Women Of Han Nationality Research Articles

HPV16 E6 gene polymorphisms and the functions of the mutation site in cervical cancer among Uygur ethnic and Han nationality women in Xinjiang, China

BackgroundTo investigate the genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in infected Uygur and Han women in Xinjiang, China; analyze the HPV16 E6 gene polymorphism site and relationship with the development of cervical cancer.MethodsThe HPV16 E6 sequence was analyzed using the European standard prototype to perform an evolutionary tree. HPV16 E6-T295/T350, G295/G350, and T295/G350 GV230 vectors were stably transfected into cervical cancer C33A cells to analyze the cell proliferation, migration and invasion, apoptosis by CCK8 and clonogenic assays, transwell and cell scratch assays, FACS experiments.ResultsThe total HPV infection rate was 26.390% (760/2879), whereas the Uygur 22.87% (196/857) and the Han was 27.89% (564/2022) (P < 0.05). Among 110 mutations, 65 cases of E6 genes were mutated at nucleotide 350 (T350G) with the leucine changing to valine (L83V). Moreover, there were 7 cases of E6 gene mutated at nucleotide 295 (T295G) with aspartic changing to glutamic (D64E). When E6 vector(s) of mutations sites were transfected into C33A cells, they were found to promote cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, and inhibit apoptosis. T295/G350-E6 was significantly stronger than G295/G350 and T295/T350, G295/G350 was significantly stronger than T295/T350 (P < 0.05). The T295/G350 had the strongest effect on C33A cells and G295/G350 was significantly stronger than T295/T350 (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe positive HPV infection rates differed between the Uygur and Han in Xinjiang, China, and the genotype distribution of infection was different. After transfecting C33A cells with different eukaryotic expression vectors, the T295/G350 mutation site promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of C33A cells to a greater extent than G295/G350; however, G295/G350 had a stronger effect than T295/T350.

Association study of polymorphisms of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 gene with preeclampsia in Chinese populations

ABSTRACT Objective To explore the correlation of polymorphisms of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase-1 (ERAP-1) gene in Chinese women with preeclampsia. Method In this case–control study, 51 severely preeclamptic and 48 healthy pregnant women were retrospectively involved in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from October 2017 to October 2019. The venous blood and umbilical cord blood were collected to analyze different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ERAP-1 gene in both groups. Result We firstly screened nine SNPs that were significantly different between two groups (P< .1) via univariate analysis. Pearson Chi-Square Test and Fisher’s Exact Test were performed to verify the correlation of SNPs with preeclampsia. Finally, genotype TC located in 96121524 position was associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia (P= .020, OR = 2.002, 95% CI: 0.687–5.831). Conclusion There might be a correlation between polymorphism of 96121524 in ERAP-1 gene and preeclampsia susceptibility in pregnant women of Han nationality in Beijing.

Study on the levels of 25(OH)D, inflammation markers and glucose and fat metabolism indexes in pregnant women of Han nationality in Jiangsu province with gestational diabetes mellitus.

The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of 25(OH)D, inflammation markers and glucose and fat metabolism indexes in pregnant women with Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).One hundred and ten cases GDM and 100 cases healthy pregnant women in the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang City from October 2016 to December 2018 were recruited for this observational cross-sectional study. Each participant's anthropometric and demographic data was recorded. Blood samples were collected and analyzed to determine the levels of 25(OH)D, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cholesterol and triglycerides.Inflammatory markers and glucose and fat metabolism indexes were all significantly higher in the GDM group than that in the control group, while Serum 25(OH)D level in the GDM group was significantly lower. Serum 25(OH)D levels were negatively correlated with hs-CRP, while not with TNF-α. Furthermore, Serum 25(OH)D, hs-CRP and TNF-α levels were all associated with increased risk of developing GDM.Nowadays, the reports on the association between 25(OH)D level and GDM were controversial. Our results are consistent with the view that there was association between 25(OH)D level and GDM, and expand the literature by showing the roles of 25(OH)D, inflammation markers as well as glucose and fat metabolism indexes in the risk of developing GDM in the pregnant women with the low overall levels of 25(OH)D before delivery. This broadens our knowledge on the pathophysiology of GDM, which may be helpful in prevention and treatment of GDM.

