, but (b) negatively predicted the gender stereotypicality of men's self-images. Men whose self definitions least strongly prioritized gender ingroup (over outgroup) traits generated the most gender stereotypic self-images, as rated by independent judges. In addition, in Study 2, after being led to believe that they performed like average members of their gender outgroup (i.e., threat condition) on a gender knowledge test, men expressed more public discomfort and were angrier than women. Gender threat (vs. assurance) also indirectly predicted the generation of more gender stereotypic self-images for men, but not women; this effect was significant via serial mediation, through public discomfort and anger. However, extending prior findings, anger (but not public discomfort) was significantly associated with and predicted the construction of feedback contradicting self-images similarly. We discuss the implications of these findings for theory and research on gender-identity, self-image, and compensatory gender threat responses.

고대 아테네에서 농경제의에 나타난 여성의 의례적 기능

This article is to explore some aspects of two rituals that of the Thesmophoria rites and that of the Dionysus. These rituals were confined mainly or only to women. Both rituals have similar ritual characteristics related to the seasonal cycle of agriculture and nature, but one provides a paradoxical function that strengthens social norms and the other provides conflicting ideological functions that resist social norms. Religious life was an important activity for women. Ancient Athenian women have been forced to remain silent or located in the periphery by being otherized in the gender structure. Women were able to get out of their homes during religious participation, but their religious activities act as a mechanism to suppress women and to maintain a paternal society. In the rituals of Tesmoporia and Dionysus, women break away from male oppressive structures and relieve sexual deviance and dissatisfaction with desires. In the rituals of Tesmoporia, the ritual function of women was to strengthen the social role assigned to women and it shows a dual effect of justifying the paternal society. Ultimately, these religious rites constructed a particular gender identity for women. (Jeju National University / mhkyung@jejunu.ac.kr)

Gender socialization: A study among women in Jammu city

Gender socialization refers to the process of children learning about the social expectations, attitudes, and behaviours that are typically associated with boys and girls. The ‘Gender’ refers to the socio cultural definition of man and woman, the way societies distinguish men and women and assign them social roles. Each society slowly transforms a male or female into a man or a woman, into masculine and feminine, with different qualities, behaviour patterns and, roles, responsibilities and, rights and expectations. Unlike sex, which is biological, the gender identities of women and men are psychologically and socially- which means historically and culturally determined. Socialization is the process through which individual learns to perform social role. Thus, through gender role socialization girls and boys learn the roles and responsibilities in the society. The present paper has attempted to understand the concept of gender role socialization in the family. The paper has examined the socialization process and the factors that influence gender development in child caring and household activities.

The Contribution of National Indigenous Organizations in Addressing the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) in Canada

The problem of missing and murdered indigenous women & girls (MMIWG) in Canada. This issue is one of the most pressing issues in Canada. MMIWG will be defined as a sociological phenomenon in which indigenous women's racial and gender identities characterize them as a marginalized group leading to increased violence, including a disproportionate rate at which indigenous women disappear and become victims of murder and sexual harassment. Using the concept of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the concept of Human Rights Non-Governmental Organizations (HRNGOs), this study aims to determine the contribution of National Indigenous organizations in overcoming Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) in Canada.

Body-representation and sexual identity projections: A survey of advertising in print media

Matrimonial advertisements provide an unobtrusive site where the image, construction and perpetuation of normative heterosexuality are observed through socio-cultural discourses. The current study focuses on self-representation and gender role expectations in 550 classified matrimonial ads from two popular newspapers (The Daily Dawn, The Daily Jang) in Pakistan. Gender differences in desirable physical attributes, occupational preferences and personality traits are examined. The results revealed that gender polarization in ideal spousal occupations, and the relative variability in gender identities of women as compared to men. A strong preference for pretty and slim women is observed. Implications for the sexual objectification of women and changing gender roles in changing socioeconomic landscape of Pakistan is due to the impact of globalization.

