Literacy Rate Of Women Research Articles

Socio-Economic and Cultural Transformation of Women after Establishment of Educational Institutions: A Case Study of Diamond Harbour Blocks-I & II

Contemporary societies of Diamond Harbour two Community Development (CD) blocks are changing rapidly. The Diamond Harbour subdivision has nine CD blocks. Among them the block-I has one municipality (16 ward) and eight gram panchayets. The block-II has only eight gram panchayet. It is situated on the eastern banks of the Hooghly River where the river meets the Bay of Bengal and the NH-12 highway and Diamond Harbour-Sealdah railway in the vicinity of Kolkata. These two CD blocks is large with an area of 164.02 sq.km. There are population of 346967 including male (177502) and female (169445) (according to 2011census). In the past (before 20 years) time, the two CD blocks was fully dependent on agriculture, brick field and fishery. But after establishment of the educational institutions, the two CD blocks become a developed blocks. Here the study mainly focuses on the identification of Socio-Economic and Cultural transformation of Women of the two CD blocks due to establishment of educational institutions as Neotia Institute of Technology management and Science (2002), Diamond Harbour Women university (2013), Neotia University (2014), Fakir Chand College (1948), Shishuram Das college (2010), Sadhan Chandra Mohavidyalaya (2007), Jyotirmoy Basu Vocational Training Centre (2001), Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and hospital (2019), Ramkrishna Mission Ashram (boys and girls), English Medium School, IIT Engineering College and various Schools and Madrasahs. When the Educational institutions was set up in 2000 the transformation started and then after 2013 when the Dimond Harbour Women University and Neotio University (2014) were established a huge changes is seen in change in language pattern, dress style, traditional customs, mentality of women, women's live, traditional custom disturbed, old ideas and superstitions, view point of women, literacy rate of women, attitude of men, inspire for education, daughter will go to university, try to get govt. job, moving out from house, laws and customs, divorce rate, status of women, dowry system, status of widow women, conservative minds in the women so on. It also incorporates development of music, dance, sports, art belief, morals, and knowledge, and any other capabilities of women etc. Therefore an attempt has been made here to identify the Socio-economic and Cultural transformation of two CD the blocks and its benefit of Women’s Society.

Empowering Women in the Social Context of India: problems and Possibilities

The main aims and objectives of this article are to explore the nature of empowering women in the social economical and political ground and to know what problems are faced by all concerned and to realize the role of the Government of India in empowering women by eliminating the problems. Gender discrimination in Indian social system exists from the days of immemorial. Naturally discrimination and injustice to women are very common in India in the third decade of the 21st century. In ancient Indian society the role of men was given importance but on the contrary no importance was given to the women. However,now we can notice a radical change of the women in Indian society.Like all the developed and developing country, India too is empowering women to bring back them to the mainstream of the society. It is known to all that the role of women in the progress and prosperity of a nation is not less. It is quite impossible to develop India if we cannot solve the problems related to gender discrimination.Naturally after independence; the social, political and economical aspects of the women were given importance to build a strong nation. Now equal importance is given to them in the fields of education and politics. As a result women literacy rate is increasing day by day and they are working as a decession maker in the various fields of our society. Now in our Indian social system women avail their law abiding rights in marriage, succession, politics, education and so on. Women are strengthening democracy by taking participation actively in national politics.

Impact of Alimineti Madhava Reddy Lift Irrigation Scheme on Gender in Nalgonda District of Telangana, India

Access to water is a major concern and challenge for many rural households, whether for drinking and domestic use, irrigation, or livestock use. Women face various challenges and unequal opportunities when it comes to accessing and utilising irrigation technologies. The climatic factors like rainfall, temperature and groundwater influence the availability of water which is crucial factor in agricultural production. The present study analyses the impact of irrigation on gender. 700 households, 350 each from beneficiary and non-beneficiary households of Alimineti Madhava Reddy lift irrigation project in Telangana were selected using random sampling technique and data was collected specifically from women using pre-tested structured schedule. The results from the study revealed that the overall GILIT score of 41 represents that scheme approach to gender equity is good. It is also found that among beneficiaries percentage of decisions taken by women in the household in all the decisions such as production, marketing, social and economic decisions are higher compared to non-beneficiaries which can be accounted to the improvement of literacy rate of women, thereby empowering them which can be accounted to the raise in household income levels due to the additional productivity achieved by the intervention of lift irrigation project. Adequate consultations in future projects targeting a proactive approach towards men and women equally and trainings for women in managing inputs like water, livestock must be exclusively designed on production, value addition, health and money management aspects to impact of the project on socio economic development.

