Exploitation Of Women Research Articles

The Decades-Long Struggle of ‘Comfort Women’ for Justice

During World War II, several thousands of women were forced into sexual slavery, known as ‘comfort women’, by the Imperial Japanese Army in comfort stations throughout Asia. After the war, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East was established in 1946 to prosecute the Japanese war criminals, however, it was the ‘victor’s justice’ and failed to adequately prosecute crimes related to the ‘comfort women’. The truth of ‘comfort women’ remained untold in public until the victims started to speak about their experiences at the establishment of the Korean Council for Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan. Kim Hak-soon, a Korean ‘comfort women’, was testified about her experiences, and it resulted in encouraging other ‘comfort women’ to share their own experiences in 1990s. On the other hand, the Japanese government has continuously denied state responsibility for the ‘comfort women’. In addition, between 1991 and 2001, the ‘comfort women’ from South Korea, China, the Philippines, Taiwan and the Netherlands filed 10 trials against the Japanese government in Japanese courts, however, all the cases were eventually dismissed. In 1996, the Japanese government established an Asian Women’s Fund to provide compensation, medical welfare and letters of apology to the ‘comfort women’, however, the Fund has been criticised by the United Nations due to the lack of the admission of state responsibility. The debate over the ‘comfort women’ lasting to date has shown the complexity of the legal and political issues, causing continuing sufferings to the ‘comfort women’. This research will analyse the historical context of the ‘comfort women’ to identify the reason why these victims are still not able to obtain their rights to reparation and an effective remedy. It will also examine to what extent the development of international law on sexual slavery can contribute to enhance the right to justice and the right to reparation of the ‘comfort women’. I argue that the Japan’s acknowledgement of violations of international law and the inclusion of a victim-oriented and gendered approach into the reparations are crucial.

Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History

Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History

Exploitation of Women in Arab Patriarchal Society in Saadawi’s God Dies by the Nile: A Marxist Feminist Analysis

Marxist feminists highlight the role of capitalist class and patriarchy in the victimization of women. Owing to patriarchal society, women have been subjected to social oppression. The fixed and fixated gender roles and misinterpretation of religious commandments are used to build a male dominated society where women can be subdued by men. The supremacy of males in a society has caused major issues in the form of harassment and exploitation. The novel God Dies by the Nile written by Egyptian novelist Nawal El Saadawi presents the true picture of patriarchal Arab society and asserts that how religion and different institutions are misused to subjugate women. The focal point of the research is to break down the routes of political, social and religious institutions and the way male-dominating society controls the social structure to define corridors of power. Another aim is to analyze the Arabic female peasants and the prevailing male capitalist system where lower class females are forced for labor and are exploited by ruling class of male capitalist. The researchers have taken Heidi Hartmann’s ideas of patriarchy and class system from her work The unhappy marriage of Marxism and Feminism and Liza Macdonald ideas of suppression of women and class oppression from her work Feminism and Socialism: Putting the Pieces Together.

Responsibility of Sexual Violence Under International Law

The extent and nature of sexual violence throughout the war vary. Sexual violence is pervasive in some conflicts, such as ethnic conflicts, but it is relatively rare in other conflicts. Sexual slavery is one form of sexual violence in inevitable conflicts, while detention torture is another. The ICTY has carried out in-depth prosecutions and investigations of cases of sexual violence committed during times of war, leading to the filing of several indictments for crimes perpetrated in Bosnia - Herzegovina as early as 1995. By enabling the litigation of sexual violence as a war crime, crime against humanity, and genocide, the ICTY has advanced international criminal equity in sex crimes. This article attempts to provide readers with a clear understanding of two types of obligations: personal criminal culpability and state responsibility. The responsible for sexual violence presents a significant challenge to international law and misinterprets other laws, according to the conclusion. People are struggling with responsibility because, as the article pointed out, there are two different kinds of accountability in contemporary society: individual accountability and state accountability. The article's conclusions indicate that sexual violence is a personal responsibility.

