Women's Rights Research Articles

The Rights of Minority Women Before the European Court of Human Rights: Critical Review in Light of the Practice of the UN Human rights comitee and other international human rights bodies

The Rights of Minority Women Before the European Court of Human Rights: Critical Review in Light of the Practice of the UN Human rights comitee and other international human rights bodies

Changing preferences and societal dynamics: Analyzing public attitudes toward preferential discrimination policy in urban India

AbstractThis article analyzes public preferences toward affirmative action (reservation policy) designed for disadvantaged social groups in India by examining the co‐relational and causal relationship between the perceived fairness of the reservation policies and the citizens' preferences for reservation policies available in the political sphere, government jobs, and higher education institutions; and how urban India—particularly the metropolitan cities—utilizes better opportunities for socioeconomic mobility. I argue that there are opposing trends in discourse, primarily based on self‐interest or motivation‐based community interest. Examining citizens' preferences by adding more variables to the analysis and testing them with the data (N = 1800) is imperative since self‐motivation or community interest cannot be the sole factor. The findings allow us to represent potential interaction effects based on caste, education level, and place of birth. These are the primary reasons for citizens' choices, and they all have an additive effect rather than being present as an individual factor of analysis.Related ArticlesHarel‐Shalev, Ayelet. 2013. “Policy Analysis beyond Personal Law: Muslim Women's Rights in India.” Politics & Policy 41(3): 384–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12016.Harel‐Shalev, Ayelet. 2009. “Lingual and Educational Policy toward ‘Homeland Minorities’ in Deeply Divided Societies: India and Israel as Case Studies.” Politics & Policy 37(5): 951–70. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00206.x/abstract.Pearson‐Merkowitz, Shanna. 2012. “Aqui no hay oportunidades: Latino Segregation and the Keys to Political Participation.” Politics & Policy 40(2): 258–95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00349.x/abstract.

Career women's mental wellbeing in the era of population decline: the effects of working environment and family environment on the mental wellbeing.

In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that the population in many countries has been declining. China, which was previously the world's most populous nation and is often categorized as an emerging economy, officially entered an era of population decline in 2022. The advent of this era has make China's economic development more uncertain and aging of population more pronounced. To address the population decline, the Chinese government implemented the "Three-Child Policy" to encourage childbirth, aiming to reverse the negative population growth. However, this policy has not achieved the expected goals. Instead, it has increased the pressure on women to bear children, particularly for career women, where such pressure may conflict with their existing work and family environments, subsequently affecting their mental wellbeing. A survey was conducted to investigate the mental wellbeing status of career women in Changchun City, Jilin Province, Northeast China. It analyzes the impact of working and family environments on the mental wellbeing of these women. Based on the survey, this study draws five conclusions: A. The mental wellbeing status of career women varies across different ages, industries, and childbirth statuses. B. The perceived adverse impact of childbirth on the working environment may negatively affect the mental wellbeing of career women. C. The perceived adverse impact of childbirth on the family environment may negatively affect the mental wellbeing of career women. D. Career women are not satisfied with the effectiveness of current policies in protecting women's rights. E. Compared to working environments, there is a greater demand for career women in the family environments, particularly in reducing various family burdens. The pro-natalist policies introduced in response to negative population growth can worsen the mental wellbeing of career women, while the deterioration of their mental wellbeing could further accelerate population decline. Given the current challenges, this study suggests that effectively improving the mental wellbeing of career women requires building psychological resilience among childless career women, reducing the burden of family on career women, and continuously improving policies and regulations that protect the rights of career women.

Gender Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market: Conceptual Ideas and Empirical Evidence from Lagos, Nigeria

This study examines the complex issues surrounding gender discrimination in the rental housing market in Lagos, Nigeria. It investigates the reasons for gender preferences alongside the immediate reactions and responses of female tenants who experienced rental housing discrimination, which frequently manifests as higher rent demands, unfavourable lease terms and outright denial of housing, among others. The mixed methods study used instruments that were tested for reliability and validity, with copies of the questionnaire being served to real-estate practitioners and interviews conducted with female tenants to develop evidence-based policy recommendations for addressing gender discrimination and promoting equitable access to rental housing in Lagos State. Thus, the study makes an important contribution to the discourse of gender discrimination. Given the cultural roots of such discrimination, the study suggests the need for an awareness campaign targeting diverse actors within the housing market. The study noted that the Nigerian government has enacted laws to protect women's rights in housing, implementation remains a challenge. Therefore, promoting gender equality in housing requires the concerted efforts of government and the collective resistance of civil-society organisations and the private sector.