Association between zinc finger protein 350 gene polymorphism and early onset breast cancer among women from different ethnic groups in Xinjiang

Objective To detect the variants of zinc finger protein 350 (ZNF350) gene in exon of Xinjiang women with early onset breast cancer, and investigate the relationship between Polymorphism and the early onset breast cancer of women. Methods Exon region of ZNF350 gene are detected via direct sequencing in Xinjiang minority and Han nationality women with early onset breast cancer (age: 30-40 years old, separately 80 cases), The impact of Non-synonymous variants on protein function are predicted by using Polyphen and SIFT software, and then analyzing the relationship between Polymorphism genotypes and clinical pathological features. Results (1) The test results of ZNF350 gene exon region mutation: Nine mutations are detected (referring to database minimum allele frequency MAF>1% before the trial), including 5 missense mutations and 4 synonymous mutations, which located in EXON3, EXON4 and EXON5. Among them, the Uighur nationality are detected eight locus mutations, and the han nationality have seven locus mutations, which including 4 missense mutations respectively. (2) Using Polyphen and SIFT software to predict protein function: The result show that the common mutation sites rs4987241 and rs2278415 of minority and Han nationality patients with early-onset breast cancer are deleterious mutations, which may affect the ZNF350 protein function. (3) The relevance between distribution of polymorphic genotype and clinical pathological features: ① There is a certain correlation between rs4986773 and axillary lymph node status of breast cancer in minority (r=0.234, P 0.05). Conclusion Among early-onset breast cancer in Xinjiang women, there is a certain correlation between ZNF350 gene polymorphism and menarche age, tumor size, axillary lymph node status and triple-negative breast cancer, which can be used as one of the predictors to guide the early-onset breast cancer individualize treatment in Xinjiang women. Key words: Early-onset breast cancer; Zinc finger protein 350 gene; Single nucleotide polymorphism

The Age-dependent Changes In Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated With Endothelial Function In Women Of Han Nationality With Ace D/I Polymorphism In Beijing

PURPOSE: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism influences ACE activity, with the D allele associated with higher angiotensin II production, which can have adverse effects on endothelial function through the promotion of vasoconstriction. Age is an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction, and postmenopausal women because estrogen deficiency affects their endothelial function. The present study was to investigate the trend of cardiovascular risk factors for endothelial function with aging in Han nationality women with ACE D/I polymorphism in Beijing. METHODS: A total of 391 females, age from 22 y to 75 y, were selected for analyzing the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and cardiovascular risk factors for endothelial function, (Ages 20-44: 120; Ages 45-59: 150; Ages 60-75: 121). Body composition, serum lipids metabolism, endothelial function, endothelium-derived relaxing factor and contracting factor were analyzed. RESULTS: The distribution characteristics of ACE I genotype and D genotype in han Chinese women in Beijing were as follows: Ages 20-44: 63.74% and 36.26%; Ages 45-59:67.33% and 32.67%; Ages 60-75:64.34% and 35.66%. There was no age associated with differential expression. Along with the women aging, DI/II genotype had higher TG level, higher chance of hyperglycemia and lower HDL level. The percentage of body fat and visceral fat significantly increased than DD type did. FMD, blood pressure, baPWV and IMT increased earlier and DBP abnormality rate, IMT, IMT thickening rate had more severe increases than DD type. The decrease of NO and NO/ET-1 and the increase of ET-1 and AngIIwere more significant compared with DD type. The interaction between age and ACE gene D/I polymorphisms could remarkably affect vascular endothelial function. CONCLUSIONS: There was no age associated with differential expression in ACE D/I polymorphism in Women of Han nationality in Beijing. The interaction between age and ACE D/I polymorphisms plays a key role in endothelial dysfunction, in which DI/II genotype is vulnerable to endothelial dysfunction and arteriosclerosis with aging.