Socio-Demographic and Health Status of Women in Nepal

Health is the primary responsibility of the government of every nation. A country with healthy citizens achieves success in the socio-economic development of the nation. The development of the nation does not mean the development of one class but the development of all classes. This study, tries to describe the socio-demographic and health status of women in Nepal. This study is completely based on secondary data sources and the data has been taken from various reports. The sex ratio of Nepal according to preliminary reports of census 2021 is 96. Currently literacy rate of women is 57 percent. Still, the practice of early marriage of women is culturally rooted in Nepal. Women get married earlier than men. Around 16 percent of women have children before the age of 20 years. Similarly, 17 percent of women are underweight and 22 percent are overweight. This indicates the problem of malnutrition is a serious problem in Nepal. Iron deficiency or anemia is a serious health problem for women in Nepal. The Nepal demographic and health survey 2016 has shown that 41 percent of women aged 15-49 years are anemic. Approximately 6 percent of pregnant women do not receive antenatal care, and 41 percent give birth at home, which can be dangerous for both the mother and the child. Women’s participation is essential for overall development. The government should pay attention to the development of the country by improving the overall health condition of women and coordinating every aspect of development.

Women Literacy and Health Outcomes Inequality in Nepal

This article assesses the women literacy and health outcome inequality in Nepal. The study attempted to assess the nexus between women literacy and some key health outcomes based on provincial level data of Nepal. Basically the study follows the descriptive analysis with explanatory design under quantitative research based on the secondary data from ministry of health and population of Nepal (2017). Statistical analysis of provincial wise key health outcome data was done using chi-squire test of the goodness of fit to ensure evidence of inequality of the health outcome across the provinces of Nepal. Likewise, to find the causal relationship between women literacy rate (WLR) and institutional delivery rate (ID), contraceptive prevalence among married women (CPMW), child immunization rate (CIR), ANC (Antenatal Care) service receive by women (ANCRW), teenage pregnancy rate (TPR), total fertility rate (TFR) in seven provinces was observed using correlation and regression analysis tool. The result of chi-square test shows that there could be observed inequality in WLR and ID. Likewise, correlation analysis shows that there is positive correlation between WLR and ID, WLR and CPMW, and WLR and ANCRW but there is negative relation between WLR and CIR, WLR and TPR, WLR and TFR. The regression analysis shows that there is significant relationship among the variables WLR and ID, ANCRW, TPR, TFR. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is essential to increase women literacy to bring improvement in aforementioned key health outcomes. The implication of the study will help to make effective public health policy and strategy to reduce the equity gaps in health outcomes in Nepal.

Domestic Violence Supporting Felon Behavior in Pakistan in the Context of Criminal Justice System of Pakistan

Women have measured a subject class due to which the incidents of violence i.e. acid throwing, domestic violence, honor killings, structural violence, bride burning (suicide), and gender discrimination against them are common practice in the world but especially in the subcontinent. In Islam, there is no gender discrimination, but despite clear Islamic injunctions, women are being deprived of their basic human rights i.e. education, etc. Due to these Women in the country are facing social, cultural, financial, and psychological tribulations. The government is examining the plight of women like redundant spectators and has not taken necessary remedial measures i.e. increase in women's literacy rate and economic independence to find pragmatic solutions to end the felon behavior. The study will cover personal feelings about gender-based oppression of male counterparts and violations of religion, customs, and traditions.

