Women's Efforts Research Articles

The Fire Inside: Women Protesting AIDS in Prison since 1980

In the late twentieth century, the American prison system expanded in ways that denied women, and especially working-class and women of color, adequate medical care with regard to HIV-AIDS and their reproductive, chronic, and other illnesses. The experience of living within a racist, misogynistic, and privatized prison system shaped women's organizing on the inside, inspiring forms of mutual aid among prisoners and compelling the formation of inside–outside alliances. Activists not only addressed HIV-AIDS, but also the absence of all the healthcare that incarcerated women failed to receive. Their efforts highlight the systemic and cyclical problems diverse groups of women have faced within the HIV-AIDS epidemic in the United States, as well as women's interpersonal, organizational, and legal efforts to overcome them.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces willingness to exert effort in women.

BackgroundThe use of cannabis has been clinically associated with decreased motivation to engage in normally rewarding activities. However, evidence from previous controlled studies is mixed.MethodIn this study, we examined the effects of acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) versus placebo on a task measuring willingness to exert effort for rewards. This is a secondary analysis of a larger study examining interactions between ovarian hormones and THC. In this within-subjects study, oral THC and placebo were administered under double-blind conditions in counterbalanced order to healthy young adult (M age = 24 years) women with previous cannabis experience who were not regular users. Forty subjects completed three 4-h sessions with PL, 7.5 and 15 mg THC, while an additional 18 completed only PL and 15 mg THC sessions (design abridged due to pandemic). At each session, they completed a task consisting of making repeated choices between a hard and an easy task, which were worth varying amounts of money at varying probabilities.ResultsTHC dose-dependently decreased hard task choices (drug effect, b = − 0.79, SE = 0.29, z = − 2.67, p < 0.01), especially at moderate to high expected values of reward (drug × probability × amount interaction, b = 0.77, SE = 0.38, z = 1.99, p = 0.04). THC also slowed task performance (drug effect, b = 0.01, SE = 0.005, t(5.24) = 2.11, p = 0.04), but the effect of THC on choice was still significant after controlling for this psychomotor slowing.ConclusionsThese findings support the idea that cannabis acutely reduces motivation to earn non-drug rewards. Still to be determined are the neurochemical mechanisms underlying this effect.

Research on Women's Health: Ready for the Future.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) was established in 1990. With the completion of the office's 30th anniversary year, we look back and recount some of the key events and overall zeitgeist that led to ORWH's formation, and how it became the focal point at the nation's primary biomedical research agency for coordinating research on science to improve the health of women. We discuss ORWH's mission and signature programs and the bold vision that drives the NIH-wide strategic, interdisciplinary, and collaborative approach to research on women's health and efforts to promote women in biomedical careers. Also discussed are several of the many scientific advances in research on the health of women, policy innovations and their effects, and career advancements made by women in medicine and related scientific fields. We also highlight key challenges for the health of women, the need to continue pushing for equity in biomedical research careers, and NIH's approach to addressing these problems to ensure progress for the next 30 years and beyond.

GENDER INEQUALITY BEFORE THE LAWS AS SEEN IN ON THE BASIS OF SEX FILM BY MIMI LEDER

In this study, researcher analyzes an inequality film written by Daniel Stiepleman and directed by Mimi Leder. This Film tells the strory about inequality dan women struggle. Therefore the researcher entitled this research with “Gender Inequality before the Laws as seen in On the Basis Of Sex film by Mimi Leder”, This study aimed to discuss; 1) injustice between a man and a woman before the law, 2) how women try to resist the laws. Design of this research was qualitative descriptive research. The researcher applied the theory of human rights and feminist legal theory by Universal Decralation of human right and Judith and remer to answer the research question problem formulation. Sociological approach also used in this research. In collecting the data, the researcher used technique of documentation. The technique used in analyzing data in this study was a descriptive technique. The results of this research are; 1) there are four gender inequalities depicted in the film on the basis of sex; (a) inequality in economic right (b) inequality in education right (c) inequality in social right (d) inequality in civil right 2) women's efforts to fight the law are three ways (a) Speak Out the Own Experiences (b) support other campaigners (c) exspressing rational opinions.