A Comparative Study of Ahmad Ali’s Twilight in Delhi and Edgar Morgan Forster’s A Passage to India: A Feminist Perspective

The study was designed to do a comparative study of Ahmad Ali's novel Twilight in Delhi and E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India. The study is a comparative textual analysis in the light of Feminism. The focus was on finding similarities and differences between Ali and Forster. In both novels, women's exploitation is the main issue. Women are shown as voiceless and inhuman creatures.They are used as an object having no feeling or emotion. They are presented as the tool of sex for the men of society. They are portrayed as having no role in the social and political affairs of the family.The investigation has shown that both Ali and Forster have presented women as inferior to men but Ali is harsher as compared to Forster. Ali pictured only Muslim women while Forster portrayed Muslims, Hindus as well as British women. Which was the main focus of the study. The Comparative Feminist analysis was taken to give a new dimension to the study and carried out women's issues in society.

An Assessment of the Traumatic Experiences of Women Victims of Boko Haram Insurgency in Michika

Terrorism in the twenty-first century is a major cause of global trauma. It has hit almost every nation with Nigeria being adversely affected by the rise of the Boko Haram insurgency, more prevalent in the North-Eastern part of the country. Michika, the local government of Adamawa State is one such place that has been destabilised economically, socially, spiritually, and structurally. Women have been traumatised because they are a major target. This paper assesses the traumatic experiences of women victims of Boko Haram insurgency in Michika. The paper further delineates the role of the church, government, and other relevant stakeholders in response to the plight of women. The study adopted a qualitative approach, collecting data through interviews, focused group discussions, and secondary sources. Data analysis was then done thematically. It was established that women experienced the insurgency differently than men because they are targets for sexual exploitation, sex slavery, forced marriage, and conscription. Their businesses and other sources of livelihood have been affected, thus leaving them in abject poverty, a situation that only little can be accomplished by the government, church, and other organizations’ sporadic interventions. More so, a single approach to counseling will fall short of addressing the issues and reintegrating them into society. Therefore, this paper recommends that the church should reposition itself to facilitate collaborative efforts in providing a long-lasting intervention that seeks to heal, empower, and reintegrate women into society so they can live normal lives again.

The Clothes Maketh the Cult

The Clothes Maketh the Cult

Traffic in Asian Women

Traffic in Asian Women

Mental Health problems and psychotherapy in female victims of human trafficking

IntroductionHuman trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labor, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. This may encompass providing a spouse in the context of forced marriage or the extraction of organs.Research into the mental health impact of trafficking has consistently found high rates of mental health problems, most commonly depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).While there is some evidence that these factors can contribute the diagnosis of PTSD, exposure to trauma is the most important feature in the development of PTSD.Other Mental Health Problems in victims ofTrafficking:1.Dissociative disorders2.Substance-related disorders3.Complex traumaObjectivesAlthough mental health problems among victims of trafficking have been shown to be high, recovery without treatment is rare, particularly in those who have developed PTSD.Where there is comorbidity, recovery often does not occur even when rehabilitation has been attempted. This is unsurprising given the multiplicity of trauma that victims of trafficking have experienced, which often includes trauma prior to the trafficking situation.MethodsEvidence-Based Therapeutic Treatment Options for PTSD:Some evidence suggests that selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors can effectively complement the psychotherapeutictreatment of PTSD as well as other anxiety and mooddisorders.Cognitive-behavioral therapyExposure therapyEye movement desensitization and reprocessingNarrative Exposure Therapy (NET)ResultsIn the absence of research pertaining to the mental health treatment of victims of human trafficking, mental health professionals working with this population must educate themselves on the evidence based research related to the treatment of common diagnoses and similarly marginalized populations to ensure proper provision of the best mental health care possible.ConclusionsAmong the most devastating mental health consequences for victims of any crime can be the destruction of basic life assumptions; that one is safe from harm, one is a good and decent person, and the world is meaningful and just. For victims of human trafficking, mental health problems can be compounded by the misconceptions about and limited understanding of the issue of human trafficking.Additionally, lack of social support and stigmatization by friends, family, and social institutions can exacerbate victims mental health conditions.Psychologically process the trauma they have experienced. However, until these studies are conducted and their results made available, mental health practitioners can base treatment options for this population on existing research findings and interventions found to be successful with other similarly victimized populations.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Superstition that Enslaves Virgin Girls in Ghana: An Exploration of the Origins, Evolution, and Practice of Trokosi