A Critical Analysis of Women Rights to Inherit Property in Bukonzo East Constituency, Kasese District

ABSTRACT Women in Uganda have made significant strides in achieving the rights to education, employment, and participation in public affairs among others. However, when it comes to the right to inherit property from their parents and husbands, women have been left behind despite Government’s efforts geared towards ensuring that women too are considered for inheritance of property on equal footing with men. The low achievement for women in this area of property inheritance is attributed to traditional customary norms and practices which have created a male-centered and male dominated society across the country. The traditional customary norms and practices favour men as the only persons who can inherit and own property while women are restricted to user rights only. On addition, even when user rights are allowed, the input of a women’s into the development of the property especially land and proceeds derived therefrom are never considered as a contribution that create an interest worth being owned and capable of being bequeathed by a woman. In Uganda, ownership and possession of land especially customary land tenure is dominated by men. This has increasingly put women at a disadvantage. This article identifies the obstacles/causes why women are still being marginalized when it comes to inheritance of property despite the government efforts and the legal framework in place, it also discusses the possible solutions to end the problem, and offers recommendations which includes enhancement of sensitizations and awareness, and closing lacunas that exist in the law.

Grappling with Health Rights of Women in Climate Change-Induced Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations

Grappling with Health Rights of Women in Climate Change-Induced Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations

Feminism in 18 Century

The 18th century marked a pivotal era for the early stirrings of feminism, laying the groundwork for future movements seeking gender equality. During this period, societal roles were rigidly defined, with women predominantly relegated to domestic spheres. However, the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason and individual rights, began to challenge these traditional norms. This intellectual movement inspired a reevaluation of women's roles and their capabilities. ioneering voices emerged, advocating for women's education and rights. One of the most influential figures was Mary Wollstonecraft, whose seminal work, "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792), argued for women's rationality and the importance of education. Wollstonecraft's treatise challenged the prevailing notion that women were inherently inferior to men, advocating instead for equal opportunities in education as a means to achieve true equality.Other women, such as Catherine Macaulay and Olympe de Gouges, contributed to the discourse, with de Gouges penning the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen" in 1791, a bold statement calling for women's rights during the French Revolution. These early feminists laid the intellectual and philosophical foundation for future generations to build upon.Despite their efforts, the impact of 18th-century feminism was limited by cultural and institutional barriers. The movement did not result in immediate societal change; however, it ignited a conversation about gender equality that would gain momentum in the centuries to follow. The ideas and writings from this era inspired later activists in the 19th and 20th centuries, who continued to fight for women's suffrage, legal rights, and social reforms.

Women's Right to Terminate Marriage by Individual Will According to Saudi Family Law

The issue of protecting women's rights has garnered extensive attention from international organizations, particularly the United Nations, through a range of international covenants and agreements, most notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Since the provisions of these declarations and agreements mandate equality between men and women upon the dissolution of marriage and prohibit discrimination against women in ending a marriage, and given that the marriage and divorce system in Islamic societies is religious, based on the sacred texts of Islamic Sharia, Islamic countries have attempted in their national laws to grant women the right to end the marital bond in a manner consistent with international agreements on one hand, and not in conflict with Islamic Sharia on the other. This study highlights the efforts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in supporting women's right to unilaterally terminate a marriage, in line with the provisions of the international agreements to which the Kingdom is a party, while also adhering to the sacred Islamic texts relevant to this context. The Saudi legislator has selected jurisprudential interpretations and explanations of Islamic texts that support this direction, avoiding strict interpretations and opinions on this issue, to balance as much as possible between the provisions of Islamic Sharia and the demands of modernity and development. This has resulted in a means that aims to establish balance upon the dissolution of a marriage. The study concluded that Saudi Arabia has made significant progress in this area, and it can ensure more rights for women by exploring non-strict religious opinions and jurisprudential interpretations.

Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi (1842-1906): The Pioneer of Women's Medical Education.

Mary Putnam Jacobi (1842-1906) was an integral figure in the fight for women's rights to medical education and a pioneer in the debunking of prevailing menstruation myths. Her experiences being denied adequate medical education in the United States led her to pursue medical education in Paris, where she learned the importance of laboratory experimentation and was first introduced to the political discourse surrounding women's rights. She founded the Women's Medical Association and created a medical curriculum for women that paralleled the standards of Harvard Medical School. Her research publications proved that women could conduct work with the same rigor as men and advocated for women's integration into workplaces and educational spaces exclusive to men. Mary Putnam Jacobi's contributions to the women's suffrage movement created new opportunities for women to attain high levels of education that otherwise would not exist today and continue to inspire women to push the limits placed on them solely due to their gender.

Kontribusi Pemikiran Tokoh Feminisme Islam

Women in Islamic studies have reached a very important position. Many gender activists have discussed this topic, especially regarding gender equality. Several prominent feminist figures in the struggle for women's rights and gender equality include Qasim Amin, Amina Wadud Muhsin, and Fatimah Mernissi. Each of them has their own views about women. This article was prepared with the aim of presenting several opinions from these feminist figures and then extracting them. The writing of this article applies library research methods by collecting library materials sourced from books, journals and online articles. Based on this study, the view is obtained that Islamic feminist thought is very influential in reconstructing the interpretation of the position of women in Islamic law. This is a form of confirmation that interpretation is a subjective matter that is greatly influenced by the interpreter. Muslim feminist thought is actually relevant to the current context where men and women have equal positions.

Behind Bars and Beyond: Navigating the Terrain of Gender Justice in Indian Prison

The research aims to compile data on the challenges faced by women in prison and the available legal remedies for their plight. To guarantee women prisoners' protection and provide a non-custodial degree of punishment, the Bangkok Rules was established in 2010 by the United Nations General Assembly. Overcrowding, inadequate sanitation and cleanliness, poor nutrition, a lack of education, violence, and the hazards of pregnancy and child care are merely some of the physical and mental difficulties that women confront in prisons in India. Women are safeguarded against exploitation and granted access to essentials by a multitude of laws, regulations, and standards. In reaction to human rights violations against such convicts, the Indian judiciary has vigorously interpreted Articles 19, 21, 22, 37, and 39 A of the Indian constitution. What options does a woman have when "caretakers" are turned into abusers? Their predicament is exacerbated by the prevailing state of prisons, gender bias, abuse while incarcerated, harsh treatment of children, inadequacy of fundamental human rights, and restricted availability of prison resources. The research envisages the pressing need for improvements by addressing women's rights, challenges, and variables in prison.

Implementasi Pendekatan Jurimetri dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Hak-Hak Perempuan dalam Putusan Cerai Talak

The divorce gives rise to rights and obligations, especially women's economic rights after divorce, namely iddah, mut'ah and madhiyah livelihood. Judges in determining the amount of alimony still vary and there are no standard rules and methods so that judges can guide them in determining the value of alimony for wives as a result of divorce which reflects propriety and justice. The author will put forward the idea of ​​the jurimetric method as a mathematical analysis method related to determining the amount of iddah, mut'ah and madhiyah maintenance for wives after divorce. The aim of the research is to analyze the application of the jurimetric approach in resolving disputes over women's rights in divorce decisions for talak at the Gedong Tataan Religious Court and the Sukadana Religious Court and to analyze the perspective of maslahah al mursalah and the theory of justice towards the implementation of the jurimetric approach as a method for determining the amount of women's rights in decisions divorce. This research is normative legal or normative juridical research which is descriptive analytical in nature. The application of jurimetry in determining the amount of women's rights in divorce and divorce decisions regarding 'iddah, mut'ah and madhiyah income, is carried out by collecting empirical data which is then expressed in variables. Jurimetry is a tool to interpret norms for the sake of realizing justice. By applying a jurimetric approach in determining the amount of 'iddah, mut'ah and madhiyah income, it has fulfilled procedural justice and distributive justice and fulfilled maslahah al-mursalah.

