Exploitation Of Women Research Articles

In Defense of Fifty Shades by E. L. James: Does It Really Contain Gender-Based Violence?

This article presents a response to the harsh criticism expressed against E. L. James’s Fifty Shades. Accusations have been made from many sides that it encourages gender-based violence within a romantic relationship, unjustly stereotyping the female character Anastasia (Ana) as a battered, submissive, weak woman and a “sex slave.” However, as this thorough analysis will argue, Anastasia does not fit the profile of a victim of gender-based violence. Rather, she embodies the traits of an empowered woman. From this viewpoint, it is unfair to consider Fifty Shades as promoting violence against women.

Trafficked or Married? Unpacking Dispossession of Matrimonial Choice in Cross-Region Marriage Migration in India.

The article, based on original research from 246 villages, discusses contemporary marriage migrations of poor women from India's development peripheries to rural North Indian men. Anti-trafficking activists and organizations in India assert that migrant brides are trafficked into sexual slavery through 'coerced' alliances. Employing a postcolonial feminist lens, this article challenges hegemonic anti-trafficking discourse with its gendered presumptions about widespread 'bride-trafficking' by showing that the processes of cross-region marriage mediation and motives are replete with contradictions and ambiguities. Fieldwork reveals a range of actors, including the migrant brides, involved in marriage mediation while poverty and heightened dowry compromise women into such matrimonies.

Patriarchy, Power and Prostitution in Lahore’s Red Light District: A Feminist Study of Fouzia Saeed’s Taboo

In her 2002 book Taboo: The Hidden Culture of Red Light Area, Fouzia Saeedexplains how patriarchal norms in Pakistani society rigidly categorise women into‘pure’ and ‘polluted’, shaping perceptions of prostitution and human trafficking. This article argues that patriarchy has its roots in materiality, and plays anindispensable role in pushing many women into the dreadful practice of prostitution or trafficking for sexual slavery through the structural andinstitutional flaws threaded within Pakistani culture. Women in Pakistan yet alsohave internalised the deep-rooted patriarchal ideologies and sexism that lead to a holistic understanding of what this patriarchal culture entails. Focusing on HeeraMandi – Lahore’s traditional red light district as depicted in Saeed’s ethnographic book, this textual cum descriptive analysis contributes to unveil the dilemmas of women engaged in prostitution who are constantly under threat frompatriarchyand other institutions. While unfolding men formulated cultural norms throughradical feminist analysis of Taboo, this article concludes that the patriarchal metamorphosing of women into valueless commodities perpetuates the practice of prostitution and trafficking in Heera Mandi. The study also suggests that, toeliminate female inferiority, feminist activism in Pakistan requires measures torestructure patriarchy together with consciousness-raising and political educationof women in all respects.

“Trauma scrambles things, trauma fragments…” A cross-cultural conversation with Corban Addison in the context of A Walk Across the Sun

ABSTRACT In this interview, Corban Addison exposes the harsh reality of child sex trafficking in India and across borders with his first-hand experiences with victims, survivors, and activists. Addison has written books on human rights, injustice in the world, and its culture. His works include A Walk Across the Sun (2012), The Garden of Burning Sand (2013), The Tears of Dark Water (2015), A Harvest of Thorns (2017), and Wastelands: The True Story of Farm Country on Trial (2022). Addison, being an engineer, lawyer, and author, began experimenting with writing at the age of fifteen years. He has used his profession as a lawyer in his writing to depict human atrocities, provide validity to victims, and advocate the abolition of modern slavery through his narratives. In this conversation, Addison talks about how he ended up writing A Walk Across the Sun while discussing sexual slavery, his background research, and how he was able to understand the experiences and trauma of sexual violence. He shares anecdotes of his journey to tsunami-affected areas, brothels, and meetings with victims and activists and how he portrays the sexual violence, trauma, and redemption from it.

A Narrative Review of Sex Tourism in India: a Danger that Needs Addressal

Kolkata holds the title for possessing Asia’s largest red light area. Therefore, India is one of the largest booming industries for commercial sex tourism and a transnational crime .Through the review it was analysed that human trafficking and sex slavery is in increased numbers. Various reports/case studies state that missing numbers of women and children are vast in number and included in dark figures of crime. It was also studied that some victims were voluntarily involved in the sex work while mostly children were exploited into the business. This paper explores the dark side of sex tourism in India. This paper is a discussion paper that reviews about sex tourism , activities that run under its shade such as human trafficking and slavery, reasons for this tourism developing in the country and at last recommends key points to deter illegal Sex tourism. Hence this paper highlights the situation of human trafficking of children and women into Sex tourism and gives attention to curb this criminality from the society.