The Struggle to Balance Work and Family Life During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights Based on the Situations of Working Women in Delhi.

The COVID-19 pandemic generated economic contraction across the world. In India, the stringent lockdown led to extreme distress. The unprecedented situation adversely affected the women's efforts to balance professional life with family life because of a disproportionate increase in their domestic work burden and a shift in their workstation to home. Since every job cannot be performed remotely, women employed in healthcare services, banks and media witnessed additional risks of commuting and physical interaction at the workplace. Based on personal interviews of women in the Delhi-NCR region, the study aims to explore the commonalities and variances in the challenges experienced by the women engaged in diverse occupations. Using the qualitative methodology of flexible coding, the study finds that a relatively larger section of women travelling to their office during the pandemic, rather than those working from home, had an effective familial support system that helped them navigate this tough time.

Women take risks to help others to stay alive.

Evidence that women voluntarily expose themselves to some threats more than men do challenges the generalizability of the claim that women exceed men in self-protective responses. Examples include women's higher rates of living organ donation and rescuing Jews during the holocaust. In general, women's efforts to keep other people alive can take precedence over their efforts to protect themselves.

Nevertheless: American Methodists and Women's Rights

Written while Ashley Boggan Dreff (PhD, Drew University) was still High Point University's Director of Women and Gender Studies and Assistant Professor of Religion, Nevertheless: American Methodists and Women's Rights recounts ‘American Methodist women's efforts to fight for women's rights, from the Women's Christian Temperance Union to the #MeToo movement’ (back cover). The title of Dreff's introductory chapter, ‘Introduction to a Movement’, hints that this slim volume is not intended for the standard academic audience, but rather ‘to help Methodists—women and men, as well as non-Methodists—reflect on their own roles in political engagement and how their faith informs their social engagement in this world’ (14). Its hortatory tone and second-person discussion questions at the end of each chapter further indicate that this book's ideal readership seems to be a combination of United Methodist laypeople and perhaps the denomination's top executives, among whom Dreff now ranks, having been elected General Secretary of the General Commission on Archives and History (GCAH) not six months after the publication of Nevertheless.Unlike more straightforwardly academic historical and theological prior texts by Priscilla Pope-Levison (an endorser) and Laceye Warner, among others, this book is aimed primarily at an audience seeking guidance from the past for present and future progressive action. A key to Dreff's argument is that it is precisely their faith that has propelled women of various Methodist traditions out of their homes and into the public arena as activists.After the introduction's brief treatment of John Wesley and women, as well as the concept of and commitment to social holiness, five chapters address women's involvement in the struggles for suffrage, racial equity, the Equal Rights Amendment, reproductive rights (including but not limited to abortion access), and sexual harassment. The conclusion, ‘She Continues to Preach’, summarizes all and highlights United Methodism's 2016–19 struggle to ratify equality-related amendments to its constitution.In presenting these problems, Dreff demystifies jargon—both of the denomination and of the field of religious studies—quite effectively. Historians of polity may bristle at her repeated reference to the approval of women's ordination in 1956 (10, 60, 109), when in fact the Revd Maud K. Jensen, the first woman to benefit in 1956 from the approval to which Dreff actually refers (that of women's full clergy rights as voting members of Annual Conferences), already was ordained in 1952, as the Revd Dr Georgia Harkness and others had been before her. Theologians might wish that mentions of ‘enthusiasm’ included attention to its negative connotations in the eighteenth century (17–18). Yet such technicalities do not seriously diminish Dreff's argument.Dreff takes an unflinching look at the difficulties women have faced (so unflinching that the reader may wish the publisher had required content warnings to precede each chapter) and does not sugar-coat the legacies of often celebrated but really complicated figures, such as Frances Willard. In doing so, she names and lifts up so many works by women throughout centuries that the reader wishes for attention to the published works of black laywoman and first Women's Division executive Theressa Hoover (curiously misspelled with only one s throughout the book), rather than only her congressional testimony. The use of the Revd James M. Lawson Jr's case of expulsion from Vanderbilt Divinity School over the lunch counter sit-ins would benefit from facts available in GCAH's Methodist History journal to clarify the magnitude and timeline of Lawson's contributions to the Civil Rights Movement, underscoring the value of advocacy for him by the Woman's Division.Before her rousing conclusion, Dreff draws attention to the often overlooked issue of laymen's sexual harassment of clergywomen. This chapter's framing and approach are an admitted departure from the rest of the book, presenting survey evidence regarding the ‘stained glass ceiling’ (100–16). The willingness to attend to this vital matter is laudable. While some readers may feel lost in a sea of data and others may desire more consistent presentation of studies’ methodological approaches, the analysis leaves room for the reader to pursue further understanding. Even if one argues that, for example, the reason ‘harassment of clergywomen … rarely makes news’ is not so much political (Dreff's suggestion) as it is a matter of policy to protect victims and witnesses from further harassment and retaliation, her presentation requires the reader to reflect on the impact of such policy (112).As Dreff calls for improved theology in the pews that dismantles patriarchal assumptions and inspires church members to take action, this book invites partnership between history and theology scholars and between church and academy in ways that she is uniquely positioned to help make a reality.