Knowledge and practices on maternal health care among mothers: A case study from Sewar Bansbot village of Dang district

Knowledge and practices regarding maternal health care among women has had a significant shift in Nepali culture. Understanding this ship can help to improve women's overall status. Nepal implemented a safe motherhood program, which slightly improved maternal health. Data, showed the maternal mortality ratio decreased during the period between 1996 and 2016 but still there is high ratio in maternal mortality. Conservative practices of maternal health are prevalent to this date. Health education is one of the crucial factors empowering women to be attentive of their rights and health status to get appropriate health services. Maternal health is a major burning issue in Nepal, which has been affected mainly due to early marriage, teenage pregnancy, superstition, low women literacy rate, and unhygienic behavioural practices. Women go through a rather depressing situation due to workload ignorance, lack of health facilities, economic, and social conditions. Despite the efforts from various types of private, government, and voluntary health agencies, there has not been a satisfactory improvement in maternal health status and safe motherhood. This study focuses on the knowledge and practices of maternal Health care. It also describes antenatal care, delivery care, and postnatal care. The study was conducted in Sewar Basbot village of ward no. 13, Ghorahi Sub-metropolitan city of Dang district that is situated near by district headquarters, Ghorahi. In total, 45 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who were pregnant and having children below five years of age were purposively interviewed and completed the self-administered interview schedule.

Trade Openness and Women Participation in the Labor Market: Evidence from South Asia

This paper seeks to investigate the impact of trade openness on women labor force participation in South Asian countries. The paper also controls GDP per capita, women literacy rate, urban population, unemployment rate, male labor force participation and other attributes. I will check the robustness of a variety of different approaches in dealing with the various models to trade openness. The paper also examines both push and pull factors induced or not women to join the labor force. Thus, a country that is exporting female labor stuff is actually recruiting more female labor and expand employment of female labors. The focus of this paper lies on the effects of trade openness on women’s participation in the labor market. Keywords : female labor force participation, trade openness, South Asia, international trade DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/50-02 Publication date :July 31 st 2019

ICDS and Its Impact on Child Health: A Study with Special Reference to West Bengal

As we are well aware of the fact that India takes the praise of subsiding the largest child population in the world but at the same time, we cannot deny the bitter truth that it too has the highest rate of malnourished people and undernourished children in the world. Thus, the Indian government has taken numerous steps towards mitigating these miseries and ICDS is a vital step towards it. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the performance of ICDS and its impact on the status of child health across the districts of West Bengal using NFHS-III and NFHS-IV data. The study revealed that Children’s nutritional status in West Bengal has significantly improved from 2005-06 to 2015-16. It is concluded the percentage share of underweight, stunted and wasting children have decreased in districts with higher women literacy rate and the concentration of AWCs.

Feminine Readership Influence on the Mentality Shift in the Victorian Age

Since the literacy of British society was improved in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, this implied also a boost in literacy rates of women. The fondness for reading of women made them take part substantially in the literary market. Therefore, the image of women as the audience became common at that time. Nevertheless, the patriarchal society in Victorian Britain attempted to limit women’s reading by advertising the danger of reading some literary works that were not appropriate for women, making prohibition and developing a standard about what women were supposed to read. Gender mattered in the 19th-century patriarchal society that believed women must be protected from reading specific texts as they could, might corrupt women’s innocent mind and minimize their value as women. This paper aims to investigate to what extent the female authorship succeeded in changing the patriarchal society canons and shifting women’s mentality in the 19th century as a consequence of their increasingly developed frustration due to their obvious isolation from the social life and academic preparation as well. Therefore, the frustration represents the core emotion triggering such avalanche of feminist-oriented literature in the Victorian era. The numerous social reform movements led by 19th-century women, such as religious revivalism, abolitionism, temperance, and suffrage, provided women writers a context, an audience, and a community towards which they could express their opinions. Throughout the Victorian era, the “woman question” with regards to the woman's real place in art and society was a hotly debated subject, stimulated mainly by the rapid advancement in literature by and for women. Many of the century's foremost novelists including Charlotte Bronte and Jane Austen expressed their individualism and demanded equal partnerships in marriage, public life, law, and politics with men.

Gender Responsive Budgeting In Education: A Case Of Punjab Budget (2013-14)

The aim of present research study is to analyze the differences in budget allocations of education sector “through gender lens”. In order to find out whether the resource allocations in Punjab budget FY 2013-2014 are in line with the different priorities and needs of girls/women and boys/men or vice versa. The research is exploratory in nature and study is based on Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) and divides public expenditures into two main categories as gender specific budgetary allocations and mainstream (non-gender targeted) budgetary allocations. The study is based upon secondary sources of data. Findings show that spending on education was low in Punjab Province as it is only 18.8 percent under the head development further budgetary allocations targeted women and girls are low only 6.7 percent while budget targeting both gender allocations are 92 percent which widens the gap between both genders. Therefore, it is the high time to realize that budget is not a gender blind instrument hence needs to spend more on development side for gender parity. Gender responsive analysis of Punjab budget shows that province is needed to take steps towards improvement in literacy rates of women and girls through appropriate approach.

