Women's Wages Research Articles

Women Waging War in the American Revolution

Women Waging War in the American Revolution

Parenthood and gender inequality on labor market outcomes: Evidence from South Korea

AbstractThis study estimates the long‐term effect of parenthood on labor market outcomes and explores the variations within this effect by gender and education. We use the event study method to track changes in a range of labor market outcomes from 3 years before to 8 years after the first birth, with a sample of 556 married women and 528 married men from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS). We find that women experience an immediate drop in wages following birth, whereas men experience continuous wage growth even before birth. The decline in women's wages arises largely from their withdrawal from the labor market, while the increase in men's wages could be explained by a positive selection bias among fathers. In addition, mothers' wage trajectories do not vary significantly by education level, whereas other labor market outcomes show discernible trends. These patterns are the opposite of those observed for men. The findings indicate that severe gender inequality in the Korean labor market lowers the wages of mothers, regardless of their education, while the wages of fathers are more likely to be affected by education. Based on the findings, we make policy suggestions for improving the work‐family balance for all genders.

Women’s Participation in the Labor Force of Meghalaya, India: A Spatial Disseminated Analysis

Meghalaya is an important state of north-eastern India. The main focus of the paper is to present an overall picture of women’s participation in Meghalaya and also shown employment of female’s in rural and urban areas of the state. Paper tries to show the gender gap in each district of the state. Along with comparing the incomes, educational attainment, and types of jobs held by women in urban and rural Meghalaya, it also looks at the type and caliber of work that women in these regions do. According to the report, between 2000 and 2014, there were 116 women working in Meghalaya on average every day. Women's earnings per day are likewise far lower than those of men; in 2014, women's wages were rupees 299.3, while men's salary were rupees 403.5. This is demonstrated by the fact that the majority of rural women work in low-paying agricultural jobs on a casual basis. There is notable difference in the gender gap and the rate of female employment participation throughout Meghalaya's districts.

Determinants of women’s labor participation rate: Evidence in ASEAN

Attention to women's involvement in the workforce is increasing in social and economic development, particularly in developing countries such as those in ASEAN. However, data indicates that despite progress, the Gender Inequality Index (GII) remains high in ASEAN countries. This condition underscores the importance of focusing specifically on women's empowerment, reproductive health, and participation in the labor market. This research analyzes the influence of wages, women's involvement in parliament, women's life expectancy, fertility rates, and maternal mortality rates on women's labor participation rates in ASEAN. Data for this research was acquired from the World Bank. The study is quantitative, utilizing panel data regression analysis from 2011-2022, covering 11 ASEAN countries, using the Random Effects Model (REM) approach. The research findings indicate that wage, women's life expectancy, fertility rate, and maternal mortality rate variables significantly influence women's labor participation rates in ASEAN from 2011-2022, while women's involvement in parliament does not significantly affect women's labor participation rates. Therefore, ASEAN countries' governments should increase women's wages and healthcare access, promote family planning, support gender equality in education and employment, and enhance women's political participation.

Female wage penalty in Brazil and Colombia: tensions in the work-family reconciliation

The female wage determination differs according to the family composition, mainly associated with the presence of children. Thus, the objective of the article was to analyze how much maternity can be a differential factor that penalizes women's wages in the Colombian and Brazilian labor markets. The Heckman selection model was applied using the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNADC) for Brazil and the Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH) for Colombia, referring to 2012 and 2019. Results show the maternity penalty in Colombia of 5.4% per child in 2012 and 7.9% per child in 2019; already, in the case of Brazil, 10.9% and 12.0%, respectively. So then, despite the continuous incorporation of Colombian and Brazilian women into the labor market, conventional gender social practices in the family make it difficult to reconcile work-family.

The Influence of COVID-19 on Young Women's Labor Market Aspirations and Expectations in India

Youth unemployment and gender gaps in labor market outcomes are key policy challenges across developing countries. Young job seekers may struggle to find jobs because of their biased beliefs and unrealistic aspirations about the labor market. We study whether exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the labor market aspirations and expectations of female vocational students in Haryana, India. We find that exposure to the pandemic lowered young women's wage aspirations and made them more realistic, especially in rural areas. A potential mechanism for these effects is the decline in rural women's willingness to migrate for work due to the pandemic.