Provider Characteristics Associated with Trust When Caring for Women Experiencing Substance Use Disorders in the Perinatal Period

Women experiencing substance use disorders (SUD) have often reported challenges in their relationships with health care providers during the perinatal period that served as a barrier to care. Establishing trust is an important aspect in forming positive relationships. The purpose of this study was to identify provider characteristics associated with the development of trust when caring for women experiencing SUD during the perinatal period. A systematic search was conducted using the databases of CINAHL, APA PsychINFO, and PubMed along with a manual search of Google Scholar between the years of 2000-2021. Studies were included if they were (1) original qualitative research; (2) published in English; (3) peer reviewed; (4) from the perspective of women experiencing SUD; (5) included descriptions of positive health care interactions between women experiencing SUD in the perinatal period and their health care providers; and (6) conducted in the United States or Canada. The studies were assessed for quality and validity using 10 criteria from the Joanne Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. Findings from 21 qualitative studies were synthesized using a thematic synthesis approach and revealed 3 overarching themes that included 7 descriptive subthemes which identified provider characteristics associated with trust. The 7 descriptive subthemes included: developing rapport with women, demonstrating caring behaviors, including women in care, understanding women's SUD treatment efforts, reassuring women, delivering competent care, and educating women. Participants' accounts of trusting interactions with health care providers occurred when providers viewed women approvingly, affirmed their treatment efforts and maternal abilities, and delivered competent care that was knowledgeable of issues associated with SUD. The findings suggest the importance of confronting implicit biases, integrated care, and fostering a stigma-free and trauma-informed working environment.

Upaya Perlawanan Perempuan Afghanistan dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Opresi/Kebijakan Opresif Taliban

The Taliban managed to retake the Afghan capital, Kabul, on August 15, 2021, after 20 years ago the Taliban took control of the city. Many people, ranging from civilians to foreigners, especially women, are deprived of their freedom by implementing the policies they make. Various actions carried out by women are regulated by the Taliban such as going to school, how to dress, and others. this causes women to fight against the Taliban in order to regain their rights that have been taken away. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach. The purpose of this study was to see what kind of resistance efforts were carried out by women in regaining their rights that had been taken by the Taliban in Afghanistan. This study will explain the condition of women before and after the Taliban came to power, the oppressive actions of the Taliban against women, women's efforts to fight against the Taliban's power and the obstacles faced by women in fighting against the domination of the Taliban. In the end, the various efforts that women continued to make to fight against the domination of the Taliban were met with threats of violence and murder and these actions further cornered the efforts of women's resistance

