Literacy Rate Of Women Research Articles

Geospatial data mining techniques to investigate gender equality and empowerment of women status in Bangladesh

In this paper we present and investigate geospatial data mining techniques on different data set to investigate how the promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women is carried out throughout Bangladesh. Promoting gender equality and empowerment of women is one of the goals of the Millennium Development Goals of 2015. The indicators of this paper are women literacy rate, ratio of girls in primary, secondary and tertiary education, and employment history in different sectors of Bangladesh. Our aim is to study these indicators, analyse those statistically and geospatially mining those data with respect to different areas of Bangladesh. We also compare the results of spatial regression model with classical regression model on this data. The results demonstrate that spatial lag model outperforms the classical model in different perspectives. We have found that education indicators have a tendency to produce spatial clusters. It is clear that spatial data mining can provide interesting and useful insights for the government, economists and relevant decision makers. The results can also be used for causal analysis by domain experts.

Women Literacy Rate, Sex Ratio and Women Work Participation in Punjab: A Grager Casuality Analysis

Women Literacy Rate, Sex Ratio and Women Work Participation in Punjab: A Grager Casuality Analysis

The Flexner Report and Contemporary Medical Education in South Asia: An Exception

In Reply: Kommalage and Ponnamperuma correctly point out that Sri Lanka has the highest health indicators in South Asia, which they attribute to the quality of medical education and the absence of private medical schools in Sri Lanka. However, variations in the quality of medical education constitute only one factor among many in determining population health. Significant interregional, intraregional, and within-country variations in social determinants of health play an even more important role.1,2 Factors leading to these variations include the literacy rate—particularly the literacy rate of women—the fertility rate, improved sanitation and clean water, and nutritional status.1 These social determinants of health are generally stronger in Sri Lanka, for a variety of reasons that warrant further exploration. As we have pointed out,3 private medical education is not necessarily detrimental to the quality of education. With strong accreditation systems, the high quality of both public and private schools can be enforced.3 In addition, with public policy initiatives and support, both public and private medical schools can support and strengthen the social determinants of health mentioned above through locally relevant curriculum content, education innovations, and research.4 These initiatives may include adding courses in leadership and management skills to the curriculum, greater work in and with communities, and policy advocacy to promote the strengthening of key social determinants. Excellence in medical education can be associated with good health status if excellence is defined by how well the education system is connected with improvement of the social determinants of health. Intraregional variations in health outcomes within South Asia, as highlighted by Kommalage and Ponnamperuma, inspire us to explore the relationship between health professions education and health outcomes. Zubair Amin, MD, MHPE Associate professor, Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; [email protected]. William P. Burdick, MD, MSEd Associate vice president for education, Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER), and clinical professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Avinash Supe, MS, MHPE Professor and head, Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Seth Gordhandas Dunderdas Medical College (GSMC) and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India, and director, GSMC–Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER) Regional Institute, Mumbai, India. Tejinder Singh, MD, MHPE Professor, Department of Pediatrics, and vice principal, Christian Medical College Ludhiana (CMCL), Ludhiana, India, and program director, CMCL–Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER) Regional Institute, Ludhiana, India.

Monetary valuation of livelihoods for understanding the composition and complexity of rural households

There is, at present, little precise understanding of the relative contributions of the various income streams used by impoverished rural households in southern Africa. The impact of household profiles on overall income also is not well understood. There is, therefore, little consideration of these factors in national economic accounting. This paper is an attempt to reduce this gap in knowledge by reflecting on the relative contribution of agro-pastoralism, secondary woodland resources, and formal and informal cash income streams to households in the semi-arid rural village of Thorndale, Limpopo Province, South Africa. In the absence of jobs and confronted with high migrant labor, households with open access to natural resources derived more benefits from land-based livelihoods than cash income streams (i.e., 57.5 % vs. 42.5 %). Total livelihood income was valued at US$2887 per household per annum. A significant correlation between monetary values derived from crops and formal wages was established, and it was found that households with high cash incomes tended to invest more in crop production. Over 80 of households were male-headed. Of these heads of household, more than 60 were long-term migrants to urban areas, leaving household decision-making to the women. The low literacy rates of women have deprived them of paid jobs outside the area and, therefore, have increased their dependence on crops (62%) and secondary woodlands resources (60%). This was further reflected in the proportion of households in which females were the main contributors of cash income (9.7%), or joint contributors with men (24.4%). Various positive correlations were established between the number of women per household and the three land-based livelihoods. This implied that women’s total control over such activities was mostly a result of the absence of men and not a typical phenomenon. In spite of this control, it was not positively reflected in the lives of majority of the women. Households differed in their participation in livelihood activities. Household size influenced the level of production and was positively correlated with the value of secondary woodland resources and crops. The study shows the interdependence of land-based livelihood sources and the impact of household features on production and consumption. Policies that focus on livelihood options need to recognize and accommodate associated household dynamics.

Iron status and socioeconomic determinants of the quantity and quality of dietary iron in a group of rural Iranian women

Iron intake and status were investigated in 471 mothers (age range: 16-53 years) from rural areas in Khorramabad, Islamic Republic of Iran. Although average total iron intake was acceptable, only 6.4% of women derived at least 4% of their total intake from animal iron. Average energy and protein intakes were inadequate. Low iron status was seen in 8.2%-28.7%, depending on the parameter used, with 28.3% experiencing iron-deficiency anaemia. Significantly higher animal iron intakes were found in literate or employed women, or those of family size fewer than six people. Increasing employment opportunities, income levels and literacy rates for women will result in better iron intake and status and should receive particular attention in national planning.

Child Survival and Baseline Surveys: A Description of Literacy Rates of Women of Child Bearing Age in Abia and Imo States, Nigeria

The results of a literacy need assessment conducted in eight autonomous communities, four from both Abia and Imo States, is presented and discussed. Data were obtained via survey interview and administered to 209 and 235 subjects respectively for Abia and Imo States. The information was collected to form a baseline level of operation prior to the Literacy for Health Intervention implemented by Africare/Owerri and the Imo State Ministry of Health. Results suggest both similar and varied trends regarding literacy abilities of participants and their attitudes regarding adult literacy instruction in the samples from both communities. This study emphasizes the literacy needs items of the survey. Findings support the need for literacy for health interventions in these areas and confirm the need for interventions to improve literacy skills and enhance the quality of life of families living in these communities. It is anticipated that data obtained regarding baseline assessments and interviews may be used to examine the long-term effectiveness and impact of literacy for health care activities under the auspices of child survival projects.