Return to Orléans: Racism, Rumor, and Social Scientists in 1960s France

Abstract How did it become possible to think of a racism without racists? This article tackles this question by looking at the contested interpretation of a racist incident in France. In 1969, Jewish shop owners in Orléans were baselessly accused of kidnapping women in fitting rooms and trafficking them into sexual slavery. This antisemitic agitation rapidly attracted the attention of local authorities, national media, and social scientists, led by sociologist Edgar Morin. Morin’s study made these events into a famous case-study in disinformation, the “rumor of Orléans.” But Morin was only one of several actors who attributed different causes to racism in Orléans. All of them agreed that racism was a serious problem, but they could not agree on its causes. Compared to other incidents at the time which grabbed media attention, the uncertainty of events in Orléans allowed people to debate this. Morin’s contribution was to turn to communications and social psychology to deploy the concept of “rumor.” He dissolved the problem of racism into a problem of communication. This suggests that in order to understand the emergence of “racism without racists,” we have to pay close attention to the context in which theories emerged to make it thinkable, and to the relationship between analyses of racism and communication.

Social and Psychological Trauma of Human Trafficking: Albanian Women Case

Human trafficking is a phenomenon with a long history during the centuries. In Albania country, human trafficking has existed for a long time, even during the communist period. The post-communist period has been ranked as the top period for human trafficking and human slavery. As a result of the phenomena of the collapse of communism after 1990, in Albanian society happened so many changes in the field of government and political system, the opening of boundaries toward all countries of the world or free movement toward all countries, liberalisation of the economy, social and cultural changes etc. Most researchers evaluated this period as a transition period in political, social, economic and cultural. So this situation created a good field for developing human trafficking within Albania. Although the human trafficking phenomenon has been explored in the post-communist society, in the transition period till nowadays have been growing and extended more. The functioning of the government and low security made it possible for the mafia to be stronger in human trafficking too. So, Albania has been a bridge country for human trafficking from Eastern countries toward Greece, Italy, European Countries and other countries of the world. Women and children were and are still primary victims of sex slavery and are included in varying sexual activities like prostitution, stripping, sex tourism, pornography etc. In this paper, we are going to explain human trafficking as a type of modern slavery that is formed as sex trafficking. In this case, we are going to discuss the psychological trauma that sex trafficking affects Albanian women. Are these victims still able to continue their own lives? Do they fill their selves ignored by the society where they are living? What are their psychological traumas caused in their character and does this trauma affect their life? Also, we are going to discuss for social trauma that is caused in Albanian society during the human trafficking have happened in the post-communist period till today. What are the pathologies that human trafficking (in this case sex trafficking) brings to Albanian society and the different social actors? Received: 2 June 2024 / Accepted: 25 July 2024 / Published: 29 July 2024

Devaluing and Revaluing Women: A Feminist Approach to Chandra Prakash Baniya's Maharani [Queen

Chandra Prakash Baniya's Maharani [Queen] is a telling tale of women's exploitation and their glass ceiling in a male dominated society. The novel depicts how women are either risen to the pedestal of ‘Goddess’ or devalued to the position of a ‘whore’, but never given a genuine respect. By aggrandizing or derogating the status of women, the patriarchal society has always subordinated, subjugated, and exploited them. The scenario of deprivation of women from attaining their rights is the main concern of the novelist. He suggests that the prevalence of biased treatment for women in every sphere - social, economic, political, literary - is rampant, and from getting secondary position to being thwarted to grow is an unfortunate fate meted out to women in this male-dominated society. Patriarchy, therefore, has become a clog in the route of women's progress. The present paper aims at exploring the pathetic condition of women in the novel, discussing how women become the victim of glass ceiling in a social labyrinth created by males. To address this objective, the study has employed feminism as a tool to examine the condition of women, especially drawing the concept of glass ceiling of women from Judith Butler to interpret the text.