Mergawe: A Picture of Changing Women's Tradition

This research focuses on women's efforts in placing themselves in the right position. In the midst of changing times that are so fast and open, women are faced with a feeling of dilemma. On the one hand, women are limited by traditions that always place them in the domestic sphere, which is commonly known as konco wingking. On the other hand, changing times or modernization has given women the freedom to enter the public sphere. Through moderation of the tradition, women in Paciran have managed to get out of their dilemma. They can maintain their traditions and identity as Javanese women and can create new traditions by accepting them as workers. Tradition moderation has also changed the meaning and view of the konco wingking tradition, which so far has only been considered a "place of origin" with its domestic role; macak, masak, manak, but also a "place of return" the tradition that becomes the foothold of women's life in viewing social reality; community, and family. This research was conducted on women working nguplik in a village in Paciran, Lamongan, East Java. Nguplik is the job of separating the ripe crab shell or skin from the meat to be sold and processed into food and cosmetics. Nguplik is carried out by individuals and or a group of women. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach, with the data collection process using interviews and observations. To analyze the data we used the theory of cultural sociology. The finding of this research is the acceptance of women as workers.

EFEKTIVITAS PENGEMBANGAN USAHA EKONOMI PEREMPUAN (KAJIAN USAHA JAHITAN DI GAMPONG COT SEURANI MUARA BATU KABUPATEN ACEH UTARA)

Study of the efficiency of women's economic enterprise growth in Cot Seurani Muara Batu Village, North Aceh Regency. capital The external side, on the other hand, looks at policies and commercial competition. This research employs a qualitative technique with descriptive analysis. Interviews, observation, and documentation were used to gather information. The informants included the Keuchik Gampong Cot Seurani, the owner of a sewing business that is not increasing, the owner of a sewing business that is growing, the People's Welfare Kaur, the Program Supervisor, and the Program Supervisor. The study's findings show that women's economic development efforts have been ineffective due to a lack of management and development capacity to operate their businesses and budget constraints. due to a lack of operating capital, policies, and fierce competition in the corporate world

Accounting and gender equality in (times of) crisis: toward an accounting that accommodates for emotional work?

PurposeEmpirically, this paper questions whether accounting can help cope with crisis and preserve some form of feminist ideals. Theoretically, this paper aims to explore how accounting affects the division of emotional work in times of crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe paper relies on a qualitative study that investigates “life under lockdown” during the COVID crisis and focuses on middle-class well-educated couples aspiring for some form of gender equality and who introduced accounting tools (schedules, charts, to-do-lists, etc.) in their daily life to achieve it.FindingsThe paper argues that accounting tools are not able to prevent couples from adopting traditional ways of carrying out emotional work. By favoring the masculine way of displaying emotions, they make invisible women's efforts for comforting. They even mask the unequal distribution of emotional work under some form of “neoliberal equality”. Also, in a context where middle-class standards are perceived as crucial to meet for both parents to keep their social position, accounting tools, by holding parents accountable for these standards, let no time to find alternative ways of living. Consequently, traditional roles become impossible to reverse.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper investigates accounting, gender and emotions by showing the importance of making emotional work visible at a household but also at an organizational and societal level. It calls for an “integrative” emotional display that is crucial for resilience in times of crisis and invites to challenge neoliberal middle-class standards that make household life difficult for most women. Theoretically, it invites for further exploring how accounting tools are constructed and negotiated and how unpredictable elements of life other than emotions affect gender when accounting tools are introduced in times of crisis.Originality/valueThis article contributes to the literature on gender-in-accounting by introducing the concept of emotional work and showing how accounting tools affect the gendered division of emotional work in praxis.

A qualitative examination of substance use disorder treatment-seeking among women with opioid use disorders: The role of syndemics and structural violence

Women with opioid use disorders (WWOUD) experience disparities in access to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, yet the reasons for these differences are unclear. Co-occurring social and structural factors may work synergistically to impede women's treatment-seeking efforts. The current study explored the socio-structural context of SUD treatment-seeking among WWOUD. We used in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 56 women who had misused any opioid in the past year to address the study's aims. Constructivist grounded theory principles were used to identify the socio-structural barriers to SUD treatment entry through the lens of syndemics and structural violence. Study results illustrate how WWOUD can encounter a host of mutually reinforcing negative conditions that are situated within the broader socio-structural context of social stigma, poverty, limited availability of SUD treatment options, and a punitive societal approach to drug use. Findings indicate a need to implement and expand structural interventions that address economic and housing insecurity and childcare needs. Strategies that move systems away from a punitive approach to drug use are also encouraged, in favor of supportive and cross-system collaborative approaches that can facilitate women's access to SUD treatment services.