Relevance between the facial morphology and nasal index: analysis of 210 young Han women in Henan

Objective To investigate the relationship between the facial morphology and the nasal shape for young women of Han nationality in Henan. Methods Aiming at the female conscripts in Henan province in 2016, 210 healthy young females were enrolled in this study, and their anthropometric features were measured including height, weight, total head height, physiognomic facial height, morphological facial height, upper lip height, lip height, facial width, mandibular width, mouth breadth, nasal height, nasal length, nasal depth, and width of nose. The nasal indexes were divided into 5 groups according to different facial types. And their mean and standard deviation were calculated. The differences were analyzed by SPSS version 21.0. Results Among the indexes measured, there were significant differences in height, face height, shape face height, upper lip height, face width, mandibular width, head height/face width, face height/face width, shape face height/face width and nose index; P values were significant. The classification of facial types was based on the ratio of morphological surface index to area width, and the main types of the groups were mid-facial and narrow-facial types. The differences among different facial types were statistically significant (F=12.75, P<0.05). The scatter plot showed that there was a linear correlation between nasal index and facial shape. Linear regression analysis showed that the linear equation Y=135.84-75.5X (X is the ratio of morphological index to facial width, Y is the nasal index). Conclusions Nasal type is related to the face type. The linear fitting equation between morphological facial height/facial width and nasal index is Y=135.84-75.5x. These findings may enrich the external nasal database, provide reference for the correction of nasal deformity and nasal reconstruction, and direct the clinical therapy. Key words: Face; Nose; Body measurement; Han nationality; Women; Henan

Sleep Duration and Quality in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China.

Objectives: Good maternal health and fetal development require sufficient and good quality of sleep during pregnancy. This study investigated sleep duration and quality in pregnant women, assessing factors with possibly influence on sleep. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on pregnant women between June and August in 2015 in 16 hospitals in five provinces in China. A total of 2345 pregnant women aged 18 years and older were surveyed. Insufficient sleeping duration was defined as sleeping of less than 7 h per day. Excessive sleep duration was defined as sleeping of more than 9 h per day. Results: A total of 561 (23.9%) participants reported insufficient sleeping duration, whereas 485 (20.9%) claimed excessive sleep duration. A total of 358 (15.2%) of pregnant women reported problems regarding sleep quality. Compared to pregnant women with sufficient sleeping duration, those with insufficient sleeping duration were prone to have poor sleep quality, whereas those with excessive sleeping duration featured low possibility of poor sleep quality. High-risk groups of insufficient sleep duration include women of Han nationality, with siblings, in their first trimester of pregnancy, receiving care in low-capacity/quality hospital settings, and with daily or 1–3 days of secondhand smoke exposure. High-risk groups of excessive sleep duration include women living in rural areas, unemployed, in their third trimester of pregnancy, and receiving care in medium-capacity/quality hospital settings. High-risk groups of poor sleep quality include women of non-Han nationality, low income level, in their third trimester of pregnancy, and with insufficient sleep duration. Conclusions: Insufficient/excessive sleep duration and poor sleep quality commonly occur during pregnancy in China. Findings provide a better understanding of the influencing factors of insufficient/excessive sleep duration and poor quality of sleep. These findings have some implications for future interventions on sleep among pregnant women.