Trokosi is a religious practice in some parts of West Africa where young virgin girls are sent to fetish shrines to become sex slaves as part of rituals meant to prevent a communal calamity supposedly provoked by the transgressions of members of the girls’ family. This study offers additional insight into the concept, origins, evolution, and practice of trokosi, highlighting the cultural, socio-economic, and legal contexts of this practice in Ghana. This goal is achieved by reviewing pertinent literature and interviewing 10 participants: academics; activists; traditional leaders; and ordinary community members. The study establishes that trokosi, which is viewed by adherents as a religious practice and crime prevention mechanism, is a severe violation of girls’ fundamental rights. It is the epitome of sexual violence against young females and the worst form of child enslavement, discrimination, oppression, and physical and psychological torture in the south-eastern part of Ghana. It notes that even though the practice has been outlawed, it still thrives due largely to illiteracy, ineffective enforcement mechanisms, and lack of political will on the part of the government. It suggests that the ills of the trokosi system can be suppressed not through legislative actions alone but through a multi-pronged approach.

"For the Sake of Providing Comfort to All Imperial Soldiers Progressing on Every Front": An Analysis of Regulations on the Establishment and Management of a Japanese Panopticon Over "Comfort Women"

Most sociological and historical accounts on sex trafficking and Japanese war crimes focus on conceptual and theoretical analyses concerning linkages between sex trafficking, social stratification, and victims. While these studies enhance theoretical knowledge about sexual slavery, they do not meticulously explore how the Japanese actually manipulated and managed sexual slavery in China into a legalized practice despite the fact that it blatantly violated Japanese and international law. I argue that Japan attempted to design sexual slavery into a legalized practice by exercising a Panopticon, or more specifically, by emphasizing the maintenance of tight regulations on hygiene, prohibition, and unruly behavior of soldiers inside brothels. These attempts do not hide the fact that the Japanese military breached Japanese and international law by abandoning a commitment to human rights and dignity as stipulated by the Japanese Criminal Code and <i>The International Convention on the Prohibition of the Sale and Purchase of Women for Prostitution</i> (1925).

‘일본군 위안부’, 표상과 기억계승의 불/가능성 －요괴만화가 미즈키 시게루(水木しげる)에 주목하여－

This study focused on the representation of “Japanese Military Sexual Slavery” by Japanese national cartoonist Shigeru Mizuki in his work and examined the possibility of its representation and memory succession. This already presupposes a clear limitation that the person describing and representing wartime sexual violence against women is a former Japanese soldier. However, the reason why “Japanese Military Sexual Slavery” as a war memory was not inherited as a history of “father” in Japanese society after the defeat is not only because the subject of the memory succession is a “daughter” = woman. Gender does intervene in the impossibility of memory succession surrounding the “Japanese Military Sexual Slavery,” but that is not all. The “Japanese Military Sexual Slavery” is a scar = crime left in the history of a proud father who fought the war bravely and sacrificially, with this scar being a factor that can threaten not only the war but also the national identity of the Japanese.

Female Resistance in Ek Chihan Novel

Feminist theory is the method of study about women's ecomomic, social, political status based on society, family and various cultural value and beliefs. With the development of Western literature, its influence has increased tremendously along with its entry into world literature. The article is based on Hridaychandra Singh Pradhan's Ek Chihan novel and its narration on women's exploitation at family, society & economic and their resistance as the subject of the study. Marxist feminism is main basis for the analysis of the novel. The library is used for the collection of materials and the novel is analyzed by creating an analysis framework from the collected materials. The novel analyzes the unequal treatment of a husband towards his wife, sexual exploitation of a young woman by enticement and lure and patriachal male mentality. The novel summarizes the perspective for the women to act against all types of injustices and oppression against them.