Developing “My Plate” Poster as a Nutrition Education Media of Pregnant Women in Efforts to Prevent Stunting

One of nutritional problems experienced by toddlers is stunting, which is a short or very short body condition in children due to chronic malnutrition that occurs from pregnant women to children aged 2 years. Nutrition education is a method and effort to increase knowledge of nutrition and eating behavior in order to create optimal nutritional status. Education for the “My Plate” poster is important for pregnant women to implement a healthy diet and to meet daily nutritional needs as an effort to prevent stunting. This research was conducted by interview method. From the result of this research, a poster of “My Plate-Pregnant Women” has been designed as a nutrition education media. &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Nutriotion Education Poster, Pregnant Women, Stunting

Collective Rural Women Access, Use, and Control Over Communal Land in Mexico: A Post-capitalist Feminist Political Ecology Approach

Rural women's access to land is fundamental for their individual and household well-being, equity, and empowerment. In Mexico, the agrarian reform of 1992 and customary gendered rights shaped land use, access, and control. Rural women's access to collective land is relevant since social property—ejidoandagrarian communities—represents 52% of the national territory. As an expression of the collective organization, commons were also performed to use and control communal land and biophysical resources collectively. This paper examines the collective peasant women's bargaining process to access, use, and control communal land. The post-capitalist feminist political ecology approach allowed us to distinguish and analyze gendered strategies employed by a cooperative led by women at different levels—household, community, and government—to access and use communal land and biophysical resources by the process of commons—commoning. Rural women's collective efforts are located in Hidalgo, central Mexico. Firstly, the Agrarian Reform modifications related to gender equality issues are investigated, followed by examining rural women's socioeconomic conditions. The case study permitted us to identify and analyze critical factors that enhanced long-term agreements to control communal land beyond the Agrarian Law scope by the commoning examination. The collective rural women's strategies to use communal land improved well-being based on gendered peasant knowledge, organization, and stakeholder support. Nevertheless, the strategies increased women's burden and reinforced the existing gendered norms such as female altruism. Furthermore, the need to discuss the bargaining process over communal land concerning a diversity of commons is argued: knowledge, social, and biophysical, in which gender and care are critical variables.

Grow and Advance through Intentional Networking: A pilot program to foster connections within the Women's Empowerment and Leadership Initiative in the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia.

The Women's Empowerment and Leadership Initiative in the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia was established to support women's efforts to achieve promotion, leadership positions, and equity in pediatric anesthesiology through coaching, mentoring, sponsorship, and networking. Career advancement relies on the establishment of mentoring relationships within institutions and at regional and national levels. Prior to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, networking was primarily conducted at large national meetings. When national meetings were canceled by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Women's Empowerment and Leadership Initiative sought to reduce networking barriers by creating a pilot program called "Grow and Advance through Intentional Networking" (GAIN). Monthly 1-h virtual GAIN sessions were developed based on topics requested by the Women's Empowerment and Leadership Initiative members. Faculty facilitated psychologically safe small-group discussions to maximize engagement. We present an overview of our pilot GAIN program, which has been well received by the Women's Empowerment and Leadership Initiative members and met with continuous demand for more sessions. Professional networking is critical for career advancement and for developing and maintaining a sense of community and well-being. Early- and mid-career physicians depend on these relationships to facilitate academic productivity and promotion. Programs like the Women's Empowerment and Leadership Initiative GAIN are critical for advancing our specialty and supporting the well-being of pediatric anesthesiologists. GAIN addresses barriers to professional networking, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Metabolic syndrome in women with previous gestational diabetes