The vitamin D nutritional status in Chinese urban women of child-bearing age from 2010 to 2012

Objective: To evaluate the vitamin D nutritional status in Chinese women of child-bearing age by analyzing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in 2010-2012. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using cluster sampling and proportional stratified random sampling, 1 514 women of child-bearing age (18-44 years old) from 34 metropolis and 41 small and medium-sized cities were included in this study. Demographic information was collected by questionnaire and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay, in accordance with the 2010 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies standards. We compared differences in vitamin D levels, specifically serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess. Results: The overall serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of Chinese urban women of child-bearing age (P(50) (P(25)-P(75))) was 20.1 (15.1-26.3) ng/ml; minorities had a significantly higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 22.0 (15.9-27.5) ng/ml compared with women of Han nationality (19.8 (14.9-26.2) ng/ml) (χ(2)=7.02, P=0.008). The proportions of women with serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess vitamin D were 11.6% (n=175), 37.9% (n=574), 35.1% (n=531), and 0.3% (n=5), respectively. Only 15.1% (n=229) of women of child-bearing age had normal vitamin D nutritional status. No significant differences in vitamin D nutritional status were observed according to age, body mass index, city, nationality, educational level, marital status, or household income per capita (P>0.05). Conclusion: Most Chinese urban women of child-bearing age have poor vitamin D levels and require vitamin D supplementation.

Morphological characteristics of eyes of female Uygur youth: an anthropometric study

Objective To study the morphological characteristics of eyes of female Uygur youth for providing the relevant data for eye aesthetic plastic surgery. Methods Compared with 150 cases of Han youth in the same school, the somatological survey was carried out in 150 female Uighur college students with the morphological characteristics of the eyes and good facial harmony. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis of the measured data in groups divided according to different race. Results 59.3% (89/150) of the Uighur young women had prominent brow ridges tall nose and superior orbit cave, 18.7% (28/150) of them were similar to the Han type of eye, and 22.0% (33/150) in between. The rate of epicanthus in Uighur women was 28.0% (42/150), which was significantly lower than the Han nationality women 62.7% (94/150). Double eyelid incidence was 96.7% (145/150), which was significantly higher than that of Chinese Han women 67.3% (101/150). There was a no statistically significant difference between them in palpebral fissure length inner canthic diameter and outer canthic diameter (P>0.05), but a statistically significant difference was found in the height of palpebral fissure, the width of double eyelid and the distance between the eyebrow eyelid (P<0.05). Conclusions The Uighur women's eye morphology has dual characteristics of Caucasoid and Mongoloid. The data have great significance and value in guiding the eye's cosmetic plastic surgery. Key words: The Uygur nationality; Female; Eye; Morphology; Anthropometry

Association of p73 G4C14-A4T14 polymorphisms with genetic susceptibilities to breast cancer: a case–control study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of p73 G4C14-A4T14 polymorphisms with susceptibility to breast cancer in Chongqing women of Han Nationality in China. In a case-control study, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of p73 G4C14-A4T14 at exon 2 were genotyped by Sequenom MassArray(®) iPLEX GOLD System in 170 patients with breast cancer and 178 healthy controls. Data were analyzed via t test, Chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. The distribution of p73 genotypes and allelotypes had no significant difference between patients with breast cancer and healthy controls (χ(2) = 2.750, P = 0.253; χ(2) = 2.195, P = 0.138). More risk of developing triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) was found in the individuals who carried with GC/GC genotype than individuals carried with GC/AT and AT/AT genotypes (OR = 2.99; 95 % CI, 1.30-6.89; P = 0.010). p73 G4C14-A4T14 polymorphisms are closely associated with the increased risk for TNBC in Chongqing women of Han Nationality in China; GC/GC genotype is susceptible genotype for TNBC in Chongqing women of Han Nationality in China. The patients with breast cancer who carried with GC/GC genotype may have bad prognosis. Additional larger studies are required to confirm these findings.