Women Waging War in the American Revolution ed. by Holly A. Mayer (review)

Women Waging War in the American Revolution ed. by Holly A. Mayer (review)

From fatherhood premium to motherhood penalty: trends in the fertility effects on men's and women's wage in China (1989–2015)

Investigating the impact of fertility on the wage earnings of men and women and its trends is important for understanding and coping with both the widening gender wage gap and the continuously declining fertility rate in China. Through an in-depth analysis of China Health and Nutrition Survey data from 1989 to 2015, the study finds that in the late 1980s, fertility had a significant positive impact on the wage earnings of men in China, while the negative impact on women's wages was not significant. Over time, the fatherhood wage premium has been declining, while the motherhood wage penalty has been rising at a faster rate, and the gender wage gap has been widening. The expansion of the market sector in China since the deepening of reforms in 1992 is an important reason for the rapid increase of motherhood wage penalty.

Between Peripherality and Privilege: “Women Wage Peace” as a Case Study of Intersectionality Practices in Women’s Movements

Abstract This article analyzes Women Wage Peace (WWP), an Israeli grassroots peace movement, as a case study of intersectionality in women’s movements. Using an ethnographic model based on semi-structured interviews with previous and current movement members, I investigate the dilemmas and strategies of WWP in its pursuit of a diverse membership base, a goal considered unique in Israeli peace discourse. This study contributes to understanding intersectional theory and practice, explaining why such an approach is not (always) effective in women’s movements despite the best intentions. Examining WWP through the lens of peripherality and privilege highlights the movement’s hierarchical power structure, identifying the places where intersectional awareness does not translate into political practice. By providing examples of the challenges of intersectionality in women’s movements, these findings offer a response to the need for more nuanced analysis in current feminist and social movement research.

Beyond Clueless Mothers: Israeli “Women Wage Peace” Activists’ Perceptions of Why Women Are Key to Peacemaking

Abstract Focusing on a contemporary peace movement in Israel, Women Wage Peace (WWP), this article studies female Jewish and Arab-Palestinian activists to understand if/why they believe in women’s peacefulness and why they chose a women-led movement. While not challenging the idea of women’s peacefulness, the activists’ testimonies shed light on various explanations behind the “women and peace hypothesis,” beyond maternal arguments. Despite a militaristic/patriarchal context where maternal collective action frames are culturally resonant, some activists refuse to be reduced to one-dimensional mothers. The article also finds that through caring practices, WWP creates a unique feeling of belonging, including for Arab-Palestinian activists experiencing a deficit of belonging. The article draws on qualitative methodologies, interviews, and ethnographic work conducted in 2019–2020. Implications include the value for women’s peace movements to use both maternal and feminine collective action frames, decoupled from motherhood, and to actively create “safe spaces” where women feel that they belong.

Women Waging War in the American Revolution ed. by Holly A. Mayer (review)

Women Waging War in the American Revolution ed. by Holly A. Mayer (review)

Gender wage inequalities in the Eurasian Union countries

Purpose of the research. To analyze the influence of factors determining the wage gap between employees, gender pay ratios in the context of individual types within the country and between countries.Methodology. In the course of the study, index analysis was used using the assortment displacement index, structural shift indices, constant and variable composition indices. Correlation and regression analysis in order to study the relationship within countries and the relationships between countries.Originality / value of the research. The value of the study lies in a new approach (using GDP ratios, at parity and in national currency, to calculate comparable real levels of wages of employees between countries by type of economic activity and by gender), which allows calculating real wage levels.Identification of the relationship that determines the differences in wages between men and women, the ratio of wages between men in different countries. Differences in wage differentiation between certain types of economic activity in the context of individual countries are analyzed.Findings. The results of the study made it possible to obtain real ideas about the level of wages, differentiation between certain types of economic activity and in the gender aspect between countries. Real dependencies and ratios of the formation of women's wages within individual countries, correlations in the levels of differentiation in the gender aspect are revealed.