The Lettered Barriada: Workers, Archival Power, and the Politics of Knowledge in Puerto Rico

The Lettered Barriada: Workers, Archival Power, and the Politics of Knowledge in Puerto Rico

Distorted and Victimized Lives of Women in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid's Tale

This study intends to evaluate Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale from the viewpoint of feminist theorist Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex, which offers a more nuanced perspective on sexuality and gender. Beauvoir's philosophy centres on the societal systems of oppression that designate women as ‘Other’ to a male reputation. According to her, femininity is something that society imposes on women, and feminism cannot be reduced to a basic biological statement. According to her, ‘Other’ best reflects the primary social function of a woman. She disputes the vocabulary that defines women based on their biology and asserts that biology is the primary cause of women's subjugation in patriarchal societies. She believes that sexuality contributes to the subjugation and exploitation of women. According to Beauvoir, the prostitution business and the heterosexual lifestyle are the two most visible instances of women's exploitation. Clearly, she rejects the notion that heterosexuality is the norm in sexual encounters. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how Atwood employs conjecture to examine feminist issues in The Handmaid's Tale, such as women's identity loss, subordination in a patriarchal society, and exploitation in a consumer culture where the female body is considered an object. In her novel, Atwood examines issues pertaining to the subjugation of women, such as gender inequality and the flaws of the patriarchal system.

Ethnicity and Sexual Violence in The Conflict of South Sudan

South Sudan gained independence in 2011 after a much applauded referendum. The euphoria of this accomplishment was beclouded by ethnic conflicts which degenerated into a civil war in December 2013. The aim of this study was to examine the conflict that degenerated into a civil war in South Sudan and orchestrated gruesome sexual violence. In accordance, the study was guided by the following research questions. Why is the civil war in South Sudan said to be an ethnic conflict? How is sexual violence manifesting in the conflict of South Sudan? The instrumentalist theory of ethnic conflict as propounded by Pierre Duhem was adopted as the theoretical framework of this study. The research employed a qualitative method of study. The study found out that South Sudan is a composition of more than 60 ethnic groups but the Dinka, Nuer and to a lesser degree the Murle are the most prominent. Incidentally, the conflicts that have engulfed and devastated all of South Sudan emanated and proliferated from these major ethnic groups. The conflict in South Sudan was characterized by sexual violence such as rape, sexual slavery, sexual torture, sexual mutilation etc. The study concludes that ethnicity is the fundamental causal factor of the conflict of South Sudan that is characterized by sexual violence and other atrocities. The study recommends that South Sudan should harness its rich national heritage of multi-ethnicity for unity in diversity as opposed to the prevailing parochial barbarity of ethnic conflicts.

Supposing the moral state: Japan and historical justice under liberal internationalism

Abstract Diplomatic spats over history between two of the United States' allies, Japan and the Republic of Korea, continue to simmer under the post-1945 liberal international order. The antagonism between the former colonizer and its colony has become a detriment not only for US security interests in the region, but also a challenge to the US claims to stand for human rights, as the issue of military sexual slavery has become tethered to the global human rights discourse by Korean American diaspora activists. Yet, when the US attempts to mediate between the two, it is rebuffed by its two allies because the US often acts as a neutral third party, rather than the major actor responsible for the making of post-1945 order in east Asia and the current impasse over history. This article asks how the entangled relation between order and justice in the making of the hub-and-spokes system in east Asia, mainly engineered by the United States, casts a long shadow over how to deal with history in Japan. This matters because questions of moral possibility in world politics always suppose a sovereign agentic state, and for Japan this creates a gap between the ideal moral state and the reality of being a semi-sovereign state. Thus, the persistence of Japan's ‘history problem’ must be understood not solely in terms of whether the empirical facts are accepted or not, but also in the sense of how being a sovereign matters when it comes to moral possibility in global politics.