Gender Factor-Impact on Employability: Special Reference to the Management Students in Kerala

Kerala is the State having height in Human development Index in the Country. It has got the highest literacy rate and also number one in female literacy. In case of employment Kerala is one among the last states of the country. Kerala the advantage is the state was declared as a state with 100% literacy. The women literacy rate is also higher in the state, People are having good economic and cultural back ground. Good at education and other economic aspects of life. Among the 3,34 crores of the people ( Census 2011) 1.6 crores are male and 1.74are female. If we take the percentage of literacy 96.11% men and 92.07% women are literate. The women in the state are strong enough to work in corporate culture. The problem generally faces in Kerala is there is not much of job opportunities in Kerala and hence employability. Women are equally a good work force in Kerala compared to men provided they should have opportunity to be given.

Women entrepreneurship issues, challenges and empowerment through self help groups

Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the economic development of the society. Entrepreneurs have been considered instrumental in initiating and sustaining socio-economic development. In India, concept of women entrepreneurship is of recent origin. Women have become aware about their rights and situations and entered in different fields of business. They have established their own successful business empires. They are contributing towards the growth of economy and improvement of their socio- economic conditions. Government of India has given due importance to women empowerment in the country and several schemes has been introduced for the upliftment of women entrepreneurs. Women workforce ratio in the country is increasing due to the increase in the women literacy rate in India.The concept of Self Help Groups (SHGs) is proved to be boon for the rural women in some states of India. It has not only raised their income but also their social status. This paper particularly focuses on various issues pertaining to women entrepreneur’s issues, challenges and future perspective in India.The women in rural areas are showing interest to become entrepreneurs because there is lot of financial facilities from the SHGs. SHGs are self-governed with decisions about production and marketing taken collectively, although the group leader is responsible for identifying potential marketing centers and consumer in formal groups. Informal groups empower rural women to manage rural industries and make decisions collectively for their common economic interests. The encouragement of women towards entrepreneurship leads to the development of the nation as they constitute half of the population. The study reveals the reasons for which they wanted to become entrepreneurs, the problems faced by them in the context of carrying out the entrepreneurial activities and suggestions to overcome the problems.

Agricultural Development And The Role Of Women's Self- Employment In Pakistan

Pakistan aimed to achieve the target of 5.5% of GDP growth for the fiscal year 2015-16, of which 3.9% is expected to catch from the agricultural sector. In the economy, about 42.3% of the total employment is attributed by the agricultural sector, of which about 72.7% is contributed by the 48.96% of the total population, the WOMEN. Female as first-line labor force never receive the consideration of their actual contribution in the development on national basis. Like other developing economies of the world, Pakistan must to focus to expose and utilize the potential of the women labor force in agriculture. The discussion on the agricultural development of Pakistan with reference to women's self-employment is done in this study. Along review of literature and empirical studies, to facilitate the discussion and conclusion, annual time series data from the period of 1985 to 2015 under the regression analysis is taken. The variables taken, to discuss the strength and nature of association with the agricultural development of Pakistan by selfemployment of women, are gross domestic product of agriculture, literacy rate of women, women employed in agriculture and domestic credit disbursement to agriculture sector. The study expects the significant result withal positive association of variables to the development of the economy.

Assessing the impact on female literacy and education on maternal and infant health

Literacy and access to education have long been found to correlate with positive indicators of women's reproductive health. The research points to the heightened ability of even marginally literate and schooled women to determine and seek appropriate healthcare. The purpose of this article is to highlight the continuous, pervasive problems that are caused for women and children due in part to the exclusion of women from the benefits of literacy and education in lower income countries. This is explored through an examination of the literature on women's literacy and education and trends in child and maternal mortality. The relationships between these are examined. Next, an analysis of current literacy rates of women worldwide are correlated with statistical predictors of maternal and child health including infant mortality, child mortality, maternal mortality, and fertility. Worldwide human development and gender development rankings are also considered. The findings demonstrate that female literacy and education negatively correlate with a number of key vital indicators of reproductive health, and that 75% of the countries with the lowest literacy rates for women are listed in the lowest 20% on the human development index.