Performing gender in the diaspora: Turkish women in North London

This article explores the first and second-generation Turkish women gender identity construction in North London. I argue that their social experience of gender in the homeland and that in the diaspora are in conflict, because of their different background life. They can feel the differences while they are performing women’s gender identity. Also, their media consumption is analyzed as this shows their sense of belonging. This reveals that their gender identity construction develops over time. In other words, changes in gender identity are gradual. For this study, the in-depth interview method was used and interviews were made in North London. The analysis has been covered under five different titles.

신체장애 여성의 성 정체성의 의미에 대한 질적연구

본 연구는 신체장애 여성의 성정체성의 의미를 탐색한 것이다. 이를 위해 중도에 신체 변화를 입은 총 10명의 장애 여성을 대상으로 심층 인터뷰를 실시하여 자료를 수집하고, 현상학적 연구방법을 통해 분석하였다. 분석결과 ‘일상화된 움추림’, ‘부여된 위계(位階)’, ‘무성(無性)의 몸’, ‘쉬운 존재’, ‘여전한 성역할 고정관념’의 의미가 분석되었다. 신체 장애 여성들은 일상적인 삶의 과정 모두에서 주저하는 모습을 보이기 때문에 장애로 변한 자신의 몸을 받아들일 수 있도록 신체적 재활뿐 아니라 심리적 재활이 중요하게 이루어져야 할 것이다. 또한 중도장애인의 성재활을 위한 프로그램이 보다 폭넓게 성적 정체성을 회복할 수 있도록 기획되어야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 일반 대중들의 인식변화를 끌어낼 수 있도록 성인지적 측면을 도입한 장애인식 교육이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 일부 지역의 소수의 중도 신체장애 여성을 대상으로만 접근했기 때문에 일반화의 한계가 존재한다.

广告中女性社会性别认同——以玉兰油“为女性创造空间”为例

广告中女性社会性别认同——以玉兰油“为女性创造空间”为例

Social identity management strategies of women in STEM fields

Recruiting and retaining women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupations is seen as challenging, and researchers have begun to consider how women manage their identity in these contexts in response to potential questions of fit. Within identity management theoretical work, there has been little attention to occupational influences. Based on role congruity theory, we investigate occupational characteristics as influences on women's gender identity management, along with individual differences and organizational support influences. Results suggest that engaging in identity management behaviours is unrelated to the gender stereotypicality or gender composition of the field, but that support, fit (i.e., congruence between the interests of the individual and occupation), and personality affect engagement in these behaviours. Implications for enhancing the experiences of women in STEM fields as well as for social identity‐related research more broadly are discussed.Practitioner points Individuals may differ in how they choose to address stigmatization at work, based on their personality and fit with the position. Perceived organizational support is associated with willingness to engage in stigmatization confronting strategies. Efforts to understand and affect identity management strategy use should consider individual characteristics (i.e., interests and personality).

Double Trouble: How Being Outnumbered and Negatively Stereotyped Threatens Career Outcomes of Women in STEM.

Masculine work contexts form an important source of social identity threat for working women. But what aspect of masculine work contexts is most threatening to women’s gender identity at work: A numerical majority of male colleagues (i.e., numerical male dominance), working in a profession in which women are negatively stereotyped (i.e., normative male dominance), or the combination? The current study aimed to disentangle these two aspects of masculine work contexts by testing its combined impact on the experience of gender identity threat among women and men who work in the STEM sector (i.e., Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). A field study was conducted among women (N = 177) and men (N = 630) graduates holding an academic degree in a STEM educational program. Respondents either worked in- or outside the STEM sector (i.e., stronger vs. weaker gender stereotype) and estimated the ratio of men to women in their direct work environment. Results from a Structural Equation Model demonstrated that women in STEM face double trouble: The combination of working almost solely with male colleagues (being outnumbered) and working in the technical sector (where women are negatively stereotyped) predicted the highest levels of experienced gender identity threat, particularly among women who highly identified with their gender group. Gender identity threat, in turn, negatively predicted women’s work engagement and career confidence. Men did not face double trouble: Their experience of gender identity threat was not related to working in a masculine STEM sector. Importantly, considering that the women in this sample already hold a degree in STEM, and have proven their competence in STEM and resilience to gender stereotypes, this research reveals how in naturalistic work settings, prevailing social identity threats continue to affect women’s professional careers.