TESTIMONIAL NARRATIVE OF THE UNSPEAKABLE CRIMES IN NADIA MURAD’S THE LAST GIRL

Trauma is an unpleasant experience suffered by an individual and or a group of individuals collectively. It is a life-changing event that leaves physical and psychological scars that could influence both explicit and implicit memories in the conscious and subconscious mind. Therefore, traumatic events can occur when previous memories haunt the present state of mind through flashbacks, nightmares, hallucinations, disorders, and other means. As a result, the suppressed ghost of the past conjures up mental imagery of locations, people, and items associated with the heinous crime. While some individuals are locked in their traumatic experiences, others may integrate and release them via narration and testimony stories. This is important in making the wound visible and the silence audible. Therefore, as Nadia Murad demonstrated, literature deals with trauma and constructs a bridge of communal solidarity amongst people who share the same society or culture by exposing hideous crimes. The book by Nadia Murad and the co-writer Jenna Krajeski, The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity and Resistance to the Islamic State (2017), focuses on ISIS sexual assaulters of their Yazidi victims and women’s aspirations for reparative and restorative justice. Between 2014 and 2015, Nadia Murad, the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize winner, was imprisoned in sexual slavery. Nadia’s historical testimony gave details of the crimes that the ISIS members perpetrated against her and her determination to prosecute them. The study argues that the Yazidi women’s brave decision to come forward assisted rape survivors in breaking the women’s generational silence. They significantly recalled their people’s collective traumatized memory to heal the wounds through verbalizing suffering and testimonial narratives. The author-personal narrator’s experiences with injustices had been investigated using a mix of autobiography biography, memoir, History, and testimony, and also how the testimonial narrative aids in the act of speaking out against crimes; by giving voice to the silent agony

THE PLIGHT OF WOMEN IN ARMED CONFLICT: RECOUNTING THE ORDEALS OF WOMEN IN THE ANGLOPHONE ARMED CON-FLICT IN CAMEROON

Armed conflicts over the years have been a major issue affecting many societies across the world. These armed conflicts usually have far reaching consequence on diverse groups in affect-ed societies. Women most often remain the hardest hit as far as the effects of these armed con-flicts are concern. The plight of women remains an issue of major concern in the Anglophone armed conflict in Cameroon. Since the escalation of the Anglophone crisis into an armed conflict in 2017, combat between the state of Cameroon and the non-state armed groups have been evolving. The asymmetrical tactics of the armed groups have been changing based on its capa-bilities. The recent spike in the targeted raid and attack on schools, markets, and state institutions purposely for abduction and kidnapping has affected most women and girls in particular from every facet of life. Due to the depletion of its fighters and gradual loss of support from the mass-es, there has been a surge in mass positioning of people including women and girls as material instruments of warfare: fighters, human shields, bargaining tools, sex slaves, informants, among other things by armed groups. Based on research material from primary and secondary sources, this study seeks to examine the adversities of women and girls in the current trend, and eluci-dates on the impact on their social and economic wellbeing. The study endorses the need for the respect of the UNSCR 1325 in Cameroon which clearly stipulates the need to prevent the violation of womens rights and the protection of women and girls from wartime sexual violence.

The Presence of Male Victims of the Congolese Genocide in Lynn Nottage’s Ruined

Set in a small mining village in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo) during the second civil war (1998–2003), Lynn Nottage’s Ruined (2008) depicts Mama Nadi’s bar in a warzone in eastern Congo, which she runs as a brothel with rape victims, such as Josephine and Salima, and a ruined girl, Sophie. These rape victims ironically work as prostitutes in the bar for soldiers (government militia) and rebels, both of whom rape civilians. The bar is relatively safe compared to the outside where these women, shunned and unprotected by their families and communities, become targets of deadly sexual violence and sex slavery. Focusing on raped women, many critics also examine how Nottage criticizes the exploitative nature of global capitalism and its devastating effect on eastern Congo. Although relatively neglected, Nottage depicts the impact of genocide by attrition in Congo and global capitalism on Congolese men who appear as miners, rape victims’ family members, and child soldiers. Focusing on her representation of male characters, I reveal how she challenges the popular representation of wars in Congo as a “rape pandemic” and negative stereotypes of Congolese men as irrational, violent, rapists and perpetrators. I will instead examine how Ruined represents the exploitative nature of global capitalism by blurring the binary between women (victims) and men (perpetrators).