Conflicts and Resolutions of Virmati and the Exploitation of Women in a Patriarchal Society in Manju Kapur's 'Difficult Daughters': A Critique

Conflicts and Resolutions of Virmati and the Exploitation of Women in a Patriarchal Society in Manju Kapur's 'Difficult Daughters': A Critique

Analysis of Public Response to The Use of Chemical Castration for Sexual Offenders in Indonesia

Sexual violence includes various immoral behaviors such as sexual insults, touching unauthorized body parts, viewing and sending unwanted sexual and pornographic images, forced participation in sexual and pornographic activities, rape, sexual torture, female genital mutilation, sexual exploitation, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, forced sterilization, forced abortion, and intentional infection with sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. Sexual crimes also occur in a state of war, mainly as a tool to oppress a country. In Indonesia, Law no. 17 of 2020 lists chemical castration as one of the solutions in preventing repeat sexual crimes for children. Chemical castration is one of the sanctions that is condemned by the world community but has a major impact in reducing the rate of sexual crime cases. This study aims to analyze the results of the response received by the community to the existence of chemical castration punishment in sexual offenders. The research method in this study uses the type of empirical research and the nature of qualitative research, with data collection methods in the form of questionnaires and secondary data from interviews from youtube and other written documents. The results of this study. Of the 100 respondents who agreed to the existence of chemical castration by answering yes and strongly agreeing, reaching 60%. Doubts about the success of the implementation of chemical castration can have a deterrent effect on sexual offenders. However, most people agree that the existence of chemical castration needs to be carried out not only pedophilia but also perpetrators of sexual crimes against women).

All Roads Lead to Rome Combating Impunity for Perpetration of Slave Trade and Slavery Crimes

The Republic of Sierra Leone has proposed amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to include, inter alia, provisions for the slave trade as a crime against humanity and has recommended that the General Assembly include the slave trade as an enumerated crime in the Draft articles on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity (CAH) (Draft articles). This declaration came nearly five years after Cardozo's Benjamin B Ferencz Human Rights and Atrocity Prevention Clinic, on behalf of slavery crimes expert Patricia Viseur Sellers, sent commentaries to the United Nations International Law Commission (ILC) to revise in a similar fashion the Draft articles. The Rome Statute creates a wide impunity gap by omitting the slave trade entirely as a war crime and crime against humanity and by including only those conflict-related slavery acts that include causing someone to engage in an act of a sexual nature. Specifically, the Rome Statute does not enumerate the slave trade or slavery under Article 8 as war crimes. It does not define the slave trade within the crime of enslavement under Article 7(g) as a crime against humanity or explicitly enumerate the slave trade within the context of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. War crimes conduct is not captured fully or explicitly under ICC jurisdiction because the Rome Statute sanctions only persons exercising powers attaching to the rights of ownership who also cause that person to engage in an act of a sexual nature. Crimes against humanity conduct also escapes legal sanction when perpetrators transport or otherwise engage in any slave trade acts without exercising powers attaching to the right of ownership over a person. Furthermore, the Rome Statute's bifurcation of enslavement and sexual slavery lead to non-factual, incomplete, and discriminatory results. Sexual slavery is enslavement; its separate enumeration as a crime against humanity has required some victims to prove additionally that they were caused to engage in an act of a sexual nature in violation of non-discrimination and others' slavery harms to escape legal characterization altogether.

Editorial: Beyond Terrorism and Sexual Slavery: Dynamics of armed conflicts, trafficking, and forced migration

This Editorial introduces a Special Issue of Anti-Trafficking Review on the theme of armed conflicts and their relationships with and impact on human trafficking, forced migration, and exploitation. It provides an overview of the literature on this theme, which has primarily focused on terrorism and sexual slavery. It then outlines the articles in the Special Issue, which expand our understanding of the topic by adding nuances to the experiences of people who flee, or choose to remain in, conflict-affected areas.

Application of forensic analysis methods in the field of investigation of recruitment of people for sexual slavery abroad

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the human trafficking problem, with a focus on sexual exploitation as one of the main forms of this crime. The author examines this issue from various aspects, particularly through the lens of statistical data, legislative norms, and investigative methods. Special attention is given to the situation in Ukraine, where human trafficking, exacerbated by the full-scale war with Russia, remains an extremely relevant and complex problem. Prior to the conflict, Ukraine ranked 49th among 167 countries in the prevalence of modern slavery. However, due to recent events, the scale and prevalence of this crime have significantly increased. Utilizing statistical data from the National Police of Ukraine, the article points out the high latency of this crime and the significant proportion of sexual exploitation among human trafficking cases. In the context of legal regulation, the author analyzes international and national normative acts that prohibit slavery and human exploitation. In particular, attention is drawn to Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the relevant articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The article describes how human trafficking is conducted both at the national and transnational levels, with an emphasis on the difficulties of detection and investigation of such crimes due to their hidden nature. It is noted that the investigation of such crimes requires the use of two methods of inquiry: information from witnesses and victims, which can be less effective, and data from operational-search activities, which provides maximum efficiency. For investigating offenses related to sexual exploitation abroad, criminal analysis methods are used, including the analysis of connections, events, departmental, and open-source information. The author emphasizes the importance of using innovative technologies, particularly artificial intelligence and multimodal models based on machine learning, for more effective detection and counteraction of the crime of human trafficking. It is underscored that such technologies can complement traditional investigative methods, providing the ability to better analyze collected information and identify potential victims and criminals. The author of the article calls for attention to and resolution of the human trafficking problem in Ukraine and emphasizes the necessity of adhering to international and internal norms to combat this crime.