Risk of aggressive breast cancer in women of Han nationality carrying TGFB1 rs1982073 C allele and FGFR2 rs1219648 G allele in North China

The high morbidity and aggressive behavior of breast cancer are associated with genetic variations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in many genes have been demonstrated as a risk factor for breast cancer. In this study, we evaluated the association of the SNP rs1982073 (Leu10Pro) in transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFB1) gene and the SNP rs1219648 in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene with the risk and aggressiveness of breast cancer among women of Han nationality in North China. TaqMan allelic discrimination assay was performed to genotype rs1982073 and rs1219648 in 447 breast cancer cases and 406 age-matched healthy controls. The results imply that genotype frequencies of rs1982073 and rs1219648 were not significantly different between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. However, for TGFB1 SNP rs1982073, the C-carriers (T/C+C/C genotype) were more likely to bear tumors of greater aggressiveness (histological grade III) than T/T-carriers (grade I-II) (OR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.48-8.00, P = 0.004). For FGFR2 SNP rs1219648, G-carriers (A/G+G/G genotype) were more significantly linked to tumors with lymph node metastasis than those with A/A genotype (lymph node negative) (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.11-2.58, P = 0.016). Therefore, the SNPs of TGFB1 rs1982073 and FGFR2 rs1219648 may contribute to the identification of patients with more aggressive breast cancers among Han women in North China.

Association between estrogen receptor gene polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosus in women of Han nationality from Jiangxi province.

Objective To explore the association between estrogen receptor gene polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosns in women of Han nationality from Jiangxi province.Methods Whole blood samples were obtained from 95 female patients with SLE of Han nationality (18 with pre-menarche onset and 77 with post-menarche onset) and 100 healthy female controls from Jiangxi province.Genomic DNA was extracted from these samples followed by the analysis of polymorphism at Pvu Ⅱ and Xba I sites of estrogen receptor alpha gene with PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).The frequencies of alleles and genotypes were compared between the control and patients and between patients with pre-menarche onset and those with post-menarche onset.Results The frequency of P allele was higher in patients with SLE than in the controls (35.8% vs 27%,P<0.05),but lower in patients with pre-menarche onset than in those with post-menarche onset (19.4% vs 39.6%,P<0.05).Further more,an increment was observed in the frequency of Xxpp genotype in patients with pre-menarche onset compared with normal controls and patients with postmenarche onset (16.7% vs 1% and 1.3%,both P<0.05).Conclusions The frequency of P allele in ER alpha gene is increased in female patients with SLE of Han nationality from Jiangxi province.The Xxpp genotype of ER gene may be associated with the susceptibility to pre-menarche onset SLE. Key words: Lupus erythematosus,systemic; Receptors,estrogen; Polymorphism,restriction fragment length

Surveying on menstruation status of reproductive age women of Han nationality in Liaoning province in 2008

To investigate the menstruation status of reproductive age women of Han Nationality in Liaoning province. From Apr. 2008 to Dec. 2008, 1611 women at age of 19-45 years from Shenyang, Yingkou, Benxi, Zhangwu were enrolled in this study according to epidemiologic cluster sampling method. The study was performed by questionnaire consisting of age of menarche, regularity of menstruation, menstrual cycle and dysmenorrhea, et al. In the survey of 1611 women, the average menarche age is 14.4 years old, there were significant difference on menarche between (14.2 +/- 1.5) years in women from city and (14.6 +/- 1.5) years in women from country (t = 6.58, P < 0.01). The linear regression statistic method was used to analyze the relationship between age and menarche age, the linear regression equation was gotten as Y = 0.074X + 11.855, which means 1 year increase was associated with decrease by 0.074 years in menarche age approximately. About 86.34% (1391/1611) of women have normal and regular menstrual cycle at range of 21 to 35 days, while 11.05% (178/1611) of women have longer menstrual cycle (> 35 days) and 2.61% (42/1611) of women have shorter menstrual cycle (< 21 days). Of which 65.67% (1058/1611) women have regular menstrual cycle just after menarche, 94.97% (1530/1611) of women would have regular menstruation in 2 years after menarche. The rate of dysmenorrhea was 42.09% (678/1611), of which 13.6% (92/678) women have high severe pelvic pain. Our results suggested that the trend went toward younger ages of menarche, which was younger menarche age in women from city than country. About 95% women would have regular menstrual cycle within 2 years after menarche.