Perception of Youth Regarding Aurat March in Pakistan: An Exploratory Study

The current study explores the perception of youth regarding Aurat March in Pakistan, emphasizing its importance in understanding young people’s perspectives on gender issues. The semi-structured interview guide was used to conduct the interviews with young people. The interviews were then transcribed and analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. The findings indicate that young people hold positive and negative views of the Aurat March. On the positive side, many perceive it as a crucial protest against gender inequality and injustice, offering a platform for individuals to advocate for women's rights. However, there are also concerns among youth that the Aurat March promotes vulgarity and advocates for LGBTQ+ rights, which some perceive as a western agenda. Additionally, some participants feel the march primarily represents the issues of elite women rather than addressing broader societal concerns. This study highlights the importance of involving young, educated individuals in the Aurat March to raise awareness of gender issues, challenge societal norms, and create a more inclusive dialogue around women’s rights in Pakistan. Understanding these diverse perceptions is essential to increase meaningful conversations and progress toward gender equality in the country.

Perempuan dan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Lensa Filsafat: Dilema Etika dan Implementasi

Human rights in the context of women through a philosophical lens brings us into deep reflection about the rights, dignity and role of women in society. In philosophy, women are considered as equal individuals to men, eliminating discrimination based on gender. The concepts of bodily autonomy, reproductive rights, and protection against violence are at the center of ethical and moral debates about women's human rights. Philosophical thinking also emphasizes that women have an active role in raising social and political awareness to achieve gender equality. This involves the moral responsibility and collective action of women in fighting for their rights. Through a philosophical lens, understanding women's human rights encourages us to see women not only as objects receiving rights, but also as subjects who are empowered to shape a more just future. Therefore, the philosophy provides a strong foundation for advocacy for gender equality and social change that is more inclusive and has equal rights to live with dignity and freedom.

Feminicide In Brazil: Reflections Of Inequalities And Culture Of Impunity

Violence against women in Brazil is a serious and persistent issue that goes beyond the boundaries of the most visible forms of physical aggression and homicides, deeply permeating social structure and affecting millions of women in various ways. Rooted in historical and structural gender inequalities, this violence reflects an entrenched culture of sexism that values male domination and devalues women, perpetuating a power hierarchy that keeps women in constant vulnerability. Impunity further exacerbates the problem, with many cases going unreported and judicial responses often inadequate. In addition to devastating individual consequences, violence against women has profound societal impacts, restricting women's personal and professional development and generating significant costs to public health and the economy. Effectively addressing this challenge requires a multifaceted approach including education, awareness, effective public policies, support for victims, and rigorous punishment of perpetrators. Investing in gender equality from basic education onward is crucial to promoting a culture of respect for women's rights and preventing future acts of violence. Combatting violence against women demands a collective commitment from all sectors of society, from governments to civil society organizations and individuals, to ensure that all women can live free from fear and violence, with their rights fully protected and respected

Réduction embryonnaire pour demande maternelle en cas de grossesse gémellaire : enquête nationale française

IntroductionIn France, embryo reduction is controversial in twin pregnancy, especially when there is no underlying pathology. The objective of this study was to establish the status of this practice in France and to depict the ethical issues around this problematic. Study designA questionnaire drafted by Maternal and Fetal Medicine physicians and family planning teams of the University Hospital from Strasbourg was distributed to the 48 French Multidisciplinary Prenatal Diagnosis Centers, among which 28 answered (58,3%). ResultsEmbryo reduction in twin pregnancy on maternal request has already challenged 71% of the centers; 29% have performed such a reduction. The overall position of the centers to these requests is negative (3.1/10), with very mixed levels of in-team agreement. The main arguments against this practice are that twin pregnancy is not a pathology, that embryo reduction exposes to the risk of loosing the entire pregnancy, the feeling of being held hostage with the alternative of abortion of the whole pregnancy, and the lack of legal framing. On the contrary, the arguments in favor of the reduction are: that the reduction can avoid an abortion, that this type of reduction can be related to a partial abortion, that it responds to women's rights and that mental health is an integral part of women's health. ConclusionThere is no consensus about how to respond to patients requesting for embryo reduction in twin pregnancy. However, the majority of Centers have been confronted with it and it would be necessary to open the debate on this problem and the ethical questions it raises.