역사왜곡 대응방안에 관한 예비적 고찰

This paper aims to develop a strategy of countermeasures against pro-Japanese history distortions on the Korean history. Korean history has long been distorted by Japanese historians and their Korean students under the influence of the Japanese imperial power in 20th century. And the intensity of this distortions, become deeper and wider in recent years, has threaten the stability of the national identity and people’s mental health.
 This article is composed of 3 chapters and introductory remarks. In the first chapter, the past salient instances of distortions made by pro-Japanese groups were over-viewed focusing on the era of the second half of the 20th century. Those instances included are War-indemnity, History-textbooks for the middle and high school students, Dok-do Island, Sex slaves in Japan imperialism, Etc.
 Second chapter introduces the countermeasures against those pro-Japanese distortions, practiced by Korean people and government. It includes government’s official letter of protest, people’s social movement organization formation and it’s protest gathering and marches. Reviewing this responses, this paper is inspected on the perspective of social movement theory.
 Third part shows the strategy of the newly constructed counter-measures against history distortions. This new counter-measure is constructed as a conceptual system, composed of 4 elements including subjects, aims, resources, and object of social movement. These elements construct a social movement action system on the base of the concerted inter-relationship of those 4 elements, named the counter-measure system against history distortions. This new countermeasure system can improve the ratio of success and achievement in the counter-measure social movements against history distortions.

Boko Haram’s Terrorist Campaign in Nigeria

Boko Haram has fast become one of the world’s most notorious terrorist groups. The longevity of Boko Haram, coupled with its dynamic nature, necessitates that scholars keep abreast with a vast and intersectional array of developments. As a result, much ink has been spilt providing analysis and insight into the group’s motives, activities, internal politics, tactics, and future trajectories. Boko Haram’s ever-green endurance both in Nigeria and the wider West African region paves the way for a scholarly momentum which Oriola, Onuoha and Oyewole’s edited collection aligns with. The book has 12 chapters which are split across five thematic areas, namely: gender, the media, displacement, non-state actors, human rights, and non-state actors. It is beyond the scope of this review to place each chapter under the microscope. Instead, the reviewer will highlight some of the most important contributions the book makes to the academic discourse on Boko Haram. Chapter three (by Oyewole and Onuoha) provides the reader with a comprehensive account of the Dapachi Kidnapping of 2018; this contribution is significant as much scholarship as focused on the Chibok Kidnappings of 2014. Oyewole and Onuoha unpack why the Dapachi Kidnappings took place, placing an emphasis on the need for Boko Haram to portray itself as a resilient origination so as to appear appealing to prospective members, to raise funds (by means of hostage negotiations), and rewarding hardworking foot solders with ‘wives’ and sex slaves. Furthermore, context is given to Dapachi’s geographical and political vulnerability vis-à-vis Boko Haram’s terrorist campaign.

The “African Concept of Human Rights”, Justifiable on Grounds of Cultural Relativism? A Particular Focus on Ghana’s Trokosi System: Sexual Slavery in Ghana

The “African Concept of Human Rights”, Justifiable on Grounds of Cultural Relativism? A Particular Focus on Ghana’s Trokosi System: Sexual Slavery in Ghana