Women's Literacies and Social Hierarchy in Early Modern England

AbstractThis article argues for a historically contextualized investigation of literacy that attends to early modern literacies in different and mixed media and to literacy as a complex set of practices and theories. Early modern literacy, for example, does not necessarily include both reading and writing: the criterion of measuring literacy by the signature is biased against women of various ranks as well as against poor men. Therefore, literacy rates of women should not be measured solely by means of their ability to sign their names but also by evidence provided by books dedicated to noblewomen or addressed to women of different ranks. A more expansive conception of authorship that includes anonymously, pseudonymously, and collectively written documents, as well as translations, can give a more accurate idea of the literacy of women of different social groups. Future research on literacy will be advanced by the discovery of hitherto unknown writings, and scholars will need to work on cultural documents of many kinds to gather evidence on the so‐called “unlettered women,” and thereby to focus our attention on the negatively charged side of the literacy/illiteracy dyad.

On Farm Testing on Effect of Feeding Mineral Mixture and Hormonal Catalyst in Reduction of Calving Interval in Buffaloes

Empowerment involves an element of control and choice in power structures that exist in household communities, nations and worldwide. Women empowerment involves their right to have the power to control their own lives, both within and outside the home and the ability to influence the direction of social change to create a more just social and economic order nationally and internationally. Employment can be a source of empowerment for women as it provides financial independence and thereby identity in the society and power structure in the family. This study reveals the employment of women in Assam with reference to other states of India as well as various districts of Assam. Demographic study gives us data about sex ratio too. Sex ratio indicates status of women in a society. Education of women is the most powerful tool to get a respectful position in a society. From this study it is noticed that female literacy rate is lesser than male literacy rate. The literacy rate of women also varies in different districts of Assam. Although initiatives are undertaken for development of education, employment status of women there is a need to create awareness to achieve the desired goal of empowerment in the state.

Trend and Levels of Women Empowerment in Nigeria

Women empowerment has become major factor in economic development and is increasingly at the core of countries’ competitiveness in the global economy. The main objective of this paper is to ascertain the trend and level of women empowerment in Nigeria by 2015. Secondary data from Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), Nigeria Demographic and Education Survey (NDES), and National Population Commission (NPC) were used. Employment, education and literacy rate were adopted as measures of women empowerment. An overview of the relationship between women’s level of education and other background characteristics was carried out. The results showed that men are more likely than women to have some education. Over 40 percent of men are literate compared to 13 percent of women, which is similar to the results obtained from variables like occupation, agriculture, etc. Employment is one source of empowerment for women but unfortunately it is difficult to measure their employment status because the informal sectors are not reported. However, the data on hand indicates, for instance, that women and men currently employed in the North West are 46 and 54 percent respectively. Also, the employment rate of men and women in urban area are of the ratio 42:37 percent while the employment ratio of men to women in the rural area is 63:58. The study also hints that employment, education and literacy rate of women are strong determinants of economic growth and they should not be neglected as the nation works toward attaining vision 2020 goals.

Incidencia del sistema de castas en el desarrollo de la India

La India es un país donde diariamente se convive con disparidades y contradicciones. En sus 28 estados y siete territorios, alberga una multitud de etnias de diversas culturas, lenguas y religiones. India se destaca por su rápido crecimiento económico, el cual ha sido, inclusive, mayor que el de algunos países del Asia Pacífico; sin embargo, en términos de indicadores sociales, aún le quedan obstáculos por superar. Uno de los principales aspectos que ha influido en su lento desarrollo es la inequidad, que obedece en parte al sistema de castas, estructura social predominante por más de 3.500 años en el subcontinente.

Women's Literacy Rate, Sex Ratio, and Women Work Participation in Punjab: A Granger Causality Analysis

This paper has focused on the relationship between women's literacy rate, sex ratio, and women work participation. This paper focuses on gender discrimination found in Punjab. A Granger-causality analysis was carried out in order to assess whether there is any potential predictability power of one indicator for the other. The conclusion that can be drawn from the present study is that with an increase in women's literacy rate, there has been no significant impact on improvement in the sex ratio and women's work participation in Punjab.