Gender Justice and Legal Reforms: A Review of Women's Rights Legislation in India

Gender Justice and Legal Reforms: A Review of Women's Rights Legislation in India

Education and Gender Equality: Pathways to the Realization of Womens Rights

Education is a universally acknowledged instrument for achieving social equity and economic development. Nevertheless, gender inequality persists in numerous regions, impeding womens and girls access to education and their involvement in society. The research presented in this paper examines the potential of education to facilitate positive change for women, with the aim of improving gender equality and womens rights. Based on the theories of gender empowerment and educational equity, the paper delves into how the level and quality of education affect the economic and social status of women around the world by drawing on a range of sources, including peer-reviewed essays, global reports, and case studies from different countries, and the current situation and future trends are presented in as much detail as possible. The results show that though the proportion of females in education is increasing globally, the difficulty of obtaining a good education for both males and females still increases the difficulty of achieving gender equality. Different socio-economic conditions, different cultural backgrounds, and national policies play an important role in female education. Therefore, this paper posits that further measures could be taken to improve the current situation of gender equality, such as eliminating the factors that hinder womens academic success through targeted education policies and more funding for female education. In addition, the results indicate the importance of education in achieving gender equality.

Iddah Sebagai Instrumen Perlindungan Perempuan Dalam Hukum Islam

This research examines the concept of iddah in Islamic law, focusing on its provisions, criteria, and impact on the rights and welfare of Muslim women. Iddah is a waiting period that a woman must undergo after divorce or the death of her husband, which aims to ensure the certainty of lineage and allow time for emotional healing and social adjustment. This study analyzes the various provisions of iddah, such as the duration and conditions that must be met, as well as the criteria that affect the iddah period, such as age, state of pregnancy, and previous marital status. The impact of iddah on women's rights, including the right to maintenance during iddah (nafkah iddah) and the right to mut'ah, is also discussed in depth. The research also explores the psychological and social well-being of Muslim women during the iddah period, as well as the legal and social implications of its provisions in the modern context. Based on an analysis of classical Islamic law and contemporary practices in various countries, the study concludes that while iddah aims to protect women's rights, its implementation often presents challenges, particularly in relation to women's financial and emotional well-being. Therefore, legal reforms that take into account the current social context and women's needs are needed to ensure that iddah provisions can be applied fairly and provide maximum protection for Muslim women

Strategi Public Relations Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) untuk Meningkatkan Partisipasi Politik Perempuan: Studi Kasus Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) Kabupaten Semarang

Some groups, particularly those rooted in conservative Islamic interpretations, argue that Islam does not recognize gender equality in political practice. However, the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), as an Islamic-oriented party, holds a different view. The issue in this research is the lack of awareness and knowledge about women's roles in politics. Many women may not fully understand the importance of their involvement in politics or know how to participate effectively. To address this, PKS needs to launch an educational campaign aimed at increasing understanding of women's political rights and ways to participate. This research aims to identify and outline the Public Relations strategies employed by the Prosperous Justice Party in Semarang Regency to enhance women's participation and create an inclusive society. The research uses a qualitative method. Data collection techniques in this study include interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis techniques consist of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Data validity reflects how accurate and precise the data obtained from research subjects are compared to the data revealed by the researcher. The research findings show that the public relations strategies implemented by PKS in Semarang Regency—namely strategy of publicity, strategy of persuasion, strategy of argumentation, and strategy of image—are effective in increasing women's political participation. PKS has successfully carried out effective educational campaigns through seminars, workshops, and social media to raise awareness and knowledge among women about their political roles, positively impacting increased participation. PKS has addressed the issue of limited information reach by utilizing various communication channels, including local and digital media, and establishing partnerships with community leaders, thereby broadening the dissemination and accessibility of information regarding political opportunities for women. These strategies significantly enhanced women's political engagement in Semarang Regency.