The meaning of hope for Israeli peace activists: consolidation of collective identity, antidote to despair and spiritual resource

Twenty years after the outbreak of the Second Intifada and with the collapse of the Oslo Peace Process, many Israelis perceive the conflict with Palestinians as inevitable and unsolvable, yet some still mobilise for peace. This article investigates the meaning of hope for Jewish and Arab-Palestinian peace activists who joined the two newest peace movements in Israel, Women Wage Peace (2014) and Standing Together (2015). The article draws on qualitative methodologies – in-depth interviews with activists and ethnographic work conducted from 2018 to 2021. It finds that within the context of a protracted conflict, in addition to the distant and more abstract objective of peace, activists view hope as an objective in and of itself. As an attachment to a political vision, a capacity to imagine positive change or a visceral substance, activists embrace hope to consolidate their collective identity, protect themselves from crippling emotions such as despair, resignation and cynicism and/or regain spirituality. Far from being a fraudulent form of hope, the article suggests that this is a radical, authentic and active form of hope to save what can be a political vision, the shattered dream of peace, that remains central to the activists’ sense of identity and belonging. This hope is valuable: it mobilises Israeli peace activists and allows them to avoid despair as they refuse to accept the protracted conflict reality as an unchangeable given.

The Contribution of Women to Peace in the Middle East: The Experience of the Movement Women Wage Peace (WWP)

In the context of the many movements with a strong female presence promoting peace in the Middle East, the movement Women Wage Peace (WWP) currently represents the largest and most impactful organization in the country. Founded in the aftermath of the 50-day Gaza War/Operation Protective Edge of 2014, Women Wage Peace has grown to 45,000 Israeli members, the most significant grassroots peace movement in Israel today. WWP’s theory of change refracts the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and its resolution, through a gendered lens. The movement is non-partisan and does not support any specific solution to the conflict. Instead, it empowers women from diverse communities to build trust across divides, leading to a unified demand for diplomatic negotiation, with full representation of women, to end the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. WWP enables very diverse women to unite with the aim of taking their own and their children’s futures into their own hands: women from the left, center, and right, young and old, from the center and periphery of the country, religious and secular, Jewish, Arab, Druze, and Bedouin. The movement continues to refine its non-hierarchical structure, distributing its work among thousands of volunteers who serve on regional and/or mission-specific teams, including Government Engagement, Foreign Affairs, Digital Communication, Special Projects, and Strategy.

Factors that Influencing Chinese Female’s Marriage Intention

This article aims to study the factors influencing Chinese women's marriage intention, so as to put forward corresponding policy suggestions and promote the solution of marriage-related social problems. This paper applys several statistical methods to, deal with such problem. After conducting correlation analysis, unit root test and cointegration test on the data, this paper made LM test, F test and Horsman test, and determined to adopt the fixed effect model for research. This paper uses fixed effect model to study the influence of women's education level, women's wage level and GDP on Chinese women's marriage and divorce intention. The data in this paper come from China Statistical Yearbook, collecting data from 1999 to 2020 in China's provinces for research. According to the model results, this paper has two main conclusions. First, the wage level is inversely related to women's willingness to divorce. Second, the women's education level is inversely related to women's willingness to marry. The higher education level women have, the lower willingness to marry they have.

How Maternity Leave Affects Female Employment in the UK?

Maternity leave (ML) is the period during which a woman is legally allowed not to work during the weeks before and after childbirth. In the UK, the policy with ML not only includes a woman's legal right to take leave during childbirth, but also emphasises the right to receive financial benefit during the leave and return to work after childbirth. It is undeniable that ML allows women sufficient time to recover physically and psychologically after childbirth, and stay with their children. However, a body of evidence suggests that the impact of ML on women's employment is ambiguous. When the ML can encourage women to enter the labour market, the ML is also associated with lower wages for women, increased unemployment and reduced opportunities for promotion. Faced with this confusing evidence, how to clarify the impact of maternity leave on women's employment in the UK and how to find out the reasons why maternity leave affects women's employment becomes the main task of this study. After comparing the data for the treatment group (who would be affected by the law) and the control group (who would not be affected by the law) before and after the ML came into force. This study found that although the ML did not increase the wage gap between men and women, it discouraged women from entering the labour market, reduced female employment and was detrimental to women's wage development. Furthermore, the negative effects of the ML on women's employment can be attributed mainly to the too long leave duration.