To evaluate the incidence and timing of the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in a cohort of Danish women after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes (GDM) to estimate the optimum time for preventative actions in relation to metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this follow-up study, 435 women were included from a consecutive cohort with prior history of GDM. Data on dyslipidemia, hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders (CVD) were extracted from the electronic patient journal. Any antidiabetic, cardiovascular and cholesterol-lowering medicine was ascertained in the national prescription database. Similarly, any blood test taken was evaluated. We defined a patient having MetS if the criteria of the WHO based definition of diabetes or impaired glucose regulation were met. Further, we added as alternative for glucose intolerance, a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) > 44 mmol/mol or the former level ≥ 6.5%. Further, dyslipidemia, lipid lowering medications, BMI > 30 kg/m2 or antihypertensive treatment were used. For MetS outcome, diagnosis or medication for CVD was registered. All women were followed for median 5.7 years (range 0; 9). The incidence of MetS was 28%. Thirteen percent of these qualified already within one year after pregnancy for the diagnosis of MetS. Postpartum MetS was detected after a median of 3 years (range 0; 7 years); further, 36 (8%) had been diagnosed with manifest diabetes after pregnancy. The diagnosis of postpartum MetS was strongly associated with the prevalence of manifest diabetes. Six years after pregnancy the rate of metabolic syndrome was more than tripled (25 vs. 89%, no DM vs manifest DM, RR: 6.7; 95% CI 2.7–17, p < 0.001). At 40 years the MetS rate nearly tripled if manifest DM was diagnosed (26 vs. 78%, no DM vs. manifest DM, RR: 3.3, 95% CI 1.8–6, p < 0.001). We found that GDM and later on manifest DM in women increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. There seems to be a window of opportunity before the early thirties where it would be especially beneficial to begin preventive efforts in women with GDM.

Gender and Rural Vitality: Empowerment through Women's Community Groups*

AbstractRural women are often the main supporters of their families and have been involved in improving the quality of life for households and communities. Sustainable rural development and poverty reduction is linked to empowering women. Community groups are one mechanism for empowering women and fostering economic development in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. For the poor, the ability to organize and mobilize to solve problems is crucial because collective capability assists in overcoming challenges arising from marginalization and limited resources. Even though considerable work has been done on the impact of institutional support for community groups, it is not well documented how the efforts of women's community groups actually lead to improved socioeconomic wellbeing. The results of the study elucidate the positive impact of female group membership as a mechanism for advancing livelihoods and socio‐economic wellbeing. Empowering women's groups as micro‐institutions of economic and social advancement is a fundamental tool for improving the well‐being of women and their children. The findings are intended to help institutions that work with women groups improve the impact and sustainability of these key mechanisms for development intervention.

Persistent efforts and opportune moments: women’s groups and gender quota adoption in Central and Eastern Europe

ABSTRACT After the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe scholars noted that the percentage of women in CEE parliaments plummeted from previous levels, from 30% in some countries during communism to below 10%. Currently, the average percentage of women in most CEE parliaments is 27%. Gender quotas are partly responsible for this increase. I make the argument here that gender quota adoption in adopter countries has been aided by the efforts of women's networks, women politicians and other actors supportive of women's causes, recognising the effect of women's groups in a region not known for having robust women's organizing.

Lifestyle, Behavioral, and Dietary Risk Factors in Relation to Mammographic Breast Density in Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer.

Women at high risk for breast cancer due to genetics or risk factor profiles are counseled to adopt lifestyle, behavioral, and dietary changes to help reduce their risk. These recommendations are based on studies of women at average risk, so their effectiveness in high-risk women is unclear. We evaluated the impact of physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and intake of folate and carotenoids on mammographic breast density-a proxy for breast cancer risk-among 387 high-risk women. Exposures were self-reported on questionnaires. Breast dense area, nondense area, and percent dense area were measured from screening mammograms with Library for Breast Radiodensity Assessment software. Cross-sectional associations were estimated with multivariable quantile regression models. After adjusting for age, adiposity, reproductive history, and use of postmenopausal hormones, no breast density measure was associated with physical activity level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, or estimated intake of folate, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin. Lycopene intake was associated with lower dense area when comparing the highest and lowest intake categories (adjusted difference in median = -14 cm2, 95% confidence interval: -29 to 1.3 cm2). This association may be explained by incomplete adjustment for adiposity. Recommended lifestyle, behavioral, and dietary changes to mitigate personal risk of breast cancer do not substantially impact mammographic breast density measures. Alternative strategies, such as increased uptake of chemoprevention, may better serve risk reduction efforts in women at high risk for breast cancer.