Krivično delo prinudnog zaključenja braka u međunarodnom krivičnom pravu

During armed conflicts in some countries, it became a common practice for fighters to force women to serve as wives. Although there is usually no official conclusion of marriage, in this way a relationship is created that is in many ways similar to a conjugal relationship. In a forced marriage, "wives" were expected to maintain regular sexual relations with their "husbands", but also to perform housework, get pregnant, take care of born children and their "husbands". Having this practice in mind, the Prosecutor before the Special Court for Sierra Leone determined this behavior as forced marriage and qualified it as other inhuman acts within the framework of crimes against humanity. This opened the door for a lot of legal problems related to the "new" crime. Namely, the question arose as to what the criminal act of forced marriage entails, i.e. what is the actus reus of this criminal act. Then, what is the difference between forced marriage and some other acts of crimes against humanity that are similar to it, such as, for example, sexual slavery. And finally, is forced marriage an act that is similar in its character to other acts of crime against humanity, so that it could be classified as other inhumane acts. The paper analyzes the etiological-phenomenological dimension of forced marriages in Cambodia, Sierra Leone and Uganda. After that, decisions of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, Special Court for Sierra Leone and permanent International Criminal Court are analyzed regarding all disputed issues related to forced marriage: the status of this act in international criminal law, the relationship with other similar international criminal offenses and the concept of forced marriage. Finally, proposals de lege ferenda are presented regarding the definition of forced marriage and its explicit prescription in international criminal law.

Оккупация и освобождение территории курдов-езидов в Ираке от боевиков "Исламского государства Ирака и Леванта" в 2014–2015 гг.

This article examines the circumstances of the occupation of the town of Sinjar (Shengal) in the north-west of Iraq by the terrorist organization known as the Islamic State (ISIS). Sinjar is the center of a vast territory inhabited by the ethno-confessional group of Yazidi Kurds. In August 2014 this territory was surrendered to ISIS militants by the Peshmerga forces of the Kurdish Autonomous Region without serious resistance. The defense of the area and the refugee escape routes were provided only by weak detachments of the local militia and the arrived People’s Defense Units of the Syrian Kurdistan and Kurdistan Workers’ Party. ISIS militants considered Yazidis as devil worshipers and demanded Yazidis to renounce their faith. During the occupation of Sinjar, they practiced massacres, destruction of shrines, and abductions of women and children for sale into sexual slavery. The ISIS policy towards Yazidis during the occupation was recognized by many states and international organizations as genocide. The aim of this article is to assess the reasons for the surrender of the territories of the Yazidi Kurds to the Islamic State in the context of the political struggle of various parties and groups for power and influence in the area. The author examines the occupation of Sinjar from two perspectives. First, it was a result of a difficult political situation: the interest of local authorities to subordinate the clergy and secular elite of the Yazidi Kurds to the family clan of President M. Barzani, and the weakness of the central government of Iraq, which in difficult conditions did not have the ability and desire to protect the people of their country from militants of the Islamic State terrorist organization. Second, it was a reason for the organization and unification of various resistance forces in Sinjar and the surrounding territories: Yazidi militias, PKK-affiliated units, the Peshmerga and the international coalition forces providing air support. The general course of military operations against the Islamic State made it possible to begin the liberation of Sinjar only a year and a few months after its occupation. The author of the study concludes that the attempts of the leaders of the Kurdistan Region, M. Barzani and his nephew, Prime Minister N. Barzani, to justify the undue withdrawal of the Peshmerga armed forces from the Sinjar region on the eve of the ISIS militants’ invasion with the excuse to protect the capital of the Kurdish Autonomous Region, the city of Erbil, do not call for any trust and leniency. Behind this excuse lies the desire of the ruling elite of Southern (Iraqi) Kurdistan to veil their careless and criminal actions without any serious grounds to justify them.

Reproducing Racial Capitalism: Sexual Slavery and Islam at the Edges of Queer of Color Critique

This article tracks contemporary debates surrounding human trafficking, sex slavery, and the slave trade, in which the specter of the Ottoman empire and its system of slavery—as well as other “Oriental” slave systems—emerge as templates for imagining the place of sex in slavery. At the same time, the authors highlight how Ottoman and “Oriental” slavery is largely considered irrelevant to the genealogy of present-day racial capitalism. By contrast, the authors argue that considering historically parallel and entangled slave systems is important not just to accounts of modern-day slavery but also for how we conceptualize the “racial” in racial capitalism and the “queer” and “of color” in queer of color critique. Building on Black feminist historiography on the transatlantic slave trade, the commitments of queer of color critique, and contemporary research concerning sexual violation and racial capitalism, the authors explore how interconnected struggles across the globe are partitioned by imagined frameworks of racial and sexual difference that isolate entangled systems of gendered and sexual enslavement.

The 2015 South Korea – Japan “Comfort Women” Agreement: Acknowledging wartime sexual slavery or denying it?

The 2015 South Korea – Japan “Comfort Women” Agreement: Acknowledging wartime sexual slavery or denying it?