Combining emotions: hope, anger, joy, and love in Israeli peace movements

ABSTRACT Focusing on the role of hope and emotions more broadly in the two newest peace movements in Israel – Women Wage Peace and Standing Together – this paper investigates how both movements ‘work’ on their activists’ emotions and combine emotions. A comparative and gendered approach sheds light on differences between the movements. While both were established in 2014–2015 and strive for the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, each has distinct characteristics. Women Wage Peace is a women’s movement focused on reaching a peace agreement with the Palestinians, while Standing Together is a mixed movement with a holistic mandate of reaching peace and transforming Israel into a more egalitarian society. The paper draws on qualitative methodologies – in-depth interviews with Jewish and Arab-Palestinian activists, ethnographic work, and analysis of documents produced by the movements. It suggests that both movements consciously work on their activists’ emotions, but that Standing Together combines the positive emotion of hope with the negative emotion of anger (‘moral battery’), while Women Wage Peace combines the positive emotion of hope with the positive emotions of love and joy. The paper also argues that Women Wage Peace’s combination of positive-only emotions is part of an absolute politics of positivity that contrasts with Standing Together’s more limited politics of positivity. Possible implications include the value for peace movements to actively work on their activists’ emotions and trigger hope, which can be combined with negative or positive emotions, as movements consciously place themselves along the ‘politics of positivity’ spectrum.

Workplace Presenteeism, Job Substitutability and Gender Inequality

Following the arrival of the first child, women's absence rates soar and become less predictable due to the greater frequency of their own sickness and the need to care for sick children. In this paper, we argue that this fall in presenteeism in the workplace hurts women's wages, not only indirectly and gradually, through a slower accumulation of human capital, but also immediately, through a direct negative effect on productivity in unique jobs (i.e., jobs with low substitutability). Although both presenteeism and job uniqueness are highly rewarded, we document that women's likelihood of holding jobs with low substitutability decreases substantially relative to men's after the arrival of the first child. This gap persists over time, with important long-run wage implications. We highlight that the parenthood wage penalty for women could be reduced by organizing work in such a way that more employees have tasks that, at least in the short run, can be performed satisfactorily by other employees in the workplace.

Plantation Women and Children

In the period 1870-1940 over a million Javanese labourers travelled to Sumatra hoping for a better life. Although the literature focuses on the labour activities, working conditions, and wages of male workers, especially from 1900 onwards a substantial part of the hired labourers were women and children. This paper argues that in the late colonial period attempts were made to improve the conditions for family life on the plantations. These policies were aimed at creating a stable pool of workers in a context of widespread labour scarcity. However, improvements were slow, and when a labour surplus occurred during the Great Depression, women's wages and contracts were affected most, which shows the gendered labour policies on the plantations were very much driven by an economic rationale.

Examining Gender Mandates as Representation of Women in Political Speech

The Discourse Analysis of Teun A. Van Dijk tries to examine the gender mandate of the heads of political parties led by women in showing the representation of women in fighting for gender. Speech text is basically not just a string of words that is only linguistic, but social. Van Dijk's model is divided into three levels: a) macro structure, b) superstructure, and c) micro structure, which is used to analyze discourse critically. The data source uses You Tube through the text of political party speeches. Qualitative research methodology used to examine messages as gender mandates in speechwomen-led politics. Based on the research on political speeches, it can be concluded: There is a significant difference in the thematic structure between MSP and GN, the dominant theme of MSP's political speech is about the political, economic, and historical role of the party, and cadres are considered as party officials. The thematics of GN's speech criticized social realities, the struggle for gender, emancipation, women's wages, and polygamy. The micro structure in the schematic is compiled and assembled on economic studies, state politics, and political messages, commemorating the Asia-Africa Conference, while GN's speech emphasized women such as: Emancipation of gender equality, feelings of party leaders or the mission of the Party which are both attached to one. Stylistics in the choice of diction are used as expressions that have the power to inspire those who hear, using a stylistic style for PDI-P cadres, of course, it can be lively. Meanwhile, the diction used to highlight the stylistics used by GN is more about gender messages and mandates that attract millennials. The use of rhetorical language style in the micro structure was used by the two political party leaders as the party's mandate and mission.