Relationship between genetic polymorphisms of folate metabolism, plasma homocysteine levels and risk of Down syndrome

Objective To investigate whether genetic polymorphisrns of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) contribute to the risk of Down syndrome(DS). Methods Altogether, 100 Chinese mothers who had given birth to DS babies (study group) and 100 matched mothers (control) were chosen and all were Han nationality. Genotypes of MTHFR 677 and MTHFR 1298 were determined by PCR-RFLP and MGB-Taqman resl-time PCR. The concentration of plasma homocysteine (HCY) was measured by chemilumineaence. Results The mutations of one or both alleles of MTHFR 677 and MTHFR 1298 were associated with a 2. 37-fold(95%CI: 1.19～3.05) and 1.97-fold(95%CI: 1.04～3.75) increase in the risk of having a child with DS. Combination of MTHFR 677CT and 1298AC/CC genotype had a 5. 62-fold increased risk of having a child with DS(95%Ch 1.86～17.03) and the combination of MTHFR 677TT and MTHFR 1298AC/CC genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of DS(OR=11.84, 95%CI: 1.39～100.62). The mean plasma HCY concentration was significantly higher in the study group than that of control [(9.04±3.85) μmol/L vs (6.53±2. 06) μmol/L, P 0.05). Higher HCY level was found in the genotype-pairs of MTHFR 677CT/TT and 1298AC/CC (P<0.05). Conclusions Maternal genetic polymorphisms of homocysteine/folate pathway is the risk factor for DS fetus in Han nationality women in China, and a genetic synergistic effect could not be excluded. Key words: Down syndrome; Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHHFR) ; Homocysteine; Polymorphism, genetic

Concordane of OSTA and lumbar spine BMD by DXA in identifying risk of osteoporosis

ObjectiveTo investigate the accuracy of Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) in identifying the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. To validate use of OSTA risk index by comparing it with the bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).MethodsThe data of lumbar spine BMD (LS BMD) measurements by DXA of 218 postmenopausal women of Han nationality in Sichuan province were compared with OSTA risk index. The concordance of OSTA and LS BMD were calculated and analyzed by fourfold table and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsThe prevalence of osteoporosis in these women was 40.4% and 61.5%, with the LS BMD T score cutoffs -2.5 and -2.0, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of OSTA risk index compared with T score cutoff -2.5 of LS BMD were 59.1%, 56.9% and 57.8%, respectively, while they were 57.5%, 63.1%, 59.6% by T score cutoff -2.0.ConclusionFor identifying risk of osteoporosis, the concurrence was lower than those reported studies when comparing LS BMD measurements to OSTA risk index in Chinese Han nationality postmenopausal women of Sichuan province. Physicians should identify women who need BMD measurement according to more factors rather than age and body weight.

Studies on the frequencies of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in postmenopausal women of Han and Kazak nationality in China.

Polymorphyism of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is reported to play a major role in variations of the genetic regulation of bone mass. The role of VDR polymorphisms within various ethnic populations is also undetermined. The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequencies of VDR genotypes in the Han and Kazak nationalities in China. We analyzed the polymorphism defined by the Bsm1 restriction enzyme using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 179 healthy postmenopausal Han women and 63 healthy postmenopausal Kazak women. The genotype frequencies of the VDR were calculated later using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium formula. The results showed that for women of Han nationality, the bb, Bb, and BB genotypes accounted for 90.5%, 9.5%, and 0%, respectively. In Kazak women, the respective frequencies were 38.1%, 55.56%, and 6.35%. We found that there was a significant difference between women of Han and Kazak nationality in terms of the frequency of distribution of VDR genotype (P < 0.001). There was a similar distribution of VDR genotypes in Kazak women to that seen for the Caucasian population of the USA. The results of the present study provide further evidence on the different pathogeny of osteoporosis in various ethnic groups.